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Background One of the main limitations of 99mtechnetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan is the long acquisition time. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of short DMSA scan acquisition times using a cadmium-zinc-telluride-based single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system in children. Materials and methods The data of 27 children (median age: 4 years; 16 girls) who underwent DMSA SPECT were retrospectively analyzed. Both planar and SPECT DMSA were performed. SPECT images were analyzed using coronal-simulated planar two-dimensional images. A reduction in SPECT acquisition time was simulated to provide 4 series (SPECT-15 min, SPECT-10 min, SPECT-5 min and SPECT-2.5 min). A direct comparison of the planar and SPECT series was performed, including semi-quantification reproducibility, image quality (mean quality score on a scale of 0 to 2) and inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of the scintigraphic patterns. Results The overall image quality score (± standard deviation) was 1.3 (± 0.6) for the planar data set, 1.6 (± 0.5) for the SPECT-15 min data set, 1.4 (± 0.5) for the SPECT-10 min data set, 1.0 (± 0.5) for the SPECT-5 min data set and 0.6 (± 0.6) for the SPECT-2.5 min data set. Median Kappa coefficients for inter-observer agreement between planar and SPECT images were greater than 0.83 for all series and all readers except one reader for the SPECT-2.5 min series (median Kappa coefficient = 0.77). Conclusion Shortening SPECT acquisitions to 5 min is feasible with minimal impact on images in terms of quality and reproducibility. Graphical Abstract

In contemporary European welfare states, poverty reduction strategies can currently be characterised as individualistic rather than solidaristic, focusing on welfare recipients’ merit rather than securing their rights. Based on the findings of a recent research project in Belgium, we explore how social workers develop strategies to combat child poverty in local municipalities. Inspired by the work of the critical French scholars Robert Castel and Serge Paugam, our qualitative analysis reveals how social workers construct stereotypes, conditions and binaries between ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ poor in their everyday practice. Our results elucidate how social workers strengthen processes of social disqualification when they support children and sanction parents living in poverty. Interestingly, our analysis also shows how social work takes a critical stance in relation to the recent shifts in the normative value orientation of social policy and social work.

Increased muscle uptake is commonly seen with 18 F-FDG PET/CT because of an important physiological muscle glucose metabolism. Muscle uptake can express a recent significant muscle activity. However, the absence of muscle uptake is almost never described or interpreted. We describe the case of an 8-year-old boy with extrarenal rhabdoid tumor in the right carotid space. An MRI and an 18 F-FDG PET/CT were performed for the diagnostic workup. There was no uptake in the lateral rectus oculomotor muscle unlike all other oculomotor muscles. The ophthalmological examination found a diplopia confirmed by the Lancaster test.

This study highlights the possibility of using brewers’ grains (BSGs) for the successive extraction of the main lignocellulosic biopolymers, namely, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. An exhaustive chemical characterisation revealed a variability of composition in distinct batches of BSGs, depending on their origin and the brewing process used. In particular, the protein content can vary from 13wt% to 23wt%, which is accompanied by a change in the hemicelluloses content from 9% to 23% (in the samples of our study). By applying a two-step aqueous treatment, involving an acid (1.25% v/v aq. H2SO4) and a base (3% w/v aq. NaOH) at a temperature of 120°C and fixed reaction time of a few tens of minutes (15–90 minutes), more than 80% of hemicelluloses could be recovered. Cellulose could be isolated at more than 68%, while a high purity lignin could be recovered from a lignin-rich fraction (70wt%). Our work also suggests that the variability of the chemical composition of these BSGs is a hindrance to achieving process standardisation and large-scale exploitation. The pooling of various materials is therefore not a recommended option, and the preliminary chemical analysis of the composition is therefore a prerequisite for an efficient extraction process.

Lignin is the primary contributor to the high cost of biofuel-production from lignocellulosic biomass. In order to study lignin removal and the release of aromatic monomers, we applied hydrocracking and ionic liquid pretreatments on Arabidopsis thaliana biomass from both wild type (WT) and a mutant (CAD cxd) defective in two cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway. For Arabidopsis WT, our results highlight that pretreatments reduce average molecular weight of lignin by about 65% and decrease the content of β-O-4 linkages between lignin monomers. For Arabidopsis CAD mutant, an opposite effect is evidenced. Fewer differences were observed on depolymerization and molecular structure of lignin, which indicates that (8-O-4), (8-5), and (8-8) linkages observed in CAD mutant make lignin more resilient to pretreatment than wild-type lignin. Finally, our study shows the potential of hydrocracking pretreatment technology for extracting valuable aldehyde monomers such as vanillin and syringaldehyde from biomass.

