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Arto Mustajoki, Henriikka Mustajoki ja Ülle Must kirjoittivat laajan ajankohtaisen artikkelin vastuullisen tieteen puolustukseksi tässä lehdessä (Tieteessä tapahtuu 1/2020). Artikkeli valaisee käsitteen historiaa, sen osien sisältöä ja ajankohtaisuutta tiedepoliittisessa keskustelussa. Tiedeyhteisömme kehittämisen kannalta on hyvin tärkeää, että vastuullisen tiede- ja innovaatiotoiminnan (VTI) sisältöä pohditaan ja kehitetään aktiivisesti. Itse arvioimme hiljattain tässä samassa lehdessä, että vastuullinen tiede- ja innovaatiotoiminta on vastaus tieteen kriisiin (Rask ym. 2019).

Energy markets are in a state of considerable transformation. As a result of new smart energy technologies, novel services can now be offered to customers. The adoption of innovations is often conceptualized in terms of technology diffusion, the success or failure of the new technology depending on how it is able to move across a market. It is taken as given that novel technologies diffuse from innovators to the mass market – a transfer in which non-use is thought to disappear over time. The article challenges the received approach to non-use, building on a typology by Satchell and Dourish, who suggest that non-use is more than lagging adoption: it can also manifest as active resistance, disenchantment, disenfranchisement, disinterest and displacement. The article draws on a survey carried out in Finland in 2013. We proceed from examining the non-adoption of smart energy services to analysing the attitudes linked to the many types of non-use. Thereafter, we will consider forms of non-use that are closely linked to assets and housing. We find that in the case of smart energy services the most important dimensions of non-use are disinterest and disenchantment, alongside lagging adoption. Moreover, disenfranchisement also has a role in explaining non-use.

Building on the theoretical framework provided by sociological research on eating practices, family meals, self‐cooked meals and time use, this study examines national differences and similarities in the use of convenience food in Northern Europe. The study draws on two quantitative sets of data, the primary data set (N = 8248) collected in 2012 in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, and the complementary data set (N = 800) collected in St. Petersburg area in 2013. In general, consumers’ attitudes towards convenience food were negative. Time saving was an important motivator for convenience consumption in all countries. The effects of other attitudes were diffuse and factors such as low cost, health effects, and taste of convenience food, affected convenience consumption differently in different countries. In the four Nordic countries women used less convenience food than men. In Finland and in Norway older respondents used convenience food less often than the young. Generally, the use of convenience food was most frequent among those living alone. The effects of education and occupation were small, implying that the phase of life is more important than social stratification in explaining convenience food consumption. In the St. Petersburg data, there were no differences related to social background.

In recent years studies on cultural consumption have experienced a Bourdieusian renaissance. This is indicated by a growing body of research analysing distinctions in different areas of culture, and numerous studies on the homology thesis applying the concepts of distinction, field and capital. Concurrently, however, it has been argued that instead of distinctive tastes, distinction and class status are increasingly manifested by cultural omnivorousness. For a good part studies focussing on distinction in food have analysed eating out and stylization through restaurant preferences, rather than everyday food choices. In this article we investigate everyday food choices from the perspective of distinction and omnivorousness. Our analysis draws on cross-sectional quantitative data collected in 2012 among 15-64-year-old Finns (N = 2601). The article maps out the relationship between food choice frequencies, dispositions and social background with Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The results show that the consumption of fruit and vegetables, ready-meals and convenience foods were among the most divisive food choices. The first structuring dimension juxtaposed processed, fatty and sugared foods with unprocessed foods and fresh ingredients. This dimension was associated with healthiness and weight control as dispositions. On the second structuring dimension there were differences in the valuation of taste, pleasure and sociability, and a contrast between moderate and restrictive choices. Particularly the first dimension was associated with educational, occupational, and gender differences. Distinction within everyday food choices was manifested in the use of healthy and unprocessed foods and 'moderate hedonism' in contrast to more restrictive tastes.

