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India is a large middle-income country and has surpassed China in overall population, comprising 20% of the global population (over 1.43 billion people). India is experiencing a major demographic shift in its aging population. Chronic diseases are common among older adults and can be persistent over the life course, lead to the onset of disability, and be costly. Among older adults in India, the existence of multiple comorbid chronic conditions (i.e., multimorbidity) is rapidly growing and represents a burgeoning public health burden. Prior research identified greater rates of multimorbidity (e.g., overweight/obesity diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and malignancies) in minority populations in the United States (U.S.); however, limited studies have attempted to characterize multimorbidity among older adult sub-populations residing in India. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of studies on multimorbidity using the data from the Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI), the largest nationally representative longitudinal survey study of adults in India. Our definition of multimorbidity was the presence of more than two conditions in the same person. Our findings, based on 15 reviewed studies, aim to (1) characterize the definition and measurement of multimorbidity and to ascertain its prevalence in ethnically and culturally diverse sub-populations in India; (2) identify adverse outcomes associated with multimorbidity in the Indian adult population; and (3) identify gaps, opportunities, and future directions.

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have taken center stage in recent times, displacing communicable diseases as the primary cause of death in the majority of nations. Worldwide, non-communicable diseases are the main cause of death. 38 million people die from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) per year. Objectives: To study the prevalence of risk factors of NCDs in rural area of West Bengal. Methods: This community based cross sectional study was conducted Howrah, West Bengal from January 2024-March 2024. Total 400 people who were aged 15 and above were enrolled for the study. Statistical data were analysed by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS V.20 software. Results: Among the 300 people studied 46.67% were in age group of 15–35 years. 70% were having education below secondary/higher secondary. 44% belonged to lower middle and 36.67% belonged to lower socioeconomic class. 47.33% of them were either farmers or labour/ unskilled workers. In the studied population 44.67% were currently using tobacco either in the form of chewing or smoking, among these 94.03% were males. 28.66% were currently consuming alcohol, of these males comprised 90.69%. Among the studied population 19.33% were hypertensive and 11.33% were diabetics. Conclusions: The prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors is high in this study. It is necessary to minimize the burden of growing noncommunicable disease epidemic in the society, by curbing the rates of the risky behaviours at a very early stage by lifestyle modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background With global climate change, the health threats of ambient high temperature have received widespread attention. However, latest spatio-temporal patterns of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden attributable to high temperature have not been systematically reported. We aimed to analyze vulnerable areas and populations based on a detailed profile for the NCDs burden attributable to high temperature globally. Methods We obtained data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study (2019) to describe the temporal and spatial patterns of NCDs burden attributable to high temperature globally from 1990–2019. Then we analyzed the differences by region, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Finally, the age‑period‑cohort (APC) model was utilized to explore the age, period, and cohort effects of NCDs mortality caused by high temperature. Results In 2019, the number of deaths and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from high-temperature-related NCDs was about 150,000 and 3.4 million globally, of which about 70% were in South Asia and North Africa and Middle East, and the burden was higher in men. Among 204 countries and territories, the highest age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were observed in Oman and United Arab Emirates, respectively. The global burden showed an upward trend from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 3.66 (95%CI: 3.14–4.18) for ASMR and 3.68 (95%CI: 3.16-4.21) for ASDR. Cardiovascular diseases were the main contributors to the global burden of high-temperature-related NCDs in 2019. The age and period effect in APC model showed an increasing trend globally. There was a significant negative correlation between SDI and both ASMR (r = -0.17) and ASDR (r = -0.20) from 1990 to 2019. Conclusion There was an increasing trend of the global burden of high-temperature-related NCDs. The burden was likely to be higher in males and the elderly, as well as in countries and regions with less economically and socially developed and in tropical climates. Surveillance and prevention measures should be implemented with a focus on these vulnerable areas and susceptible populations.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an important problem in South Africa; they account for 60% of all deaths. Early screening could help lower NCD incidences and long-term consequences.Objective: The study aimed to profile NCD risk factors among insourced support staff at the University of Pretoria in 2018.Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at the University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus. The World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire was administered to collect data in three steps. The participants’ behavioural risk profiles were gathered using the face-to-face interview technique (STEP I), followed by their physical risk profile using anthropometric and blood pressure measurements (STEP II). Last was the biochemical risk profile, including finger-prick blood glucose and cholesterol measurement (STEP III). Data were analysed using Epi-Info, version 3.54.Subjects: A convenient sample of participants aged 18–64 years from the Departments of Industrial Hygiene and Building Services, Landscape Services, Sports Fields Management, and Security Services (n = 146, 60% were females) took part in the study.Results: Most participants (97.8%) had low daily fruit and vegetable intake. Some 80% of the study population always or often added salt to their food when cooking. Daily alcohol consumption was reported by a quarter of the sample. More than two-thirds of all the participants were overweight or obese and 61% had central obesity.Conclusion: The study identified a high prevalence of several NCD risk factors. Tailored nutrition education and monitoring are needed to lower the elevated risk.