A 77-year-old man was referred for a PET/CT 18F-FDG after incidental discovery of a lobulated jejunal lesion during surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The lesion was not removed due to the risk of digestive perforation. PET/CT 18F-FDG did not show pathologic hypermetabolism. Subsequently, we decided to perform PET/CT 18F-DOPA to better characterize this incidentaloma. A moderate uptake was showed, less than the pancreas. After multidisciplinary discussion, taking into account macroscopic and imaging aspects, the hypothesis of an ectopic pancreas was retained, allowing the exclusion of surgical excision.

International audience; The buckling of rate dependent structures is not a topic often discussed in the literature. Methods to predict the buckling of such structures exist, but only few experimental works have been published, and even less when considering thick shell structures. In this work we are interested in the buckling of thick elasto-visco-plastic hemi-egg shells. We follow a modeling/experimental approach to analyse such problem. Buckling experiments at room temperature on hemi-egg shells subjected to external pressure are performed. 3D digital image correlation is used to measure the displacement fields on the inner surface of the hemi-egg shell during the buckling experiments. Due to the specimen shape and their loading, they experience non-proportional load paths. The effect of a non-proportional load path on the buckling behaviour has already been discussed many times in the literature for elasto-plastic materials. This work also intends to assess this point for a rate dependent material. A buckling prediction model is used to predict the buckling of hemi-egg shells. This model couples Bodner's approach with the deformation theory. It is used to estimate the buckling critical times and the buckling modes based on a preliminary finite element analysis. The effects of geometrical and loading imperfections on the buckling behaviour of the hemi-egg shells are also discussed. Finally, the experimental results are compared to the buckling predictions. A good correlation is observed between numerical results and experiments.

The present work investigates the elasto-visco-plastic buckling of thick plate structures. Methods to estimate the buckling of thin elasto-visco-plastic shells and plates are proposed in literature. To the knowledge of the authors, only few works present experimental results, and none treat the experimental elasto-visco-plastic buckling of thick plate. Thick rectangular plates are chosen as a structure of interest to study elasto-visco-plastic buckling. A modelling/experimental approach is followed to solve such problem. Buckling experiments at room temperature on thick elasto-visco-plastic plates subjected to compressive load are performed. 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) is used to measure displacement fields on plate surface during buckling experiments. The experiments are also modelled through a finite element model. Bodner’s approach is coupled to Hencky’s deformation theory to predict buckling of elasto-visco-plastic plates. Bifurcation analysis are performed to estimate buckling critical stresses and strains, and buckling modes. Geometrical and loading imperfections are also discussed. A good correlation is observed between numerical results and experiments. The limitation of Bodner’s approach is also discussed.

We report the case of a 64-year-old woman with musculoskeletal pain and elevated serum parathyroid hormone who had undergone parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism 4 years earlier. An 18F-choline PET/CT scan was performed and incidentally showed an intense uptake in a right upper lobe pulmonary nodule and in the right hilar, mediastinal, and cervical lymph nodes. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a small cell lung cancer. Clinical symptoms and recurrent hyperparathyroidism were therefore consistent with a paraneoplastic syndrome. A complete metabolic response was achieved on 18F-FDG PET/CT scan after chemotherapy.

Bio-composites elaboration is limited by poor interfaces between cellulose and polymer matrices and the cellulose degradation. Achieving cellulose grafting with ferulic acid should enhance those resulting bio-composites mechanical properties. Therefore, a cellulose suspension was modified with ferulic acid using laccase under reaction conditions set at 60 °C, acetate buffer pH 5 for 24 h. Grafted cellulose fibrils were extruded in polypropylene-grafted maleic acid (PPgMA) for mechanical properties studies. Even if ferulic acid interacted with cellulose without any enzyme presence, the acid resilience was only detected for cellulose fibres modified with ferulic acid proving the surface grafting. Cellulose fibrillary lengths were unaffected by the enzymatic treatment suggesting a tiny coating. The resulting bio-composites had a Young modulus reduction of 12%. The elongation at maximal stress had 23% improvement, corresponding to a material mechanical resistance. This result was also confirmed by bio-composite elaboration with natural fibres under the same conditions. Ferulic acid and cellulose blends have improved the hardness properties of the resulting bio-composites with PP-PPgMA.