Dietary fat has long been a target of several Finnish policy sectors with conflicting interests. Changes in fat use from animal to vegetable fats have often been characterized as “a public policy success story”, in which policy interventions have led to healthier diets. The aim of this paper is to elaborate the picture of the developments in the consumption of different fat products, and to explore whether and what kind of other developments there may have been besides the general change from animal to vegetable fats. Based on population statistics between 1978 and 2014, the study shows that instead of a uniform transformation from animal to vegetable fats, there have been multiple developments simultaneously, and not all of them unambiguously agree with the "success story" discourse. The changes were related to novel fat products, health policy interventions, cultural trends, public debates on dietary fats, and fad diets.

Energy companies are in dire need of new business models that bring revenues from energy services rather than from increasing energy use. Smart meters and grids offer new opportunities for such services. However, there is a lack of research on what the market potential of such services could be in end-user markets. Certain innovative consumers are more likely to be the first to test new technology-based services and engage in new service co-creation. However, identification of such innovator or lead user customers is difficult especially for electricity end-use efficiency, an invisible and unexciting service for most consumers. This article identifies pioneering customers for novel energy efficiency services offered by electricity providers in terms of psychological factors from an empirical data collected with a consumer survey in spring 2013. We also analyse the similarities and differences between pioneering customers and the mass market with the principal component analysis. We find that certain characteristics of pioneering customers (expertise, ahead-of-the-market needs) could become more widespread in the market due to rising energy prices and improved billing and metering. However, some other aspects contributing to innovativeness (such as experimentalism) are less likely to develop among average consumers, who are more likely to rely on leading companies and seek recommendations from peers before obtaining new services. These differences among consumers need to be taken into account in order to offer consumers usable and useful products and peer group-relevant marketing.

This article examines sustainable food consumption in the Nordic context, studying to what extent people in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden have food consumption patterns that are in the current discourse promoted as sustainability enhancing. The article analyses the association of sustainable food consumption to attitudinal support for environmental policy measures, interest in cooking, and healthy eating practices as well as sociodemographic background factors. The comparison of four countries enables an analysis of the importance of the national context in sustainable food consumption. The study is based on data from a 2012 Nordic Web survey (N = 8248). The results show that carrying out sustainable activities was not very widespread. Buying local food was the most popular, eating meat less often the most unpopular sustainable activity. The level of participation in sustainable practices varied across the four countries. Swedish respondents were the overall most active, Norwegians the least. However, results from analysis of variance (anova) indicated that the individual explanatory factors of sustainable food consumption were relatively similar in the four countries. Healthy eating patterns, interest in cooking, and supporting environmental policy measures were all positively correlated to sustainable food consumption. Women and the elderly were more active in sustainable practices than were men and the young. Education and occupational position played a role, too, but their effect was not totally systematic across countries. The findings suggest that sustainable food consumption is not a strongly socially stratified phenomenon, but it is related to other practices of eating regarded as “proper,” such as interest in cooking and healthy eating. Broader and more inclusive policies are needed to better engage people in sustainable activities.

This paper explores the patterns of cultural consumption in Finland using data collected in 2007 from a randomly selected sample of 3,000 persons. This is an explanatory study employing Multiple Correspondence Analysis as a method to map the cultural consumption patterns in Finland. The paper refers to a number of previous studies addressing the same issue in Denmark and particularly the UK in an attempt to place the results within a comparison framework. The main argument of this paper is not simply that within socio-economic groups there is a preference for similar culture, but that cultural preferences follow a structure over different domains that can be detected without reference to socio-economic factors. As a result of the analysis, two dimensions of the MCA solution are found, which represent differentiations between high engagement in culture versus disengagement and contemporary versus traditional forms of culture. These dimensions are very similar to the dimensions found in the UK, even if the ...

