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The physiology of testosterone as a normal female hormone in reproductive years and beyond is poorly taught and understood. This has led to unregulated and dangerous prescribing practices by physicians and other health care professionals. There are data for safe use, and as women's health care practitioners, we owe it to our patients to follow these guidelines and practices, as well as advocate for more research and safer, regulated products to prescribe.

A 20-week experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between markers and some quantitative traits in the Nigerian Local chicken. A total of fifty normal female chickens, about 16-18 weeks of age were used for the study. Data were collected bi-weekly on physiological and biochemical markers (packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leucocyte count, blood haemoglobin, blood glucose, rectal temperature) and quantitative traits (egg weight, shell thickness, Haugh unit, body weight, short term egg production) from each bird. The association between each identified marker and the quantitative traits was determined using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Rectal temperature showed significant (P < 0.05) positive association with shell thickness and body weight. Packed cell volume showed significant (p < 0.05) positive association with Haugh unit. However, significant (p < 0.01) negative association was found between rectal temperature and Haugh unit. Packed cell volume showed significant (p < 0.01) negative association with shell thickness and egg weight (p < 0.05). Other markers did not show any significant association with the quantitative traits studied. The results of this study suggest that since packed cell volume and rectal temperature showed definite association with important quantitative traits, they should be included in the marker bank that could be used by animal breeders and producers in marker assisted selection.

The study investigated the effectiveness of a very brief video aimed at increasing adolescent girls' knowledge of the variation in normal female genital appearance and improving their attitudes towards their own genitals. The video was developed by the researchers and included information about the anatomical features of cisgender female genitals and their function, as well as emphasizing the diversity in the appearance of these features, particularly the external genitalia or vulvar region. A sample of 343 female adolescents aged 16-18 years were randomly assigned to view the educational video or a control video. The educational video significantly increased the girls' knowledge of female genital anatomy. The educational video also significantly increased genital appearance satisfaction and decreased consideration of undergoing cosmetic genital surgery or labiaplasty in the future. The participants who watched the educational video were also more likely to recommend focusing on the diversity in normal female genital appearance when educating other young people on the topic of female genital anatomy. Our results suggest that a very brief educational video could be a useful tool to assist young girls with their genital self-image.

Reproductive capability in a young woman begins at the point of menarche, which is the beginning of cyclic uterine bleeding in the anatomically and physiologically normal female. Menarche marks the beginning of an important stage in a young woman’s physical reproductive maturation and development. Even before the onset of this entirely natural but potentially disturbing function, a young woman’s early psychological reactions to menstruation, and probably also her lifelong view, can be influenced by the accuracy of her information and the degree of empathy with which this knowledge has been conveyed to her. Many women, perhaps appropriately, conclude that any departure from their personal menstrual experience is abnormal, and they will seek treatment for these departures. Conversely, some women accept or perhaps ignore even significant variations in their menstrual function, sometimes to the extent that serious health impairment occurs (e.g., severe iron-deficiency anemia). Therefore in this study an effort has been put forth to make a conceptual study covering almost all the aspect of Raktapradar as per Ayurvedic and modern.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether wetting length of Schirmer tear test (STT) strips varies by commercial manufacturer of test. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten normal female beagle cross-breed dogs. PROCEDURES Schirmer tear test strips from four commercial manufacturers were used to assess wetting lengths in-vitro when exposed to a set volume of water over 1 minute. Digital photography was used to assess the total surface area of Schirmer strips from each manufacturer. Schirmer tear test type 1 was performed on normal dogs over 1 minute with STT strips from the same four commercial manufacturers in a randomized crossover design. ANOVA was used to detect differences between strips from different manufacturers. RESULTS Significant differences in wetting length were found between STT strips from different manufacturers in-vitro (P

Introduction and aim The facial view of patients with cleft lip and palate greatly affects their psychological well-being and usually leads to introspection. The aim of this study was to compare the face and smile of cleft lip and palate patients and normal population with divine proportion. Method In this retrospective study, 20 female patients (14-25 years) with unilateral cleft lip and palate, who referred to Orthodontic Department of Mashhad School of Dentistry, were selected. The control group consisted of 10 normal female persons with ideal face and normal occlusion. After scanning photographs of full face, profile, and smile views of them, the divine proportions were measured by Photoshop software. Then the data were entered into SPSS software version 22 and analyzed using 2 sample independent t test. P value less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results In the study group all proportions were significantly less than the golden proportion. Ls-Rcus/Rch-Rcus and Ls-Lcus/Lch-Lcus had the least difference and Sn-Sm/N-Sn and Sn-Sm/Sm-Me had the most. In the control group, all proportions except Ls-Lcus/Lch-Lcus and Ls-Rcus/Rch-Rcus, were less than the golden proportion. Sn-Sm/N-Sn had the most difference and N-Sn/Sm-Me had the least.Approximately all proportions in cleft patients were significantly different from normal population. Ls-Lcus/Lch-Lcus had the highest difference between study and control group; however, Tr-Sn/Tr-Me in both groups were equal. Conclusions The differences between facial indices in cleft lip and palate patients, normal people and golden proportion were significant. As facial proportions of normal people in the authors' study were also different from divine proportions, the authors can conclude that to reach acceptable esthetic results, the authors can approximate patients to normal populations. Unfortunately, the patients with large bone defects, cannot reach to the "esthetic" divine proportion even after reconstructive surgery.