Background: With global climate change, the health threats of ambient high temperature have received widespread attention. However, latest spatio-temporal patterns of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden attributable to high temperature have not been systematically reported. We aimed to analyze vulnerable areas and populations based on a detailed profile for the NCDs burden attributable to high temperature globally. Methods: We obtained data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study (2019) to describe the temporal and spatial patterns of NCDs burden attributable to high temperature globally from 1990–2019. Then we analyzed the differences by region, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Finally, the age‑period‑cohort (APC) model was utilized to explore the age, period, and cohort effects of NCDs mortality caused by high temperature. Results: In 2019, the number of deaths and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from high-temperature-related NCDs was about 150,000 and 3.4 million globally, of which about 70% were in South Asia and North Africa and Middle East, and the burden was higher in men. Among 204 countries and territories, the highest age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were observed in Oman and United Arab Emirates, respectively. The global burden showed an upward trend from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 3.66 (95%CI: 3.14–4.18) for ASMR and 3.68 (95%CI: 3.16-4.21) for ASDR. Cardiovascular diseases were the main contributors to the global burden of high-temperature-related NCDs in 2019. The age and period effect in APC model showed an increasing trend globally. There was a significant negative correlation between SDI and both ASMR (r = -0.17) and ASDR (r = -0.20) from 1990 to 2019. Conclusion: There was an increasing trend of the global burden of high-temperature-related NCDs. The burden was likely to be higher in males and the elderly, as well as in countries and regions with less economically and socially developed and in tropical climates. Surveillance and prevention measures should be implemented with a focus on these vulnerable areas and susceptible populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an important problem in South Africa; they account for 60% of all deaths. Early screening could help lower NCD incidences and long-term consequences. Objective: The study aimed to profile NCD risk factors among insourced support staff at the University of Pretoria in 2018. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at the University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus. The World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire was administered to collect data in three steps. The participants' behavioural risk profiles were gathered using the face-to-face interview technique (STEP I), followed by their physical risk profile using anthropometric and blood pressure measurements (STEP II). Last was the biochemical risk profile, including finger-prick blood glucose and cholesterol measurement (STEP III). Data were analysed using Epi-Info, version 3.54. Subjects: A convenient sample of participants aged 18–64 years from the Departments of Industrial Hygiene and Building Services, Landscape Services, Sports Fields Management, and Security Services (n = 146, 60% were females) took part in the study. Results: Most participants (97.8%) had low daily fruit and vegetable intake. Some 80% of the study population always or often added salt to their food when cooking. Daily alcohol consumption was reported by a quarter of the sample. More than two-thirds of all the participants were overweight or obese and 61% had central obesity. Conclusion: The study identified a high prevalence of several NCD risk factors. Tailored nutrition education and monitoring are needed to lower the elevated risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We examined the psychological burden associated with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Methods: We used comparable longitudinal data of older adults (≥50 years) from the UK (English Longitudinal Study of Aging) and the US (Health and Retirement Study). We defined MetSyn based on biomarker assessments (e.g., blood pressure, impaired glycemic control). Using regression models, we tested a range of individual psychological outcomes (e.g., depressive symptoms) associated with MetSyn. We also examined whether these psychological outcomes may explain or moderate the link between MetSyn and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Findings: MetSyn was associated cross‐sectionally with a range of psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, loneliness, hopelessness, cynical hostility, social strain, negative affect and decreased positive affect, social support and purpose in life. There was no convincing evidence that psychological factors interacted with or explained (mediated) the relationship between MetSyn and increased risk of developing NCD over 10‐year follow‐ups. Conclusions: MetSyn and the psychological burden outcomes examined may have independent effects on NCD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for the majority of deaths worldwide. To reduce the mortality rate caused by NCDs, the United Nations set goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. To support this goal, community services of IBI Kwik Kian Gie have participated in the Posbindu PTM program in RW 06, Kelurahan Katulampa, Kecamatan Bogor Timur. This activity was held in June, July, and August 2023. Based on the evaluation of the Posbindu PTM program, it can be concluded that Posbindu PTM in RW 06, Kelurahan Katulampa, Kecamatan Bogor Timur, should be continued with some evaluations and improvements for future programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major contributor to the global burden of disease, increasingly impacting low-income and marginalised populations in low- and middle-income countries such as Sri Lanka. Microfinance could be a potential approach to target NCDs. Using an ethnographic approach with thematic analysis, this study explored the nexus between microfinance and NCD outcomes. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 micro-loan borrowing women across 15 field sites within Puttalam district in Sri Lanka. The findings revealed that perceived increases in income from microfinance loans contributed to enhanced household health savings ability, enabling the purchase of medicines bought out-of-pocket and from privately owned pharmacies, and spending for NCD-relevant health emergencies and health-related transportation. Additionally, perceived income increases also influenced the behavioural risks, including the spending and consumption of food, and physical activity levels, both positively and negatively. The microfinance networks also influenced women’s perceived social support, psychological stress and coping mechanisms, and health information transmission, positively and negatively. The findings from this study provide important insights on how financial inclusion programs such as microfinance influence the health determinants and outcomes relevant to NCDs. This can help address ways to target both NCDs and inequities of socioeconomically disadvantaged and marginalised populations, particularly women.

The field of nutrition research has traditionally focused on the effects of macronutrients and micronutrients on the body. However, it has become evident that individuals have unique genetic makeups that influence their response to food. Nutritional genomics, which includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, explores the interaction between an individual’s genetic makeup, diet, and health outcomes. Nutrigenetics studies the impact of genetic variation on an individual’s response to dietary nutrients, while nutrigenomics investigates how dietary components affect gene regulation and expression. These disciplines seek to understand the impact of diet on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. It provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the effect of diet on gene expression. Nutrients can cause the modification of genetic expression through epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. The aim of nutrigenomics is to create personalized diets based on the unique metabolic profile of an individual, gut microbiome, and genetic makeup to prevent diseases and promote health. Nutrigenomics has the potential to revolutionize the field of nutrition by combining the practicality of personalized nutrition with knowledge of genetic factors underlying health and disease. Thus, nutrigenomics offers a promising approach to improving health outcomes (in terms of disease prevention) through personalized nutrition strategies based on an individual’s genetic and metabolic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction We examined the psychological burden associated with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Methods We used comparable longitudinal data of older adults (≥50 years) from the UK (English Longitudinal Study of Aging) and the US (Health and Retirement Study). We defined MetSyn based on biomarker assessments (e.g., blood pressure, impaired glycemic control). Using regression models, we tested a range of individual psychological outcomes (e.g., depressive symptoms) associated with MetSyn. We also examined whether these psychological outcomes may explain or moderate the link between MetSyn and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Findings MetSyn was associated cross‐sectionally with a range of psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, loneliness, hopelessness, cynical hostility, social strain, negative affect and decreased positive affect, social support and purpose in life. There was no convincing evidence that psychological factors interacted with or explained (mediated) the relationship between MetSyn and increased risk of developing NCD over 10‐year follow‐ups. Conclusions MetSyn and the psychological burden outcomes examined may have independent effects on NCD risk.