Two organosolv methods involving Formic acid/Acetic (FA) acid and Sulphuric acid/Ethanol (SE) solvent mixtures were investigated for lignin extraction from banana rachis biomass residues. Different heating methods were also applied during each extraction process, respectively direct conduction heating and microwave heating. The chemical composition and structural features of the extracted lignin fractions were further analyzed by ATR-FTIR, TGA, elemental analysis and 13C NMR methods. SE extraction method showed a higher extraction yield (58.7%) and allowed also to obtain a lignin fraction with higher purity (76.5% Vs 71.0% for FA lignin). In addition, SE extraction method allowed a higher pulp yield which meant a better selectivity for lignin extraction thanks to the microwave heating method. SE lignin also showed a higher thermal stability due to its higher purity and higher density. The higher molecular weight found for FA lignin residues (7622.7g/mol Vs 5957.7g/mol for SEL) was suspected to be due to co-extracted carbohydrate residues bounded to extracted lignin macromolecules. These results allowed us to establish the SE extraction method (Sulphuric acid/Ethanol/water solvent with microwave heating) as effective for lignin extraction from banana rachis straw.

Sterols are a group of molecules found in plants and animals, which have a number of valuable applications. The deodorization residue, referred to as “deodistillate”, was previously considered as a waste but its economical value nowadays increased due to the presence of high concentrations of sterols, tocopherols and other secondary metabolites attractive for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food industry. Sterols can be extracted from vegetable oil deodistillate through a variety of physical and chemical separation processes or their combination. Recently, the use of lipase enzymes has been demonstrated to separate sterols more selectively in higher yields and in milder conditions. This article reviews these lipase-assisted sterol extractions and their main advantages and drawbacks in economic and environmental terms.

Steam explosion (SE) is a versatile tool for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic plant 27 materials and the further separation of their main constitutive components, i.e. cellulose, 28 hemicellulose, lignin, etc. In this study, we propose to evaluate the effects of SE 29 treatment on the recovery of secondary metabolites. As a case study, the well-known 30 grape pomace phenolic compounds were considered. Our results demonstrate that the 31 efficiency of the steam explosion in term of yield (900 mg polyphenols per kg of dry 32 grape pomace) was relatively similar to conventional maceration methods in alcoholic 33 media (800 mg/kg). Advantages of SE compared to maceration were highlighted: the 34 process is organic solvent free, destabilize the biomass structure and release insoluble 35 bound phenolic compounds. In addition, it offers the possibility to modulate distinct 36 polyphenols profiles by modifying the process conditions.

The numerical simulation of ballistic multi-hit impact on ceramic/composite armors is very challenging. The damage introduced by the previous hit affects the performance of the armor. In composite backings the damage is often more diffused than for metallic backings. Moreover, different sources of damage can intervene within the composite material. The present work proposes a mesoscopic scale approach to assess these issues. The 2D woven material is modelled with beams elements embedded in volume elements. Each component has its own material constitutive law and its damaging law. This approach allows to better model the damaging of the material, but also to better identify the material parameters from a set of basic experiments.

Giant cell arteritis is not an uncommon disease, and its extension is furthermore finely assessed with new-generation PET/CT system. 18F-FDG PET/CT is increasingly used in case of large-vessel vasculitis for optimal diagnosis, activity monitoring (even when treated with interleukin 6 receptor inhibitor), and evaluation damage progression. We reported the case of a 61-year-old woman with common giant cell arteritis pattern on 18F-FDG PET/CT (aorta and large arteries) and uptakes in all aorta branches, mainly impressive and uncommon in the abdomen. After 2 years of therapeutic optimization including IV tocilizumab and monitoring with 18F-FDG PET/CT, a complete metabolical response was assessed.

The linguistic, historical, social, cultural, economic, political and ideological divisions of Belgium are reflected in social work. Whereas social work has recently received full academic recognition in the Dutch speaking part of Belgium with BA programmes at University Colleges of Applied Sciences (‘Hogescholen’) and MA programmes at the universities of Ghent, Leuven and Antwerp, in the French speaking part its academic status has only been recognized at BA level and through a Master at University Colleges of Applied Sciences (‘Hautes Ecoles’) and still mainly depends on ‘bordering disciplines’ such as sociology and social policy at university-level. However, although scholars in both parts of Belgium are open-minded towards different European versions and traditions of social work, exchanges in social work research, policy, practice and education between Flanders, Brussels, and Wallonia have been rare. Structural factors like the lack of a lingua franca and the erosion of shared policy, practice and funding structures obstructed the sharing of social work notions across Belgium. In our contribution, we draw on research insights emerging from a joint seminar between social work scholars to identify strategies for the development of a social work research agenda and for better utilizing intra-national diversity.