Sports have often been neglected in the research on taste and cultural consumption. This article investigates lifestyle choices in the area of sports, with particular focus on the differences that can be drawn from occupational class and other background variables. Based on nationally representative survey data from Finland, participation in sports and sports spectatorship are examined. The main findings suggest that there are divisions between the occupational classes in the involvement in sports, but also in the involvement in individual sporting activities. However, the differences are less clear in sports spectatorship. The findings are somewhat at odds with recent research from different countries suggesting that education and income are important in explaining the differences, although occupational class also counts.

Finns are said to be homogenous when it comes to cultural taste. However, the division between the Finnish-speaking majority and the Swedish-speaking minority is often considered significant. Previous study shows that the Swedish-speakers are statistically better-off when it comes to issues such as income and health. The stereotype of the Swedish-speakers is that in cultural consumption they represent upper-class taste. Most contemporary theory claims that the notion of legitimacy itself is changing. The paper examines ideas of legitimate taste brought up in twenty focus groups. We shall compare the linguistic groups and form a picture of what type of culture is considered legitimate by which group. In the end we aim to answer the question of what legitimate taste in the Finnish context means. The paper is based on a focus group study that serves as a pilot research for the project Cultural Capital and Social Differentiation in Contemporary Finland.

Thee thesis, which consists of four original articles and a summarizing chapter, discusses homology between social class and cultural taste. Cultural taste is defined as the choices made in different areas of culture (television, cinema, reading, music, visual arts, sports, dining out, and leisure pursuits). Taste choices manifest themselves as likes and dislikes but also in what a person does. Social class is observed through occupational status, level of education, income and subjective views on class. The central research question concerns the relationship between social class and consumption of culture. The study aims to clarify what kind of class related differences can be found in cultural consumption, but also how these differences are connected to other factors stratifying the society such as gender, age and mother tongue. The data that is being analyzed consists of the data gathered by the project Cultural Capital and Social Differentiation in Contemporary Finland: An International Comparison. Class identification and the relation of cultural divisions to the socioeconomic ones are being analyzed using a nationally represent-ative survey data (N = 1388). Individual interviews (N = 25) and twenty focus group interviews (N = 20) on cultural consumption are also being analyzed. The theoretical framework is built around Pierre Buourdieu s theory of distinction and its critique but also recent research that expands on bourdieusian theory. In the theory of distinction lifestyle is thought to be defined through the quantity and quality of different capitals (economic, cultural and social). Cultural tastes are therefore linked to class status through different capitals. The study shows that the majority