The chatbot Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is becoming increasingly popular among patients for searching health-related information. Prior studies have raised concerns regarding accuracy in offering nutritional advice. We investigated in November 2023 ChatGPT's potential as a tool for providing nutritional guidance in relation to different non-communicable diseases (NCDs). First, the dietary advice given by ChatGPT (version 3.5) for various NCDs was compared with guidelines; then, the chatbot's capacity to manage a complex case with several diseases was investigated. A panel of nutrition experts assessed ChatGPT's responses. Overall, ChatGPT offered clear advice, with appropriateness of responses ranging from 55.5% (sarcopenia) to 73.3% (NAFLD). Only two recommendations (one for obesity, one for non-alcoholic-fatty-liver disease) contradicted guidelines. A single suggestion for T2DM was found to be "unsupported", while many recommendations for various NCDs were deemed to be "not fully matched" to the guidelines despite not directly contradicting them. However, when the chatbot handled overlapping conditions, limitations emerged, resulting in some contradictory or inappropriate advice. In conclusion, although ChatGPT exhibited a reasonable accuracy in providing general dietary advice for NCDs, its efficacy decreased in complex situations necessitating customized strategies; therefore, the chatbot is currently unable to replace a healthcare professional's consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anecdotal evidence suggests that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute substantially to mortality, morbidity and disability in Ghana. Nonetheless, no data are presently available on Ghanaians with disability from major NCDs, such as hypertension, diabetes and stroke. Using data from the 2007/2008 Ghana World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) and applying ordinary least squares techniques, the prevalence of and associations between activity limitations and participation restrictions in Ghanaians with NCDs are examined in the present study. The results show stroke is the major contributor to activity limitations and participation restrictions among the Ghanaian population with NCDs. The study results further revealed that respondents with higher education reported high levels of disability compared to those with no education. The results suggest that functioning can be restored by providing assistive technologies, such as wheelchairs, prosthetic limbs, walking aids, etc., that can enhance participation of persons with disability in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target 3.4 of the third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proposes to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by one-third. Epidemiological data presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 show that out of a total of 57 million deaths worldwide, approximately 41 million deaths occurred due to NCDs, with 78% of such deaths occurring in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). The majority of investigations on NCDs agree that the leading risk factor for mortality worldwide is hypertension. Over 75% of the world's mobile phone subscriptions reside in LMICs, hence making the mobile phone particularly relevant to mHealth deployment in Africa. This study is aimed at determining the scope of the literature available on hypertension diagnosis and management in Africa, with particular emphasis on determining the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of interventions based on the use of mobile phones. The bulk of the evidence considered overwhelmingly shows that SMS technology is yet the most used medium for executing interventions in Africa. Consequently, the need to define novel and superior ways of providing effective and low-cost monitoring, diagnosis, and management of hypertension-related NCDs delivered through artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques is clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the four major chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) representing the leading cause of death worldwide. Several studies demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these chronic diseases. Although it is well known that systemic chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are primarily involved in the development of ED, recent studies have shown that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is implicated in its pathogenesis, also contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis and to insulin resistance (IR). In this review, we describe the relationship between PVAT and ED, and we also analyse the role of PVAT in the pathogenesis of CVDs and T2DM, further assessing its potential therapeutic target with the aim of restoring normal ED and reducing global cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing globally in tandem with changing environmental and lifestyle factors. There is very limited data on very early childhood presentations. We aim to assess changes in rates, characteristics and management of infant anaphylaxis in a paediatric ED over a 15‐year period. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of children <2 years of age who presented with verified anaphylaxis comparing cases in years 2003–2007 with those in 2013–2017. Standardised information was collected on demographics, clinical presentation, management and triggers. Results: Manually confirmed anaphylaxis rates in <2 year olds increased from 3.6 to 6.2 per 104 population (OR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3–2.7; p < 0.001) with the greatest increase in <1 year olds. Anaphylaxis severity increased between 2003–2007 and 2013–2017 (OR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2–4.3; p = 0.018). Failure to administer adrenaline was reduced in 2013–2017 (p = 0.007). Food was the leading anaphylaxis trigger (97.85%). Conclusion: This is the first study to suggest an increase in the incidence and severity of ED anaphylaxis presentations in children aged <2 years. Increased awareness of specific characteristics in this age group is required to facilitate timely recognition and optimal management. Further large‐scale studies are warranted to understand underlying environmental drivers and find prevention strategies to reduce the burden of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The adoption of its 2015 constitution has converted Nepal to a federal government while simultaneously resulted in significant reforms of the health system in Nepal in terms of both structure and commitment. In this commentary, we review evidence ranging from health financing to health workforce development to show that the impact of federalization on Nepal’s health system and its efforts to achieve equitable and affordable universal health care have been mixed. On the one hand, careful efforts of the federal government to support subnational governments during the transition appears to have avoided serious disruption, subnational governments have successfully taken on the financial burden of the health system, and increase subnational control has allowed more flexible adaptation to changing needs than might have otherwise been possible. On the other hand, financing resource and ability disparities across subnational governments contributes to significant disparities in workforce development, and subnational authorities appear to have underestimated significant health issues (e.g. NCDs) in their budgets. We then provide three recommendations to improve the success of the Nepalese system: (1) to assess whether the services covered by health financing and insurance schemes like the National Health Insurance Program adequately address the needs of the rising burden of NCDs in Nepal, (2) to set clear minimum requirements on key metrics for subnational health systems, and (3) to extend grant programs to address resource disparities.

The role of women in promoting the production and consumption of vegetables at a family level towards mitigating the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial. Women not only select and prepare food items consumed by their families but care about the health issues of family members. As research examining this critical role of women is scant, we attempted to understand how women as agro-entrepreneurs can promote vegetables to enhance healthcare situations. A field study was conducted in a northeastern district of Bangladesh from January to June 2019, adopting qualitative–participatory approaches that involved interviews, focus groups, and workshops. The study revealed that women play a vital role in taking care of the health of the family members, while their role in planning the family diet is exclusive. However, they have limited decision-making authority in the production and consumption of vegetables, and their knowledge and perception of NCDs are limited. The results imply that with enhanced capacity of vegetable production and better knowledge of nutrition and NCDs, women can improve family dietary habits by increasing the consumption of vegetables. Therefore, building the agro-entrepreneurial capacities of women in terms of knowledge, skills, access to finance, and decision-making authority at the family level would be a significant interventional approach for increased production and consumption of vegetables. We argue that public health strategies and policies addressing NCDs should incorporate this family-centric approach by promoting agro-entrepreneurship by women who would promote the production and consumption of vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, specifically cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes are the main reason for more than two-thirds of global deaths, in which the unhealthy diet is one of the primary risk factors. The golden solution to reducing obesity and CVD linked to an unhealthy diet is to reduce calories, salt, sugar, and fat intake. Besides, activities highlighting lifestyles that contain healthy diets usually focus on reducing salt, sugar, and saturated fat consumption. As a result, the researchers aimed to study the gaps and economic barriers to recommended consumption of salt, sugar, and fat in Iran, based on WHO recommendations. Methods This is a qualitative study. We conducted semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 30 stakeholders, including academics, experts, and key informants in different sectors from December 2018 until August 2019 in Tehran, Iran. We used a purposeful and snowball sampling method to select participants. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed using MAXQDA 11. Results Economic problems and inflation in Iran caused people to eat more unhealthy foods, while a healthy diet consumption was reduced due to higher prices. Unfair political sanctions imposed on the country caused economic pressure and adversely affected family nutrition. Worse still, despite legal bans, advertising unhealthy foods via media, mainly to generate revenue, encouraged more consumption of unhealthy food. The lack of targeted subsidies and failure in tax legislation and implementation related to the unhealthy products deteriorated the conditions. Conclusion Some economic barriers have hampered plans to reduce salt, fat, and sugar consumption in Iran. Fundamental reforms in the tax and subsidy system are required to improve people’s eating habits. In particular, citizens’ income that has been continuously shrinking due to economic conditions, imposed sanctions, and the inevitably high inflation needs to be addressed urgently. Unless the government of Iran deals with the economic barriers to healthy nutrition, the pathway for implementing the national action plan for prevention and control of NCDs toward a 30% mortality reduction due to NCDs by 2030 looks unlikely to reach.