Promyelocytic sarcoma is an uncommon solid tumor made up of myeloblasts. It is characterized, like acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), by a chromosomal translocation t(15;17) involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) and the promyelocytic gene (PML). The diagnosis and monitoring of promyelocytic sarcoma is a challenge due to the rarity and severity of the disease. We describe a case with several initial sites and without APL. The patient was monitored with regular 18F-FDG PET/CT from diagnosis to complete response. The evolution of PET/CT imageries was compared to the quantification of PML-RARα fusion gene by RQ-PCR. In promyelocytic sarcoma medical care, 18F-FDG PET/CT appears to be an attractive tool for finding targets for biopsy, for the primary staging, for assessing therapeutic response and for detecting early relapse.

Phloem sap is the diet of numerous sap-sucking insects, such as aphids or psyllids, which use it as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Cacopsylla pyri is a phloem sap-sucking insect specialised in pear trees that can cause great damage to most pear tree-growing regions. The main goal of our study is to determine the food requirements of C. pyri and to quantify the nutrients uptaken from the plant (sugars and amino acids), with a comparison between the composition of the phloem sap and the composition of the egested honeydew. We highlighted that phloem sap is composed of two sugars, sorbitol and sucrose and both are ingested by C. pyri. Seventeen free amino acids were also found in the phloem sap, including eight essential amino acids, serine, histidine, threonine, arginine alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine and lysine. Two essential amino acids were not found in the pear tree phloem sap (methionine and tryptophan), and two other amino acids (asparagine and glutamine) were egested in high amounts by both the adult females and the larvae. This probably indicates that these four amino acids are synthesised by the pear psylla endosymbiont(s). Finally, three amino acids (valine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid) were consumed only by the adults and not by the larvae and probably participate in actions only performed by adults, such as flying, jumping or reproduction.

Banana production in tropical countries generates significant quantity of waste. Biorefinery of food waste biomass into cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin or pectin macromolecules have grown interest in recent scientific literature. In this paper, hemicellulose from banana rachis (Musa cavendish) was extracted by steam explosion at three severity levels (2.97, 3.57 and 3.78) and was further fractionated by graded ethanol precipitation method (15%, 60% and 80%). The recovered hemicelluloses sub-fractions (H1, H2 and H3) were characterized for their chemical composition and structural features by HPSEC, TGA/DTG, FTIR, 1H and 2D NMR techniques. The hemicellulose extraction yield increased with the severity level and treatment duration. The average molecular weight of the extracted hemicellulose macromolecules decreased from H1-60% ethanol hemicellulose sub-fraction with 143 790 g/mol, followed by H3-60% ethanol hemicellulose sub-fraction with 110 841 g/mol and finally H2-60% ethanol hemicellulose sub-fraction with 61 404 g/mol. The H1-60% ethanol hemicellulose sub-fraction extracted during the steam explosion at the lowest severity level showed the largest molecular weight and exhibited rather a high arabinose/xylose ratio and uronic acid content. Structural analysis revealed that hemicellulose from the 60%-ethanol hemicellulose sub-fractions were mainly arabino-glucuronoxylan (AGX). However, chemical analysis also revealed significant contents of co-extracted residual lignin. Although the ethanol fractionation helped at lowering the lignin content in the 60%-ethanol hemicellulose sub-fractions (20.1% in H2-60%, 24.0% in H1-60% and 28.0 in H3-60%) relatively to 80%-ethanol hemicellulose sub-fractions, additional purification step was still required to improve the quality of the extracted hemicellulose sub-fractions (purity and coloration). Nevertheless these results proved that steam explosion was an effective technique for the extraction of high molecular mass AGX hemicellulose macromolecules from banana rachis residues.

Because of their excellent tensile properties, low density, and natural abundance, cellulose-based plant fibers are a sustainable and biodegradable alternative for synthetic fibers in fiber-reinforced composite materials. However, the extraction of plant fibers can be costly and difficult to control because the fibers are enmeshed in a complex network of biopolymers (principally lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose), which serve both to strengthen the fibers and to bind them to their parent organism. It is necessary to extract or degrade these biopolymers to produce fine plant fibers without adversely altering the fibers themselves in the process. In particular, it is important that both the molecular weight and the degree of crystallinity of the cellulose in the fibers be kept as high as possible. This article reviews chemical treatments, which have been used to extract and refine fibers both from purpose-grown fiber crops, such as hemp and flax, and agricultural waste such as coconut husks and pineapple leaves. The treatments are discussed in terms of changes in the mechanical properties and surface chemistry of the fibers.