of Finns can place themselves in the class scene. Moreover, class-related differences can be found in cultural consumption in empirical analyses. The main differences between classes can be seen in how different classes relate to cultural products but also in the number of leisure pursuits. Being well-off economically is connected to being well-off culturally. High status manifests as omnivorous cultural consumption. The central differences are built upon occupational class so that the working class is more passive than other class groups. Same difference can be found in relation to education and income level. Other im-portant divisive variable is age. Age group defines what is being consumed: the younger respondents are inclined to choose popular culture whereas the older age groups choices represent more traditional taste choices. Suomi on totuttu mieltämään hyvinvointivaltioksi, joka on yksi maailman tasa-arvoisimpia maita. Ajatus kulttuurisesta yhtenäisyydestä liitetään tuloerojen tasaisuuteen, väestön pieneen kokoon ja kielelliseen eristyneisyyteen. Talonpoikainen historia on sitonut suomalaiset toisiinsa ja synnyttänyt tavallisten suomalaisten yhtenäiskulttuurin, jossa sosiaalisten erontekojen osoittaminen arjessa kulttuuristen valintojen välityksellä on vaikeaa, ellei mahdotonta Väitöskirja koostuu neljästä tieteellisestä artikkelista sekä yhteenvetoluvusta. Aineistoina analysoidaan erilaisia kysely- ja haastatteluaineistoja. Kulttuurimaku määritellään kulttuurin eri alueilla (ml. television katsominen, elokuvat, lukeminen, musiikki, kuvataide, liikunta, ulkona syöminen, vapaa-ajan harrasteet) tehtävien makuvalintojen (pitäminen, ei-pitäminen) ja tekemisen kokonaisuudeksi. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan luokan mukaisia eroja kulttuurin kulutuksessa. Tarkastelussa otetaan huomioon ammattiasema, koulutus, tulot ja subjektiivinen käsitys luokasta. Lisäksi hahmotellaan sitä, miten nämä erot liittyvät sukupuolen, iän ja äidinkielen mukaisiin jakoihin. Keskeinen viitekehys muodostuu Pierre Bourdieun distinktioteoriasta ja sen kritiikistä. Teoriassa elämäntyylin ajatellaan määräytyvän sosiaalisen aseman sanelemien pääomien määrän ja laadun perusteella. Kulttuuriset makumieltymykset liittyvät siten juuri pääomien välityksellä luokkataustaan. Tutkimus osoittaa, että erot yhteiskuntaluokkien välillä näkyvät kulttuurintuotteisiin suhtautumisessa ja harrasteiden määrässä. Mitään yksinomaan eliitin tai yläluokan suosimaa korkeakulttuurista makua ei Suomesta ole löydettävissä, vaan erot näkyvät asennoitumisessa sekä aktiivisuudessa kulttuurin suhteen. Taloudellinen ja kulttuurinen hyväosaisuus näkyvät kaikkiruokaisena kulttuurin kulutuksena. Keskeinen jakolinja yhteiskuntaluokan mukaan kulkee työväenluokkaisten ja muiden vastaajien välillä. Työväenluokka on keskiluokkaa passiivisempi kulttuurin suhteen. Ammattiaseman mukaiset erot ovat samansuuntaiset kuin tulojen ja koulutuksen mukaiset erot. Toinen keskeinen jakolinja voidaan piirtää ikäryhmien välille. Ikäryhmä määrittää kulutetun kulttuurin tyypin: nuoret suosivat populaareja ja uudempia kulttuuriharrasteita kun vanhemmat ikäryhmät valitsevat perinteisempää kulttuuria. Sukupuoleen ja äidinkieleen liittyy myös tärkeitä jakoja. Naiset ovat miehiä hieman aktiivisempia kulttuurin kuluttajia. Äidinkieli puolestaan määrittää, miten kulttuurista puhutaan. Siinä missä suomenkielisissä kulttuurikeskusteluissa erot pyritään häivyttämään, ruotsinkielisten ryhmien puhekulttuuri ottaa ne avoimemmin käsittelyyn.