mHealth (mobile health) is an application designed to run on the Operating System (SO) on a mobile phone device. Specifically, mHealth is actually an application designed to run on mobile phone devices with Android OS, which is specialized in managing health information. Meanwhile, mHealth referred to here is an application developed to help prevent and control various Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in particular, for those who in the era of Special Autonomy of West Papua Province are underserved. The development of the mHealth application is intended to record various indicators that determine a person's NCD risk. This indicator is recorded every time someone conducts an examination at various clinics/pharmacies/hospitals. The medical record data will be stored in a cloud-based repository (Firebase Realtime Database) that can be accessed from anywhere and anytime at any time only by that person or trained medical personnel (doctors, other medical personnel) as decision makers who have obtained permission by the owner of the medical record. The methodology used in this study uses Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM). The final result of this study is in the form of a smartphone-based MMR (Mobile Medical Record) application, which can be used to help prevent as early as possible the symptoms of a person's NCD so as not to cause more serious NCD complications such as kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, stroke to death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Robust evidence has demonstrated that modifiable lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity are the primary causes of NCDs. Although a series of guidelines for the management of NCDs have been published in China, these guidelines mainly focus on clinical practice targeting clinicians rather than the general population, and the evidence for NCD prevention based on modifiable lifestyle factors has been disorganized. Therefore, comprehensive and evidence-based guidance for the risk management of major NCDs for the general Chinese population is urgently needed. To achieve this overarching aim, we plan to develop a series of expert consensuses covering 15 major NCDs on health risk management for the general Chinese population. The objectives of these consensuses are (1) to identify and recommend suitable risk assessment methods for the Chinese population; and (2) to make recommendations for the prevention of major NCDs by integrating the current best evidence and experts’ opinions.Methods and analysisFor each expert consensus, we will establish a consensus working group comprising 40–50 members. Consensus questions will be formulated by integrating literature reviews, expert opinions, and an online survey. Systematic reviews will be considered as the primary evidence sources. We will conduct new systematic reviews if there are no eligible systematic reviews, the methodological quality is low, or the existing systematic reviews have been published for more than 3 years. We will evaluate the quality of evidence and make recommendations according to the GRADE approach. The consensuses will be reported according to the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT).

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) arise from diverse risk factors with differences in the contexts and variabilities in regions and countries. Addressing such a complex challenge requires local evidence. Tanzania has been convening stakeholders every year to disseminate and discuss scientific evidence, policies, and implementation gaps, to inform policy makers in NCDs responses. This paper documents these dissemination efforts and how they have influenced NCDs response and landscape in Tanzania and the region. Methods: Desk review was conducted through available MOH and conference organizers’ documents. It had both quantitative and qualitative data. The review included reports of the four NCDs conferences, conference organization, and conduct processes. In addition, themes of the conferences, submitted abstracts, and presentations were reviewed. Narrative synthesis was conducted to address the objectives. Recommendations emanated from the conference and policy uptake were reviewed and discussed to determine the impact of the dissemination. Findings: Since 2019, four theme-specific conferences were organized. This report includes evidence from four conferences. The conferences convened researchers and scientists from research and training institutions, implementers, government agencies, and legislators in Tanzania and other countries within and outside Africa. Four hundred and thirty-five abstracts were presented covering 14 sub-themes on health system improvements, financing, governance, prevention intervention, and the role of innovation and technology. The conferences have had a positive effect on governments’ response to NCDs, including health care financing, NCDs research agenda, and universal health coverage. Conclusion: The National NCDs conferences have provided suitable platforms where stakeholders can share, discuss, and recommend vital strategies for addressing the burden of NCDs through informing policies and practices. Ensuring the engagement of the right stakeholders, as well as the uptake and utilization of the recommendations from these platforms, remains crucial for addressing the observed epidemiological transition in Tanzania and other countries with similar contexts.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in most high-income countries and there is substantial evidence that it is an epidemic in newly industrialized and many economically developing countries. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness requiring continuous medical care with multifactorial risk reduction strategies beyond glycemic control. Ongoing patient self-management education and support are critical to preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of long-term complications. Genetic factors are responsible for at least some of this. However, as evidenced by the increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in urban populations, the fast epidemiological shift linked to food pattern alterations and decreased physical activity is the main cause of the diabetes mellitus epidemic. Due to population aging, growth, urbanization, a lack of physical exercise, and a high incidence of obesity, there are more persons with DM. Lifestyle factors include eating patterns, exercise routines, alcohol consumption, and smoking. An improvement in these parameters would lead to better adherence to hypoglycemic medications. An epidemiological study on diabetes and pre-diabetes in an urban area with reference to lifestyle modification. A community-based intervention study. It was conducted in an urban area. Personal interviews using a semi-structured, pretested questionnaire were the main technique of data gathering. Detailed information has been taken on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics at both the individual and household levels. All responders provided their willingly given consent. Every second household was visited by systematic random sampling procedure to select 400 respondents. Due to non-response, inaccuracy and/or unreliability of information 50 Cases were not included in the analysis. Four more instances of diabetes were also removed from the research. Finally, analysis was carried out on 346 respondents. All respondents were questioned using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire after giving their informed consent. Significant difference was observed with positive family history of diabetes, obesity, physical activities in male, high calorie intake, stress, chewable tobacco and blood pressure level with pre-diabetes and diabetes. Compared to responders with normal blood glucose levels, pre-diabetics and diabetics showed more positive family histories. Compared to responders with normal blood glucose levels, pre-diabetics and diabetics were more likely to be overweight. With regard to personal habits of the respondents, smoking was associated with more than 1-fold increase risk of obtaining serum glucose level >110 mg/dl as compared to nonsmokers. The current research was an attempt to examine the effect of intervention with reference to life style modification. From the study, it is evident that overall awareness about diabetes has been found low and no awareness has been found about pre-diabetes. The present study also demonstrated that education is the fundamental tool to make the population aware of their health issues. Awareness about pre-diabetes and diabetes, which can make them beneficial for community and nation and so, they can play an innovative role for prevention of diabetes.