A new enzymatic methodology is herein proposed to measure free asparagine content in wheat grains and to predict their potential for Maillard reaction products. Our model estimates the acrylamide levels generated during the industrial heat treatment of whole-grain wheat based on free asparagine and glucose measurements. We selected fifteen wheat varieties currently grown in Belgium as benchmark for the present study. While conventional chromatographic methods require a long and tedious multi-step sample preparation, the proposed method takes advantage of being simple and quick. Statistical analysis of free asparagine content indicates that selected wheat varieties can be classified into seven content levels from 0.0149% to 0.0216% of the dry matter. Based on our analysis, the varieties KWS Ozon, Benchmark and Pionier appears to be the most suitable for thermal processing (i.e. cooking applications).

Replacement of petroleum by other energy sources is one of the principal challenges of contemporary engineering. One of the most promising substitutes for petroleum is biomass, chemically converted into fuel. For instance, as the world's biggest producer of sugarcane, Brazil generates large quantities of agricultural residues from sugarcane cultivation which could be used to produce biofuels for transportation and aviation (i.e. jet fuel) without much difficulty. Furthermore, sugar beet industry generates important amount of waste that could be valorized into biofuels. The purpose of this article is to review the different technologies currently available for the production of biofuels via a thermochemical pathway using sugarcane bagasse and sugar beet pulp as feedstock, with specific interest in using feedstock gasification and subsequent conversion of the synthetic gas into fuel. Gasification is a longstanding process of conversion of carbonaceous material into a gaseous compound (syngas) and a solid output, called char. Several kinds of gasifiers are described, as well as the syngas cleaning-up process, and the characteristics of several processes through which syngas is converted into synthetic fuel are detailed, including Fischer-Tropsch (FT), Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), Methanol-to-olefins (MTO) as well as pyrolysis.

A combined dry and wet fractionation process is proposed to extract faba bean proteins with lower environmental impact. This fractionation process allowed to recover 87% of the total seeds proteins (92% of dehulled seeds proteins). This is achieved through the production of two protein concentrates (54 and 61% protein content w/w DM). After dry fractionation, wet extraction was performed on the protein-depleted fraction. The presented process consumed less energy and 5.5 times less water per kg extracted proteins, compared to traditional one-step wet extractions. Some anti-nutritional factors contents were also evaluated. Equivalent levels of phytic acid (about 11 mg/g), trypsin inhibitor activity (about 13 trypsin inhibition unit/g) and polyphenols (about 6 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) were observed in the 2 protein-rich fractions. These levels are mainly equivalent to those found after usual dry and wet one-step extractions. Significant differences of calcium, iron and zinc contents were observed between the 2 protein-rich fractions, causing a 30 to 50% difference between those fractions in terms of phytic acid/minerals ratio. Antinutritional factors content in the protein-rich fractions are equivalent to levels found in traditional legumes but still higher than existing recommendations.

High-purity cellulose nanofibers were isolated from wheat straw through an environmentally friendly, multistep treatment process that combined steam explosion, microwave-assisted hydrolysis, and microfluidization. The cellulose content of the processed nanofibers increased from 44.81% to 94.23%, whereas the hemicellulose and lignin contents significantly decreased. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the effects of the isolation treatments on fiber morphology and width. Atomic force microscopy was used to observe the changes in the components, surface roughness, and crystallinity of the fibers. Transmission electron microscopy showed long, loose nanofiber bundles that were 10–40 nm wide with an average individual diameter of 5.42 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that noncellulosic components were effectively removed. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the improved crystallinity of the processed fibers, as well as the partial crystalline transformation of cellulose I to cellulose II. T...

Tall fescue, a grass currently grown as forage, presents a good potential as a feedstock in the development of biorefining. In this study, combination of steam explosion and an acetic/formic acid “organosolv” pretreatments are applied on raw fescue to optimize lignin extraction yields and obtain specific products. In a first step, fescue is pretreated by steam explosion under severity factors from 1.4 to 4.2. These treatments allow hemicelluloses solubilization and open the lignocellulosic structure. Steam exploded solid residues are then treated with an acetic acid (50%)/formic acid (30%)/water (20%) mixture. Extracted lignins are precipitated and characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 31P NMR and HSQC NMR. Results show that acetic and formic acids extracted lignins present G, H and S units with ferulate and p-coumarate. Lignin typical linkages identified are of β-O-4 and spirodienone substructures. Combination of steam explosion and acetic and formic acid pretreatments increases extraction yields from 30% to 100%. Moreover, an increase of the steam explosion treatment intensity induces chemical modifications in lignin structure such β-O-4 and spirodienone substructure degradations, increase of free COOH and phenolic OH bonds, decrease of aliphatic OH ferulate and p-coumarate bonds and changes in G/H/S units proportions. Steam explosion intensity affects also lignin molecular weights.

