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In this paper, the extraction conditions of ulvan from green seaweed Ulva lactuca by using Ultrasound-assisted extraction method were optimised. Experience was designed using Box-behnken model with experient areas as following: extraction temperature (X1: 50–90 °C), extraction time (X2: 20–40, min) and solvent-to-material ratio (X3: 50/1–70/1, v/w), objective function (Y: extraction yield) was required to get maximum value. The result showed that the optimization conditions for extraction were: extraction temperature 84.28 °C, extraction time 30.59 min with 60.21/1 (v/w) as solvent-to-material ratio, and the expected objective function Y is 22.86% based on dried seaweed weight.

High damping rubber (HDR) is used in HDR bearings (HDRBs) which are dissipating devices in structural systems. These devices actually have to support permanent static load in compression and potential cyclic shear when earthquakes occur. Mastering the behavior of bearings implies an accurate understanding of HDR response in such configuration. The behavior of HDR is, however, complex due to the nonlinearity and time dependance of stress–strain response and especially Mullins effect. To the authors' knowledge, tests on HDR under combined quasi-static compression and cyclic shear (QC-CS) have not been performed with regard to Mullins effect yet. The purpose of this study is thus to assess experimentally Mullins effect in HDR, especially under QC-CS. In order to achieve this aim, cyclic tensile and compression tests were first carried out to confirm the occurrence of Mullins effect in the considered HDR. Then, an original biaxial setup allowing testing HDR specimen under QC-CS was developed. This setup enables us to identify Mullins effect of the considered HDR under this kind of loading. Tests carried out with this setup were thus widened to the study of the influence of compression stress on shear response under this loading, especially in terms of shear modulus and density of energy dissipation.

High Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB) composed of alternating thin horizontal layers of elastomer bonded to steel plates are used to support permanent static loading in compression and cyclic shear in case of earthquakes. The behaviour of HDRB is considered to be linear elastic or linear hysteretic according to The European Standard Eurocode 8 and The Standard EN 1337 - 3. The mechanical behaviour of HDRB under loading is actually very complex and essentially linked to the behaviour of elastomer such as nonlinear elasticity, viscosity, plasticity, Payne effect, and Mullins effect. However, the coupling of Mullins effect and nonlinear viscosity as well as influence of hydrostatic stress on viscoelasticity of elastomer or of HDRB has not been studied yet. The aim of this thesis is thus the study of these effects on elastomer and on HDRB. In order to reach these objectives, characterization of these effects on elastomer is firstly performed with different types of loading such as relaxation test, cyclic tensile test, cyclic compression test and combined static compression – cyclic shear test. Furthermore, an original biaxial device is designed and manufactured in order to characterize the behaviour of HDRB under combined static compression – cyclic shear. Based on these experiments a new finite model is developped to simulate simultaneously Mullins effect, nonlinear viscosity and influence of hydrostatic stress on viscoelasticity of elastomer. Subsequently, this model is used to simulate the response of the HDRB under combined static compression - cyclic shear.; Selon l’Eurocode 8 et la norme EN 1337-3, le comportement de l’Appareil d'Appui en Néoprène Fretté (AANF) est considéré comme élastique linéaire ou hystérétique linéaire. En réalité, les comportements mécaniques de l’AANF sont très complexes et sont essentiellement ceux du néoprène tels que l’élasticité non linéaire, la viscosité, la plasticité, l’effet Payne, l’effet Mullins, etc. Toutefois, très peu d’études de l’effet Mullins et de la piezo-dépendance existent, et aucun modèle par éléments finis ne permet de modéliser ces phénomènes dans l’AANF. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc l’étude de ces phénomènes sur le néoprène et sur l’AANF. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la caractérisation de ces phénomènes sur le néoprène est tout d’abord réalisée avec différents types de chargements tels que la relaxation, la traction cyclique, la compression cyclique, le couplage compression statique – cisaillement cyclique. De plus, un dispositif biaxial original est fabriqué afin de caractériser l’AANF sous le chargement de compression statique couplé au cisaillement cyclique. Grâce à ces résultats expérimentaux, un nouveau modèle est développé, permettant de modéliser simultanément l’effet Mullins, la piezo-dépendance ainsi que la viscoélasticité non linéaire du néoprène.

High Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB) composed of alternating thin horizontal layers of elastomer bonded to steel plates are used to support permanent static loading in compression and cyclic shear in case of earthquakes. The behaviour of HDRB is considered to be linear elastic or linear hysteretic according to The European Standard Eurocode 8 and The Standard EN 1337 - 3. The mechanical behaviour of HDRB under loading is actually very complex and essentially linked to the behaviour of elastomer such as nonlinear elasticity, viscosity, plasticity, Payne effect, and Mullins effect. However, the coupling of Mullins effect and nonlinear viscosity as well as influence of hydrostatic stress on viscoelasticity of elastomer or of HDRB has not been studied yet. The aim of this thesis is thus the study of these effects on elastomer and on HDRB. In order to reach these objectives, characterization of these effects on elastomer is firstly performed with different types of loading such as relaxation test, cyclic tensile test, cyclic compression test and combined static compression – cyclic shear test. Furthermore, an original biaxial device is designed and manufactured in order to characterize the behaviour of HDRB under combined static compression – cyclic shear. Based on these experiments a new finite model is developped to simulate simultaneously Mullins effect, nonlinear viscosity and influence of hydrostatic stress on viscoelasticity of elastomer. Subsequently, this model is used to simulate the response of the HDRB under combined static compression - cyclic shear.; Selon l’Eurocode 8 et la norme EN 1337-3, le comportement de l’Appareil d'Appui en Néoprène Fretté (AANF) est considéré comme élastique linéaire ou hystérétique linéaire. En réalité, les comportements mécaniques de l’AANF sont très complexes et sont essentiellement ceux du néoprène tels que l’élasticité non linéaire, la viscosité, la plasticité, l’effet Payne, l’effet Mullins, etc. Toutefois, très peu d’études de l’effet Mullins et de la piezo-dépendance existent, et aucun modèle par éléments finis ne permet de modéliser ces phénomènes dans l’AANF. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc l’étude de ces phénomènes sur le néoprène et sur l’AANF. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la caractérisation de ces phénomènes sur le néoprène est tout d’abord réalisée avec différents types de chargements tels que la relaxation, la traction cyclique, la compression cyclique, le couplage compression statique – cisaillement cyclique. De plus, un dispositif biaxial original est fabriqué afin de caractériser l’AANF sous le chargement de compression statique couplé au cisaillement cyclique. Grâce à ces résultats expérimentaux, un nouveau modèle est développé, permettant de modéliser simultanément l’effet Mullins, la piezo-dépendance ainsi que la viscoélasticité non linéaire du néoprène.

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Background: Fibroblasts play a key role in stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD) but understanding it's pathogenesis requires a systems-level investigation to uncover new treatment targets. We studied full thickness CD tissues to characterize fibroblast heterogeneity and function by generating the first single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) atlas of strictured bowel and providing proof of principle for therapeutic target validation., Methods: We performed scRNAseq of 13 fresh full thickness CD resections containing non-involved, inflamed non-strictured, and strictured segments as well as 7 normal non-CD bowel segments. Each segment was separated into mucosa/submucosa or muscularis propria and analyzed separately for a total of 99 tissue samples and 409,001 cells. We validated cadherin-11 (CDH11) as a potential therapeutic target by using whole tissues, isolated intestinal cells, NanoString nCounter, next generation sequencing, proteomics and animal models., Results: Our integrated dataset revealed fibroblast heterogeneity in strictured CD with the majority of stricture-selective changes detected in the mucosa/submucosa, but not the muscle layer. Cell-cell interaction modeling revealed CXCL14+ as well as MMP/WNT5A+ fibroblasts displaying a central signaling role in CD strictures. CDH11, a fibroblast cell-cell adhesion molecule, was broadly expressed and upregulated, and its pro-fibrotic function was validated by NanoString nCounter, RNA sequencing, tissue target expression, in vitro gain- and loss-of-function experiments, proteomics, and two animal models of experimental colitis., Conclusion: A full-thickness bowel scRNAseq atlas revealed previously unrecognized fibroblast heterogeneity and interactions in CD strictures and CDH11 was validated as a potential therapeutic target. These results provide a new resource for a better understanding of CD stricture formation and opens potential therapeutic developments.