In the context of increasing morbidity and mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally and particularly in low-resource countries, it has become important to explore newer health systems delivery models. In low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) women traditionally challenged with multiple barriers in accessing health services, are at even greater disadvantage compared to men. In Bangladesh, women constitute almost half of the country’s population and are disproportionately affected by NCDs like other LMICs. The country’s reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) services are well established and designed to reach women in their households through community health workers (CHWs). This paper discusses how NCDs screening and control measures could be integrated into the existing RMNCAH pathway and proposes a conceptual model for such diagonal service delivery integration. The paper also describes multiple RMNCAH service delivery touchpoints that could be utilized for screening and treating women for NCD risk factors, across their life-course.

Abstract Background Sierra Leone, in West Africa, is one of the poorest developing countries in the world. Sierra Leone has experienced several recent challenges namely, a civil war from 1991 to 2002, a massive Ebola outbreak from 2014 to 2016, followed by floods and landslides in 2017.In this study, we quantified the burden of disease in Sierra Leone over a 27-year period, from 1990 to 2017. Methodology In this descriptive study, we analysed secondary data from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. We quantified patterns of burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors in Sierra Leone. We report GBD data and metrics including mortality rates, years of life lost and risk factors for all ages and both sexes from 1990 to 2017. Results From 1990 to 2017, trends of mortality rates for all ages and sexes have declined in Sierra Leone although mortality rates remain some of the highest when compared to other developing countries. The burden of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases are greater than the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) due to the prevalence of endemic diseases in Sierra Leone. The most important CMNNs associated with premature mortality included respiratory infections, neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and HIV-Aids. Life expectancy has increased from 37 to 52 years. Conclusion Sierra Leone’s health status is gradually improving following the civil war and Ebola outbreak. Sierra Leone has a double burden of disease with CMNNs leading and NCDs progressively increasing. Despite these challenges, Sierra Leone has promising initiatives and programs pursuing the Universal Health Coverage 2030 Sustainable Developmental Goals Agenda. There is need for accountability of available resources, clear rules and expected roles for non-governmental organisations to ensure a level playing field for all actors to rebuild the health system.