In the international realm, inter-organizational networking is perceived as a highly relevant instrument in social policy that enables welfare organizations to deal with "wicked issues." In this article, we discuss the central empirical findings acquired from a recent qualitative research project that focuses on inter-organizational networks that were formed at the local level to deal with the wicked issue of child poverty as a complex and multidimensional social problem. We explore how the network discussions about normative value orientations in four inter-organizational networks evolve, and identify three central fields of tension that illustrate the complexity for local welfare actors in and across networks to create network strategies in dealing with child poverty: (a) selective versus universal provision, (b) conditional versus unconditional strategies, and (c) instrumental versus lifeworld-oriented approaches. Our findings show that networks can function as valuable forums for collective debate and reflection, since different approaches and perspectives to tackle the problem of child poverty can be confronted with each other. Creating such a forum has the potential to challenge dominant conceptualizations and undesirable assumptions of complex social problems that are present in welfare practices and policies.

It is commonly accepted that the current society needs to partially substitute fossil resources by renewable ones. Among many solutions, one approach consists in the development of biorefinery involving lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-based materials and fuels. This study focuses on the comprehension of an organosolv treatment designed to break the complex lignocellulosic structure for high purity lignin extraction from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). This grass benefits from an increasing interest in Western Europe and has been suggested as feedstock for biorefinery. However, its use as material for high purity lignin production has not been determined yet. Ethanol/water, 92/8% [v/v] with H2SO4 0.32 M was investigated at pilot scale under conventional heating (5 °C min−1 during 30 min and stabilized at 148 °C for 5 min). Precipitated lignin were analyzed as well as the composition of side-stream products (recovered cellulosic pulp and the aqueous hydrolysate). Lignin has been recovered at a purity level of 90% with a yield of 60%. The main contaminants were nitrogen containing compounds and degraded hemicelluloses. 2D-HSQC NMR (Two Dimension-Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) revealed a co-extraction of ferulates and coumarates function as well as arabinoxylan. Cellulose was recovered at 53% purity with 60% yield. The conditions appear to be too harsh for tall fescue and led to significant amount of cellulose degradation. A process using a lower alcohol concentration will be developed to provide better yields of both cellulose and lignin.

In the context of green energy valorisation, this study reports the chemical analysis and improvement of biogas production via anaerobic digestion of treated and untreated agricultural waste lignocellulosic biomass from Williams Cavendish banana plants (WCLB). With a worldwide annual production of 26 million tons of dry matter (DM), large amounts of this waste are abandoned in plantations after fruit harvesting. Steam explosion (SE) and steam cracking (SC) pretreatments were investigated at severity factors of 3.16 and 4.29, respectively, to improve the biogas potential over 135 days under mesophilic conditions. The study revealed a carbon (C)/nitrogen (N) ratio of 27.3, indicating that WCLB has sufficient N content for successful fermentation. The proportions of liquid and solid fractions recovered after SC were 20 and 80%, respectively, whereas SE yielded 17 and 83% liquid and solids, respectively. The neutral sugar content of the studied fractions indicated that glucose and xylose constituted the highest hexose and pentose fractions, respectively, in WCLB. The highest and lowest total biogas potentials were obtained from LFSC (280 mL g−1 of DM) and untreated WCLB (240 mL g−1 of DM), respectively. The methane yield from untreated WCLB and combined solid and liquid fractions from SE and SC were 40, 42, and 51%, respectively, of the theoretical methane potential. The maximum biogas production rate (7.8 mL g−1 day−1) was obtained with SFSC. This study reveals that SC deconstructs WCLB efficiently and thereby greatly enhances methane production.

