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Reading culture enables people to learn, grow, strive for personal betterment, and pursue innovative goals. The school library has a significant impact on its users' love of reading and serves as a source of inspiration. This study sought to understand how the secondary school section's pupils could develop a reading culture through the use of the school library. The goals were to research how secondary school students use the school library to establish their reading habits and how English language teachers can help students develop their reading habits. The network diagram of the variables' conceptual framework served as the study's compass. The research used a descriptive survey methodology. Conveniently, a school was chosen. In addition, 25 English teachers from the school were identified in order to collect information about how they help pupils develop good reading habits. A total of 80 students from secondary schools were employed in the sample, including 80 students chosen using purposive sampling in the Secondary Section. Both open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires were used to obtain the data. It was determined that students used the library to do their projects, do research, and take notes, but they also visited the library at a distinct time slot once a week when they could read and write reviews. English language teachers had a variety of responsibilities, such as encouraging pupils to read; proposing books to librarians from various genres, and helping students create in-class libraries. The conclusion is that because of their exam-focused curriculum, kids don't have enough time for leisure reading. As a result, schools should add more library time to their class schedules to encourage students to develop a reading habit.

Since the very inception of Pakistan in 1947, the nature of relationship between Pakistan and the United States of America (USA/US) mostly remained interdependent for one reason or the other. However, the rational conceptual framework as well as common long term vision seems neglected in the history of their bilateral relations. Their leaders and policy makers preferred to address only temporarily the multifaceted challenges threatening their divergent strategic interests hence any deep-rooted long-term partnership could not emerge. The era of President Donald Trump (2017-2021) was also not an exception in that regard. Examining various developments that had been taken place in the domain of bilateral relations between both these countries during the said era, the instant study tries to dig out that how the then strained relations during the first two years i.e. 2017 & 2018 were converted into comparatively relaxed relations during the latter part of the term. It finds that all that happened not only because of the impulsiveness of President Trump but also due to the tremendous influence of Pakistan over Afghan Taliban which made the Afghan peace process successful. The research is based on qualitative method of reasoning.

Lymphocyte dysregulation in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a major contributing factor linked to disease severity and mortality. Apoptosis results in the accumulation of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in circulation. COVID-19 has a heterogeneous clinical course. The role of cfDNA levels was studied to assess the severity and outcome of COVID-19 patients and correlated with other laboratory parameters. The current case series included 100 patients with mild COVID-19 (MCOV-19) and 106 patients with severe COVID-19 (SCOV-19). Plasma cfDNA levels were quantified using SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR through amplification of the β-actin gene. CfDNA level was significantly higher in SCOV-19 at 706.7 ng/ml (522.6-1258) as compared to MCOV-19 at 219.8 ng/ml (167.7-299.6). The cfDNA levels were significantly higher in non-survivor than in survivors (

Purpose of the study: This study aims to explore the possible causes of speaking anxiety among Pakistani university students in an engineering university in Karachi. Another aim of this study is to find out the strategies used by these students to cope with the anxiety they have while speaking English as a second or foreign language. Methodology: The research was qualitative and used an open-ended questionnaire to take the detailed responses of the participants. 80 (40 males and 40 females) participants were selected for this study using the purposive sampling technique. The researchers also translated the tool into the Urdu language to make it more intelligible for the participants. Main Findings: The causes of speaking anxiety were lack of confidence, vocabulary, fear of being ridiculed, peer pressure, facing a lot of people, rules of grammar, lack of preparation, fear of making mistakes, and negative attitude of the teacher and the coping strategies were avoiding the audience, taking help from teacher or peer, preparing well, taking deep breaths, facilitating anxiety, distracting the anxiety, self-talk/praise, restarting, physical movement, using humor and maintaining eye contact with only one person. Applications of this study: This study is useful for the teachers teaching courses related to speaking English as a second or foreign language. This study will help the teachers in tracing the explored elements of anxiety in a class in general and in a student in particular. They will try to mold their pedagogy to make the learning process more enjoyable and less anxious. Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study explores the elements of speaking anxiety in the Pakistani context. Earlier studies have implemented pre-invented tools rather than unearthing the anxiety-provoking elements. Hence, this study can be considered as an ice breaker when it comes to exploring the elements of speaking anxiety in the Pakistani context.

Germ cell tumors primarily arise in gonads and extragonadal germ cell tumors, an uncommon entity, originates usually along the midline. Here, we report the fifth example of intrarenal pure yolk sac tumor in a 1.5-year-old boy who presented with abdominal pain and underwent excision of the mass for suspected Wilms tumor. On histopathology and immunohistochemistry, a diagnosis of a yolk sac tumor was rendered. Postoperative serum alpha–fetoprotein levels were 21 000 ng/dl. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the importance of suspecting a germ cell tumor as one of the differential diagnoses of a suspected case of Wilms tumor and the significance of evaluating serum alpha–fetoprotein levels preoperatively.

Pak-US relations under Bush administration historically reached at its peak. It was the result of his doctrine known as ‘Bush Doctrine’. It resulted in constituting a fundamental shift in US foreign policy. This work tried to dig out that how Bush decided to framed his own strategies and way of using power and influence for the pursuit of USA national interests. Unlike president Clinton, president Bush focused on securing geo-strategic rather geo-economic interests. It is also tried to high light that what compelled Bush administration to tilt towards Pakistan. It includes especially inexorable geographical position of Pakistan in the region, so was preferred by US policy makers in this region. Bush even ignored US policy to promote democracy and supported undemocratic rule of General Pervez Musharraf, as his rule was inevitable to secure US national interests in the region. Authorities in Pakistan promised to assist US in its war on terror. It was the same role of Pakistan for which it was given the status of non- NATO ally. Bush Administration in return offered economic and military assistance to Pakistan. This study is based on qualitative insight to find out the real face of Pak-US relations under Bush administration. Secondary data including reports of different institutions, books, research articles and analysis by several scholars have been approached to furnish this work.

Communities of poor, low-income immigrants with limited English proficiency and disproportionate health burdens pose unique challenges to health providers and policy makers. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital developed the Regional Health Collaborative, a population-based health care model to improve the health of the residents of Washington Heights-Inwood. This area is a predominantly Hispanic community in New York City with high rates of asthma, diabetes, heart disease, and depression. NewYork-Presbyterian created an integrated network of patient-centered medical homes to form a "medical village" linked to other providers and community-based resources. The initiative set out to document the priority health needs of the community, target high-prevalence conditions, improve cultural competence among providers, and introduce integrated information systems across care sites. The first six months of the program demonstrated a significant 9.2 percent decline in emergency department visits for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions and a 5.8 percent decrease in hospitalizations that was not statistically significant. This initiative offers a model for other urban academic medical centers to better serve populations facing social and cultural barriers to care.