Background Addressing chronic diseases and intra-urban health disparities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) requires new health service models. Team-based healthcare models can improve management of chronic diseases/complex conditions. There is interest in integrating community health workers (CHWs) into these teams, given their effectiveness in reaching underserved populations. However healthcare team models are difficult to effectively implement, and there is little experience with team-based models in LMICs and with CHW-integrated models more generally. Our study aims to understand the determinants related to the poor adoption of Ethiopia’s family health teams (FHTs); and, raise considerations for initiating CHW-integrated healthcare team models in LMIC cities. Methods Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we examine organizational-level factors related to implementation climate and readiness (work processes/incentives/resources/leadership) and systemlevel factors (policy guidelines/governance/financing) that affected adoption of FHTs in two Ethiopian cities. Using semi-structured interviews/focus groups, we sought implementation perspectives from 33 FHT members and 18 administrators. We used framework analysis to deductively code data to CFIR domains. Results Factors associated with implementation climate and readiness negatively impacted FHT adoption. Failure to tap into financial, political, and performance motivations of key stakeholders/FHT members contributed to low willingness to participate, while resource constraints restricted capacity to implement. Workload issues combined with no financial incentives/perceived benefit contributed to poor adoption among clinical professionals. Meanwhile, staffing constraints and unavailability of medicines/supplies/transport contributed to poor implementation readiness, further decreasing willingness among clinical professionals/managers to prioritize non-clinic based activities. The federally- driven program failed to provide budgetary incentives or tap into political motivations of municipal/health centre administrators. Conclusion Lessons from Ethiopia’s challenges in implementing its FHT program suggest that LMICs interested in adopting CHW-integrated healthcare team models should closely consider health system readiness (budgets, staffing, equipment/medicines) as well as incentivization strategies (financial, professional, political) to drive organizational change.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, specifically cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes are the main reason for more than two-thirds of global deaths, in which the unhealthy diet is one of the primary risk factors. The golden solution to reducing obesity and CVD linked to an unhealthy diet is to reduce calories, salt, sugar, and fat intake. Besides, activities highlighting lifestyles that contain healthy diets usually focus on reducing salt, sugar, and saturated fat consumption. As a result, the researchers aimed to study the gaps and economic barriers to recommended consumption of salt, sugar, and fat in Iran, based on WHO recommendations. Methods: This is a qualitative study. We conducted semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 30 stakeholders, including academics, experts, and key informants in different sectors from December 2018 until August 2019 in Tehran, Iran. We used a purposeful and snowball sampling method to select participants. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed using MAXQDA 11. Results: Economic problems and inflation in Iran caused people to eat more unhealthy foods, while a healthy diet consumption was reduced due to higher prices. Unfair political sanctions imposed on the country caused economic pressure and adversely affected family nutrition. Worse still, despite legal bans, advertising unhealthy foods via media, mainly to generate revenue, encouraged more consumption of unhealthy food. The lack of targeted subsidies and failure in tax legislation and implementation related to the unhealthy products deteriorated the conditions. Conclusion: Some economic barriers have hampered plans to reduce salt, fat, and sugar consumption in Iran. Fundamental reforms in the tax and subsidy system are required to improve people's eating habits. In particular, citizens' income that has been continuously shrinking due to economic conditions, imposed sanctions, and the inevitably high inflation needs to be addressed urgently. Unless the government of Iran deals with the economic barriers to healthy nutrition, the pathway for implementing the national action plan for prevention and control of NCDs toward a 30% mortality reduction due to NCDs by 2030 looks unlikely to reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity has emerged as one of the major risk factors of severe morbidity and cause-specific mortality among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected individuals. Patients with obesity also have overlapping cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, which make them increasingly vulnerable. This novel ecological study examines the impact of obesity and/or body mass index (BMI) on rates of population-adjusted cases and deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Material and methods: Publicly available datasets were used to obtain relevant data on COVID-19, obesity and ecological variables. Group-wise comparisons and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to compute the area under the curve. Results: We found that male BMI is an independent predictor of cause-specific (COVID-19) mortality, and not of the caseload per million population. Countries with obesity rates of 20-30% had a significantly higher (approximately double) number of deaths per million population to both those in < 20% and > 30% slabs. We postulate that there may be a U-shaped paradoxical relationship between obesity and COVID-19 with the cause-specific mortality burden more pronounced in the countries with 20-30% obesity rates. These findings are novel along with the methodological approach of doing ecological analyses on country-wide data from publicly available sources. Conclusions: We anticipate, in light of our findings, that appropriate targeted public health approaches or campaigns could be developed to minimize the risk and cause-specific morbidity burden due to COVID-19 in countries with nationwide obesity rates of 20-30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Five million people die every year from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. In Tanzania, more than two-thirds of deaths are NCD-related. The country is investing in preventive and advocacy activities as well as interventions to reduce the burden. Of particular interest, the Ministry of Health (MoH) commemorates NCDs' week using a multisectoral and multi-stakeholders' approach. This paper highlights activities conducted during NCDs week with the aim of sharing lessons for other countries with similar context and burdens. Methods: A thorough review of official reports and the national strategic plans for NCDs was done including the 2020 and 2021 National NCDs' week reports, the National Strategic Plan for NCDs 2015–2020, and the National NCDs agenda. Findings: NCDs week is commemorated annually throughout the country involving the five key activities. First, community awareness and participation are encouraged through media engagement and community-based preventive and advocacy activities. Second, physical activities and sports festivals are implemented with a focus on developing and renovating infrastructures for sports and recreation. Third, health education is provided in schools to promote healthy behaviors for secondary school adolescents in transition to adulthood. Fourth, health service provision and exhibitions are conducted involving screening for hypertension, diabetes, obesity, alcohol use, and physical activities. The targeted screening of NCDs identified 10% of individuals with at least one NCD in 2020. In 2021, a third of all screened individuals were newly diagnosed with hypertension, and 3% were found to have raised blood glucose levels. Fifth, the national NCDs scientific conferences conducted within the NCDs week provide an avenue for stakeholders to discuss scientific evidence related to NCDs and recommend strategies to mitigate NCDs burden. Conclusion: The initiation of NCDs week has been a cornerstone in advocating for NCDs control and prevention in the country. It has created awareness on NCDs, encourage healthy lifestyles and regular screening for NCDs. The multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approaches have made the implementation of the mentioned activities feasible and impactful. This has set an example for the united efforts toward NCD control and prevention at national, regional, and global platforms while considering contextual factors during adoption and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is rapidly increasing globally, and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the brunt of it. Tanzania is no exception. Addressing the rising burden of NCDs in this context calls for renewed efforts and commitment by various stakeholders. This paper highlights local initiatives and strategies to combat NCDs in Tanzania and provides lessons for countries with similar contexts. Methods: We reviewed published and grey literature and conducted policy analysis on NCDs in Tanzania to examine the burden of NCDs and the national response addressing it. The documents included National NCD strategic plans, NCD research agenda, and reports from the World Diabetes Foundation and the World Health Organization. Moreover, a scoping review of ongoing NCD activities and programs in other countries was also conducted to supplement the evidence gathered. Results: The rising burden of NCDs as a result of the epidemiological transition in Tanzania called for the launching of a dedicated National NCD Control and Prevention Program. The Ministry of Health collaborates with local, national, and international partners on NCD prevention and curative strategies. This led to the development of important guidelines and policies on NCDs, including strengthening the capacity of health facilities and healthcare workers, increased community engagement and awareness of NCDs, and increased advocacy for more resources in NCD initiatives. Strong governmental commitment has been vital; this is demonstrated by a renewed commitment to the fight through national NCD week and related advocacy activities conducted annually. To ensure multi-stakeholders' engagement and political commitment, all these activities are coordinated at the Prime Minister's office and provide strong lessons for countries with contexts similar to Tanzania. Conclusion: Multi-stakeholders' engagement, innovative approaches, and coordinated governmental efforts to address NCDs have shone a light on addressing the burden of NCDs and may be sustainable if aligned with locally available resources. Such initiatives are recommended for adoption by other nations to address the burdens of NCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Five million people die every year from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. In Tanzania, more than two-thirds of deaths are NCD-related. The country is investing in preventive and advocacy activities as well as interventions to reduce the burden. Of particular interest, the Ministry of Health (MoH) commemorates NCDs’ week using a multisectoral and multi-stakeholders’ approach. This paper highlights activities conducted during NCDs week with the aim of sharing lessons for other countries with similar context and burdens. Methods: A thorough review of official reports and the national strategic plans for NCDs was done including the 2020 and 2021 National NCDs’ week reports, the National Strategic Plan for NCDs 2015–2020, and the National NCDs agenda. Findings: NCDs week is commemorated annually throughout the country involving the five key activities. First, community awareness and participation are encouraged through media engagement and community-based preventive and advocacy activities. Second, physical activities and sports festivals are implemented with a focus on developing and renovating infrastructures for sports and recreation. Third, health education is provided in schools to promote healthy behaviors for secondary school adolescents in transition to adulthood. Fourth, health service provision and exhibitions are conducted involving screening for hypertension, diabetes, obesity, alcohol use, and physical activities. The targeted screening of NCDs identified 10% of individuals with at least one NCD in 2020. In 2021, a third of all screened individuals were newly diagnosed with hypertension, and 3% were found to have raised blood glucose levels. Fifth, the national NCDs scientific conferences conducted within the NCDs week provide an avenue for stakeholders to discuss scientific evidence related to NCDs and recommend strategies to mitigate NCDs burden. Conclusion: The initiation of NCDs week has been a cornerstone in advocating for NCDs control and prevention in the country. It has created awareness on NCDs, encourage healthy lifestyles and regular screening for NCDs. The multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approaches have made the implementation of the mentioned activities feasible and impactful. This has set an example for the united efforts toward NCD control and prevention at national, regional, and global platforms while considering contextual factors during adoption and implementation.