Valentin Soti , Nicolas Jacquet , Sandra Apers , Aurore Richel , Silvia Lenaerts , Iris Cornet 1 1 BIT – Biochemical engineering technology Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Salesianenlaan 90, B-2660 Antwerp, Belgium 2 Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Industrial Biological Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium 3 NatuRA (Natural product and Food – Research & Analysis) – Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium 4 DuEL, Sustainable energy, air and water technology, Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium Correspondence to: Iris Cornet Valentin Soti BIT – Biochemical engineering technology Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp Salesianenlaan 30, B-2660 Hoboken, Belgium iris.cornet@uantwerpen.be valentin.soti@uantwerpen.be

The application of sub-lethal stresses is known to be an efficient strategy to enhance survival of probiotic bacteria during drying processes. In this context, we previously showed that the application of heat stress upon the entry into stationary phase increased significantly the viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum. However, this heat shock has been considered only in small-scale bioreactor and no information is available for a possible scaling-up strategy. Five different operating scales (0.2, 2, 20, 200 and 2000 L) have thus been tested and the results showed that the viability of B. bifidum increases from 3.15 to 6.57 folds, depending on the scale considered. Our observations pointed out the fact that the heat stress procedure is scalable according to the main outcome, i.e., increases in cell viability, but other factors have to be taken into account. Among these factors, dissolved carbon dioxide seems to play a significant role, since it explains the differences observed between the test performed at laboratory scale and in industrial conditions.

Despite their potential for chemical recycling, residues from forest harvesting and wood processing are mostly used for industrial applications with low added value (energy, paper pulp, and panels). Bark of both oak species, Quercus robur L. 1753, Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. 1784 is a by-product from sawmill and pulp mill activities. Bark is mainly used as a fuel for the same wood plants. The aim of this study is to look at the feasibility of enhancing the value of this material through the extraction of bioactive molecules, such as polyphenols (i.e. catechin, gallic, and ellagic acids). First, the effect of industrial storage of logs and bark on their polyphenol content was explored. Then, referring to the selection of tan oaks in the past, the question of an optimum harvesting age is addressed in order to maximize the polyphenol content of the barks. In the end, molecular diversity of bark is examined through the identification of molecules of interest, using different chromatographic analyses. The results show an effect of the industrial context and an effect of the raw material age on the chemical properties of the bark. First investigations also highlight molecules of interest and the molecular diversity, which needs to be further explored.

Lignocellulosic biomass residues have attracted attention for the sustainable production of molecules for material and energetic use through biochemical conversion. Their recalcitrant structure prevents a broader use and asks for the development of sustainable techniques that can efficiently separate, recover and valorize the constituting components. In a cascading concept, residual streams of such processes can be further exploited in an attempt to valorize the largest possible fraction of the initial material. Three lignocellulosic substrates, namely dried sugar beet pulp, wheat bran and miscanthus straw, were upstream fractionated by steam explosion to extract the hemicellulose fraction. This study evaluated the valorization of the residual solid fraction through mixed acidogenic fermentation for the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as platform chemicals. Batch experiments have been conducted for the reference material (non-treated) and the solid fraction remaining after steam explosion, with and without the addition of an external mixed inoculum. Steam explosion residues contained less hemicellulose than the initial materials. The difference in the fermentation profile between steam explosion residues and non-treated substrates is dependent on the substrate. Maximum total VFA (tVFA) concentration was 18.8 gCOD/kgmixed_liquor, and maximum yield of chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion into tVFA was 33 % for the case of non-treated inoculated beet pulp.

Steam explosion is a thermo-mechanicochemical pretreatment which allows the breakdown of lignocellulosic structural components by the action of heating, formation of organic acids during the process, and shearing forces resulting in the expansion of the moisture. Two distinct stages compose the steam-explosion process: vapocracking and explosive decompression which include modification of the material components: hydrolysis of hemicellulosic components (mono- and oligosaccharides released), modification of the chemical structure of lignin, and modification of the cellulose crystallinity index, etc. These effects allow the opening of lignocellulosic structures and influence the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of the material.

Chemical composition of banana rachis from three varieties (Grande naine, Pelipita, and CRBP969) was analyzed, and the genotype contribution to composition variability was investigated. Wet chemistry and instrumental analysis procedures (X-ray diffraction, 31P NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry) were used. Some significant differences were found among the three genotypes: GN-AAA genotype was found to be significantly the highest in ash fraction (30.16 %) and the lowest in acid insoluble lignin (6.58 %) at 95 % confidence level. It showed also the highest content in potassium (43.5 % in ash). Implication of compositional differences on valorization efficiency by biochemical or thermochemical pathways was investigated. For this purpose, correlation coefficients between compositional characteristics and yields in volatile compounds from pyrolysis and glucose yields from enzymatic saccharification were analyzed. Ash content was revealed to be the main drawback parameter for volatile yields from pyrolysis (r = −0.93), while for glucose yields during saccharification were limited mainly by the content in guaiacyl units of the lignin fraction (r = −0.98). However, a strong and positive correlation was established between the volatiles yield and the acid insoluble lignin content (r = 0.98) Thus, according to these observations and based on their compositional significant differences, GN-AAA was the better candidate for bioconversion pathway while PPT-ABB and CRBP969-AAAB samples were shown to be better candidates for thermochemical conversion pathway. This work gives important preliminary information for considering banana rachis as an interesting feedstock candidate for biorefinery.