Research and innovation funding agencies are increasingly investing in different types of challenge competitions. Such competitions introduce researchers a chance to develop science-based products or scientific processes addressing complex societal challenges within the public sphere. In this paper we explored 45 challenge competitions to explore their characteristics and impacts. This paper will contribute to the distinction between product- and process-oriented challenge competitions and provide preliminary findings about the impacts of such activities. Based on our analysis, product- and process-oriented challenge competitions have different implications and "additionality" in terms of funding and research support actions. Examples of the benefits include shortened time span between research and its publication, funders' access to notable research resources with small investments, meriting and branding of both researchers and organizers as well as new capacities and skills developed.

Contemporary eating is often portrayed by images of snacking, solitary grazing, disintegration of sociability, demise of family meals, and increasingly irregular eating patterns –what Claude Fischler has famously described as gastroanomy. Inspired by the concept of eating system, this article contributes to the discussion about the ongoing changes by examining the relation between meal complexity, sociability and the duration of meals in contemporary Nordic societies. We examine the differences in meal complexity between four Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, focusing on two main meals, lunch and dinner. The analysis builds on the concept of eating system, examining the effect sociability has on meal complexity. In the end we ask whether complexity can better be explained by social context, or if it, rather, results from social differentiation. The data (N=8248) are drawn from the Food in Nordic Everyday Life survey conducted in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden in 2012. The Finns and Swedes typically had two hot meals a day, whereas the Danes and Norwegians only had one. Moreover, the differences in the complexity were the greatest in hot dinners, the Danes and the Swedes having the most elaborate dinners. A marked proportion of meals were eaten within structured conditions either at workplace or home. The presence of any commensal partners increased the complexity of hot dinners, as did the longer duration of the meal. Situational factors were important in explaining differences in meal complexity, but social background, apart from age, did not convey many significant differences. L’alimentation contemporaine est souvent illustrée par des représentations de grignotage solitaire, de désintégration de la sociabilité, de disparition des repas pris en famille et d’habitudes alimentaires de plus en plus irrégulières – ce que Claude Fischler a mémorablement qualifié de « gastro-anomie ». Inspiré par le concept de mode d’alimentation, cet article contribue, à travers l’examen de la relation entre complexité des repas, sociabilité et durée des repas dans les sociétés nordiques contemporaines, à la discussion sur les changements actuels en cours. Nous examinons les différences de complexité entre quatre pays nordiques, le Danemark, la Finlande, la Norvège et la Suède, en nous focalisant sur deux repas principaux, le déjeuner et le dîner. L’analyse se construit autour du concept de mode d’alimentation et examine l’effet qu’a la sociabilité sur la complexité des repas. Nous nous posons finalement la question de savoir si la complexité dépend principalement du contexte social ou si elle résulte plutôt d’une différenciation sociale. Les données (N=8248) sont tirées d’une étude intitulée Food in Nordic Everyday Life (‘La nourriture dans la vie quotidienne nordique’), conduite au Danemark, en Finlande, en Norvège et en Suède en 2012. Elles révèlent que les Finlandais et les Suédois prennent typiquement deux repas chauds par jour, contrairement aux Danois et aux Norvégiens qui n’en prennent qu’un. C’est par ailleurs en matière de repas chauds que les différences sont les plus grandes, les Danois et les Suédois préparant les dîners les plus élaborés. Une proportion significative de repas sont consommés dans un cadre structuré, sur le lieu de travail ou à la maison. La présence de compagnons de table augmente la complexité des dîners chauds, tout comme la plus longue durée du repas. Si les facteurs situationnels permettent d’expliquer en bonne partie les différences de complexité des repas, les origines sociales, en revanche, ne sont pas source de grandes différences, hormis l’âge.

Suomessa on viime vuosina panostettu paljon yritysten ja yliopistojen väliseen tutkimusyhteistyöhön valtion ja tutkimusrahoittajien toimesta. Siitä huolimatta elinkeinoelämän ja tutkimuksen välinen yhteistyö on vähentynyt viime vuosina merkittävästi. Syitä tähän on löydetty tutkimusrahoituksen rakenteista, mielekkäiden aiheiden puutteesta sekä siitä, etteivät tutkijat ja yritykset tunnista yhteistyöllä saavutettavia etuja. Valtio perusti Tutkimuksen vaikuttavuuden tukisäätiön (myöh. Vaikuttavuussäätiö) vuonna 2019 tukemaan elinkeinoelämän ja yliopistojen välistä tutkimusyhteistyötä. Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee säätiön rahoittamiin hankkeisiin osallistuvien yritysten näkökulmaa tutkimusyhteistyöhön. Käytämme aineistona yrityskumppaneiden haastatteluja (n = 9), jotka toteutettiin kesällä 2021. Analyysin kehikkona toimii yhteiskunnallisen vaikuttavuuden käsite määriteltynä tutkimustiedon hyödynnettävyydeksi sekä bourdieulainen pääomien kehikko. Tarkastelumme tuloksena yritysten toiminta hahmottuu moninaisena, eikä vain kaupallisten intressien ja tutkimustulosten käytännön soveltamisena. Akateeminen tutkimus nähdään yrityksissä voimavarana ja tilaisuutena saada uutta, tutkittua tietoa yrityksiin. Toisaalta yrityksillä on myös monia tapoja rajata ja kehystää tutkimusta.