Background: The burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is rapidly increasing globally, and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the brunt of it. Tanzania is no exception. Addressing the rising burden of NCDs in this context calls for renewed efforts and commitment by various stakeholders. This paper highlights local initiatives and strategies to combat NCDs in Tanzania and provides lessons for countries with similar contexts. Methods: We reviewed published and grey literature and conducted policy analysis on NCDs in Tanzania to examine the burden of NCDs and the national response addressing it. The documents included National NCD strategic plans, NCD research agenda, and reports from the World Diabetes Foundation and the World Health Organization. Moreover, a scoping review of ongoing NCD activities and programs in other countries was also conducted to supplement the evidence gathered. Results: The rising burden of NCDs as a result of the epidemiological transition in Tanzania called for the launching of a dedicated National NCD Control and Prevention Program. The Ministry of Health collaborates with local, national, and international partners on NCD prevention and curative strategies. This led to the development of important guidelines and policies on NCDs, including strengthening the capacity of health facilities and healthcare workers, increased community engagement and awareness of NCDs, and increased advocacy for more resources in NCD initiatives. Strong governmental commitment has been vital; this is demonstrated by a renewed commitment to the fight through national NCD week and related advocacy activities conducted annually. To ensure multi-stakeholders’ engagement and political commitment, all these activities are coordinated at the Prime Minister’s office and provide strong lessons for countries with contexts similar to Tanzania. Conclusion: Multi-stakeholders’ engagement, innovative approaches, and coordinated governmental efforts to address NCDs have shone a light on addressing the burden of NCDs and may be sustainable if aligned with locally available resources. Such initiatives are recommended for adoption by other nations to address the burdens of NCDs.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the four major chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) representing the leading cause of death worldwide. Several studies demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these chronic diseases. Although it is well known that systemic chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are primarily involved in the development of ED, recent studies have shown that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is implicated in its pathogenesis, also contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis and to insulin resistance (IR). In this review, we describe the relationship between PVAT and ED, and we also analyse the role of PVAT in the pathogenesis of CVDs and T2DM, further assessing its potential therapeutic target with the aim of restoring normal ED and reducing global cardiovascular risk.

Introduction: Gestational chronodisruption impact maternal circadian rhythms, inhibiting the nocturnal increase of melatonin, a critical hormone that contributes to maternal changes adaptation, entrains circadian rhythms, and prepares the fetus for birth and successful health in adulthood. In rats, we know that gestational chronodisruption by maternal chronic photoperiod shifting (CPS) impaired maternal melatonin levels and resulted in longterm metabolic and cardiovascular effects in adult male offspring. Here, we investigated the consequences of CPS on mother and adult female offspring and explored the effects of melatonin maternal supplementation. Also, we tested whether maternal melatonin administration during gestational chronodisruption rescues maternal circadian rhythms, pregnancy outcomes, and transcriptional functions in adult female offspring. Methods: Female rats raised and maintained in photoperiod 12:12 light: dark were mated and separated into three groups: (a) Control photoperiod 12:12 (LD); (b) CPS photoperiod; and (c) CPS+Mel mothers supplemented with melatonin in the drinking water throughout gestation. In the mother, we evaluated maternal circadian rhythms by telemetry and pregnancy outcomes, in the long-term, we study adult female offspring by evaluating endocrine and inflammatory markers and the mRNA expression of functional genes involved in adrenal, cardiac, and renal function. Results: In the mothers, CPS disrupted circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, body temperature, and heart rate and increased gestational length by almost 12-h and birth weight by 12%, all of which were rescued by maternal melatonin administration. In the female offspring, we found blunted day/night differences in circulating levels of melatonin and corticosterone, abnormal patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1a (IL1a), Interleukin-6 (IL6), and Interleukin-10 (IL10); and differential expression in 18 out of 24 adrenal, cardiac, and renal mRNAs evaluated. Conclusion: Maternal melatonin contributed to maintaining the maternal circadian rhythms in mothers exposed to CPS, and the re-establishing the expression of 60% of the altered mRNAs to control levels in the female offspring. Although we did not analyze the effects on kidney, adrenal, and heart physiology, our results reinforce the idea that altered maternal circadian rhythms, resulting from exposure to light at night, should be a mechanism involved in the programming of Non-Communicable Diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAchieving healthy food systems will require regulation across the supply chain; however, binding international economic agreements may be constraining policy space for regulatory intervention in a way that limits uptake of ‘best-practice’ nutrition policy. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which this occurs, and under which conditions, can inform public health engagement with the economic policy sector. MethodsWe conducted a realist review of nutrition, policy and legal literature to identify mechanisms through which international trade and investment agreements (TIAs) constrain policy space for priority food environment regulations to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Recommended regulations explored include fiscal policies, product bans, nutrition labelling, advertising restrictions, nutrient composition regulations, and procurement policies. The process involved 5 steps: initial conceptual framework development; search for relevant empirical literature; study selection and appraisal; data extraction; analysis and synthesis, and framework revision. ResultsTwenty-six studies and 30 institutional records of formal trade/investment disputes or specific trade concerns (STCs) raised were included. We identified 13 cases in which TIA constraints on nutrition policy space could be observed. Significant constraints on nutrition policy space were documented with respect to fiscal policies, product bans, and labelling policies in 4 middle-income country jurisdictions, via 3 different TIAs. In 7 cases, trade-related concerns were raised but policies were ultimately preserved. Two of the included cases were ongoing at the time of analysis.TIAs constrained policy space through 1) TIA rules and principles (non- discrimination, necessity, international standards, transparency, intellectual property rights, expropriation, and fair and equitable treatment), and 2) interaction with policy design (objectives framed, products/services affected, nutrient thresholds chosen, formats, and time given to comment or implement). Contextual factors of importance included: actors/institutions, and political/regulatory context. ConclusionAvailable evidence suggests that there are potential TIA contributors to policy inertia on nutrition. Strategic policy design can avoid most substantive constraints. However, process constraints in the name of good regulatory practice (investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), transparency, regulatory coherence, and harmonisation) pose a more serious threat of reducing government policy space to enact healthy food policies.

Abstract Background This study aims to analyze the trends of premature mortality caused from four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs), namely cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes in Nanjing between 2007 and 2018 and project the ability to achieve the “Healthy China 2030” reduction target. Methods Mortality data of four major NCDs for the period 2007–2018 were extracted from the Death Information Registration and Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Population data for Nanjing were provided by the Nanjing Bureau of Public Security. The premature mortality was calculated using the life table method. Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percent changes (AAPC) in mortality trends. Results From 2007 to 2018, the premature mortality from four major NCDs combined in Nanjing decreased from 15.5 to 9.5%, with the AAPC value at − 4.3% (95% CI [− 5.2% to − 3.4%]). Overall, it can potentially achieve the target, with a relative reduction 28.6%. The premature mortality from cancer, CVD, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes all decreased, with AAPC values at − 4.2, − 5.0%, − 5.9% and − 1.6% respectively. A relative reduction of 40.6 and 41.2% in females and in rural areas, but only 21.0 and 12.8% in males and in urban areas were projected. Conclusion An integrated approach should be taken focusing on the modifiable risk factors across different sectors and disciplines in Nanjing. The prevention and treatment of cancers, diabetes, male and rural areas NCDs should be enhanced.