© 2017, Public Library of Science, All rights reserved. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Lignin in plant biomass represents a target for engineering strategies towards the development of a sustainable bioeconomy. In addition to the conventional lignin monomers, namely p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, tricin has been shown to be part of the native lignin polymer in certain monocot species. Because tricin is considered to initiate the polymerization of lignin chains, elucidating its biosynthesis and mechanism of export to the cell wall constitute novel challenges for the engineering of bioenergy crops. Late steps of tricin biosynthesis require two methylation reactions involving the pathway intermediate selgin. It has recently been demonstrated in rice and maize that caffeate O-methyltransferase (COMT) involved in the synthesis syringyl (S) lignin units derived from sinapyl alcohol also participates in the synthesis of tricin in planta. In this work, we validate in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) that the O-methyltransferase responsible for the production of S lignin units (SbCOMT / Bmr12) is also involved in the synthesis of lignin-linked tricin. In particular, we show that biomass from the sorghum bmr12 mutant contains lower level of tricin incorporated into lignin, and that SbCOMT can methylate the tricin precursors luteolin and selgin. Our genetic and biochemical data point toward a general mechanism whereby COMT is involved in the synthesis of both tricin and S lignin units.

The severity factor model developed by Chornet and Overend in 1987 has become the standard method to estimate the intensity of steam explosion pretreatment of biomass feedstocks. Continuous records of operating conditions applied during steam explosion show that significant variations occur during the process and have an impact on the treatment severity. The two main parameters that vary significantly during the process are temperature (linked to the pressure) and pH. Temperature variation is especially significant at the beginning of the process when pressure increases to its target value. pH variation is observed throughout the process. pH variation occurs due to the evolution of organic acids during vapocracking.”

The size of wheat starch granules was measured during isothermal and non-isothermal treatments and fitted using mathematical models in order to elucidate the time–temperatures dependence of the swelling phenomenon and to improve our understanding of the mechanism followed by granules during gelatinization. Upon the onset temperature of gelatinization, starch granules size increase rapidly and tend to reach equilibrium values that depend on the temperature and heating rate applied. The most accurate fitting of granule size observed overall isothermal treatments was obtained with the third-order kinetic and the Weibull empirical models. The activation energy of swelling calculated for isothermal treatment varied between 41 and 318 kJ mol −1 , depending on the mathematical model considered. Therefore, without a consensus on the mechanism and order of reaction followed during gelatinization, the meaningful of kinetic parameters calculated using mathematical models seems highly questionable. During non-isothermal treatments at lower heating rate, it seems like a limitation of the swelling capacity of granules was induced. This phenomenon was attributed to restructuration occurred inside of granules. So, forecasting the swelling behaviour of starch granules during non-isothermal treatment has to consider both the time–temperature and the heating rate applied.

In order to improve the hydrolysis of cellulose fiber and to obtain highly concentrated hydrolysate, two methods based on successive addition of enzyme and substrate were assessed. The first method, which required only substrate addition, allowed to increase by 50% the hydrolysate concentration and to decrease by 30% enzyme units needed. The second method highlighted the ability to reach very high concentrated hydrolysate (up to 170 g/l) by simultaneous addition of enzyme and substrate. In parallel, relationships between some limiting factors and the yields of hydrolysis were investigated. In conclusion, viscosity evolution of cellulose suspension during hydrolysis step was investigated with an aim to improve the management of enzyme and substrate addition.

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of different steam explosion treatments on the physicochemical properties and the hydrolysis rate of a pure bleached cellulose. The results showed that moderate steam explosion treatments (severity factor below 5.2) did not appear to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of the cellulose fibers. However, characterization of the samples showed a modification of the physicochemical properties of the cellulose, resulting in an increase of the water retention values (WRV) coupled to an increase of the overall crystallinity. For higher treatment intensities, an important thermal degradation of the cellulose was highlighted. This thermal degradation caused an important modification of the cellulose composition which leads to a decrease of the hydrolysis rate.