Summary: Background: Food environments have been recognised as highly influential on population diets. Government policies have great potential to create healthy food environments to promote healthy diets. This study aimed to evaluate food environment policy implementation in European countries and identify priority actions for governments to create healthy food environments. Methods: The Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) was used to evaluate the level of food environment policy and infrastructure support implementation in Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain in 2019–2021. Evidence of implementation of food environment policies was compiled in each country and validated by government officials. National experts evaluated the implementation of policies and identified priority recommendations. Findings: Finland had the highest proportion (32%, n = 7/22) of policies shaping food environments with a “high” level of implementation. Slovenia and Poland had the highest proportion of policies rated at very low implementation (42%, n = 10/24 and 36%, n = 9/25 respectively). Policies regarding food provision, promotion, retail, funding, monitoring, and health in all policies were identified as the most important gaps across the European countries. Experts recommended immediate action on setting standards for nutrients of concern in processed foods, improvement of school food environments, fruit and vegetable subsidies, unhealthy food and beverage taxation, and restrictions on unhealthy food marketing to children. Interpretation: Immediate implementation of policies and infrastructure support that prioritize action towards healthy food environments is urgently required to tackle the burden of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases in Europe. Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 774548 and from the Joint Programming Initiative “A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life”.

IntroductionGestational chronodisruption impact maternal circadian rhythms, inhibiting the nocturnal increase of melatonin, a critical hormone that contributes to maternal changes adaptation, entrains circadian rhythms, and prepares the fetus for birth and successful health in adulthood. In rats, we know that gestational chronodisruption by maternal chronic photoperiod shifting (CPS) impaired maternal melatonin levels and resulted in long-term metabolic and cardiovascular effects in adult male offspring. Here, we investigated the consequences of CPS on mother and adult female offspring and explored the effects of melatonin maternal supplementation. Also, we tested whether maternal melatonin administration during gestational chronodisruption rescues maternal circadian rhythms, pregnancy outcomes, and transcriptional functions in adult female offspring.MethodsFemale rats raised and maintained in photoperiod 12:12 light: dark were mated and separated into three groups: (a) Control photoperiod 12:12 (LD); (b) CPS photoperiod; and (c) CPS+Mel mothers supplemented with melatonin in the drinking water throughout gestation. In the mother, we evaluated maternal circadian rhythms by telemetry and pregnancy outcomes, in the long-term, we study adult female offspring by evaluating endocrine and inflammatory markers and the mRNA expression of functional genes involved in adrenal, cardiac, and renal function.ResultsIn the mothers, CPS disrupted circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, body temperature, and heart rate and increased gestational length by almost 12-h and birth weight by 12%, all of which were rescued by maternal melatonin administration. In the female offspring, we found blunted day/night differences in circulating levels of melatonin and corticosterone, abnormal patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1a (IL1a), Interleukin-6 (IL6), and Interleukin-10 (IL10); and differential expression in 18 out of 24 adrenal, cardiac, and renal mRNAs evaluated.ConclusionMaternal melatonin contributed to maintaining the maternal circadian rhythms in mothers exposed to CPS, and the re-establishing the expression of 60% of the altered mRNAs to control levels in the female offspring. Although we did not analyze the effects on kidney, adrenal, and heart physiology, our results reinforce the idea that altered maternal circadian rhythms, resulting from exposure to light at night, should be a mechanism involved in the programming of Non-Communicable Diseases.

Climate change and health are inextricably linked, especially the role of ambient temperature. This study aimed to analyze the non-communicable disease (NCD) burden attributable to low temperature globally, regionally, and temporally using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. Globally, in 2019, low temperature was responsible for 5.42% DALY and 7.18% death of NCDs, representing the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and death rates (per 100,000 population) of 359.6 (95% uncertainty intervals (UI): 306.09, 416.88) and 21.36 (95% UI:18.26, 24.74). Ischemic heart disease was the first leading cause of DALY and death resulting from low temperature, followed by stroke. However, age-standardized DALY and death rates attributable to low temperature have exhibited wide variability across regions, with the highest in Central Asia and Eastern Europe and the lowest in Caribbean and Western sub-Saharan Africa. During the study period (1990–2019), there has been a significant decrease in the burden of NCDs attributable to low temperature, but progress has been uneven across countries, whereas nations exhibiting high sociodemographic index (SDI) declined more significantly compared with low SDI nations. Notably, three nations, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Lesotho, had the maximum NCDs burden attributed to low temperature and displayed an upward trend. In conclusion, ambient low temperature contributes to substantial NCD burden with notable geographical variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addressing chronic diseases and intra-urban health disparities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) requires new health service models. Team-based healthcare models can improve management of chronic diseases/complex conditions. There is interest in integrating community health workers (CHWs) into these teams, given their effectiveness in reaching underserved populations. However healthcare team models are difficult to effectively implement, and there is little experience with team-based models in LMICs and with CHW-integrated models more generally. Our study aims to understand the determinants related to the poor adoption of Ethiopia’s family health teams (FHTs); and, raise considerations for initiating CHW-integrated healthcare team models in LMIC cities. Methods: Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we examine organizational-level factors related to implementation climate and readiness (work processes/incentives/resources/leadership) and systemlevel factors (policy guidelines/governance/financing) that affected adoption of FHTs in two Ethiopian cities. Using semi-structured interviews/focus groups, we sought implementation perspectives from 33 FHT members and 18 administrators. We used framework analysis to deductively code data to CFIR domains. Results: Factors associated with implementation climate and readiness negatively impacted FHT adoption. Failure to tap into financial, political, and performance motivations of key stakeholders/FHT members contributed to low willingness to participate, while resource constraints restricted capacity to implement. Workload issues combined with no financial incentives/perceived benefit contributed to poor adoption among clinical professionals. Meanwhile, staffing constraints and unavailability of medicines/supplies/transport contributed to poor implementation readiness, further decreasing willingness among clinical professionals/managers to prioritize non-clinic based activities. The federally-driven program failed to provide budgetary incentives or tap into political motivations of municipal/health centre administrators. Conclusion: Lessons from Ethiopia’s challenges in implementing its FHT program suggest that LMICs interested in adopting CHW-integrated healthcare team models should closely consider health system readiness (budgets, staffing, equipment/medicines) as well as incentivization strategies (financial, professional, political) to drive organizational change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]