Quantitative measures of radiation-induced breast stiffness are required to support clinical studies of novel breast radiotherapy regimens and exploration of personalised therapy, however, variation between shear-wave elastography (SWE) machines may limit the usefulness of shear-wave speed (cs) for this purpose. Mean cs measured in four healthy volunteers’ breasts and a phantom using 2D-SWE machines Acuson S2000 (Siemens Medical Solutions) and Aixplorer (Supersonic Imagine) were compared. Shear-wave speed was measured in the skin region, subcutaneous adipose tissue and parenchyma. cs estimates were on average 2.3% greater when using the Aixplorer compared to S2000 in vitro. In vivo, cs estimates were on average 43.7%, 36.3% and 49.9% significantly greater (p &lt, &lt, 0.01) when using the Aixplorer compared to S2000, for skin region, subcutaneous adipose tissue and parenchyma, respectively. In conclusion, despite relatively small differences between machines observed in vitro, large differences in absolute measures of shear wave speed measured were observed in vivo, which may prevent pooling of cross-machine data in clinical studies of the breast.

Background: Liver has an essential role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. Disorders of thyroid hormones level causes’ abnormal liver function, so the liver function and thyroid hormones level affects each other. This study aim to investigate the effect of propolis (PR),carbimazole(CB), levothyroxine (TR) and their PR combinations on the liver biochemical and histopathological parameters in normal adult rats.Methods: Forty-two adult female albino rats randomized into six groups: control, PR, CB, TR, PR + CB and PR +TR. Rats orally treated by gavage for six weeks.Liver biochemical and histopathological analyses performed.Conclusion: TR in a dose of 0.1 µg/g daily for six weeks produced a significant elevation (p

The maladies affecting the female reproductive tract (FRT) range from infections to endometriosis to carcinomas. In vitro models of the FRT play an increasingly important role in both basic and translational research, since the anatomy and physiology of the FRT of humans and other primates differ significantly from most of the commonly used animal models, including rodents. Using organoid culture to study the FRT has overcome the longstanding hurdle of maintaining epithelial phenotype in culture. Both ECM-derived and engineered materials have proved critical for maintaining a physiological phenotype of FRT cells in vitro by providing the requisite 3D environment, ligands, and architecture. Advanced materials have also enabled the systematic study of factors contributing to the invasive metastatic processes. Meanwhile, microphysiological devices make it possible to incorporate physical signals such as flow and cyclic exposure to hormones. Going forward, advanced materials compatible with hormones and optimised to support FRT-derived cells' long-term growth, will play a key role in addressing the diverse array of FRT pathologies and lead to impactful new treatments that support the improvement of women's health. Statement of significance The female reproductive system is a crucial component of the female anatomy. In addition to enabling reproduction, it has wide ranging influence on tissues throughout the body via endocrine signalling. This intrinsic role in regulating normal female biology makes it susceptible to a variety of female-specific diseases. However, the complexity and human-specific features of the reproductive system make it challenging to study. This has spurred the development of human-relevant in vitro models for helping to decipher the complex issues that can affect the reproductive system, including endometriosis, infection, and cancer. In this Review, we cover the current state of in vitro models for studying the female reproductive system, and the key role biomaterials play in enabling their development.

Until now, there have been few studies that have used imaging modalities to assess the volume of a non-pregnant female cervix; the first study did so with magnetic resonance imaging [1], and the remaining two with three-dimensional ultrasound [2, 3]. The two latter studies showed that a geometric formula for regular cylinders can be used to determine normal cervical volume [1, 3].

BACKGROUND Measurement of extremity volume is the most commonly used method for evaluation of lymphedema. However, volumetry would be inappropriate for comparing patients with different physiques, because body-type significantly affects extremity volume. Thus, we cannot evaluate using absolute values. To overcome this problem, we developed a simple index of proportion of the upper-extremity volume to total body volume (upper-extremity volume/total body volume ratio [UVR]) for body type-corrected volume evaluation of upper-extremity lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to compare upper-extremity volume and UVR in nonedematous upper extremities and to establish normative values of UVR in adult women. METHODS Eighty-five normal female subjects were included in this study. The average age was 38 ± 12 years, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 21.4 ± 2.9. Volumetry of both upper extremities using water displacement method was tested in all subjects. Upper-extremity volume/total body volume ratio was calculated by dividing upper-extremity volume by total body volume. Total body volume was calculated by dividing body weight (g) by body density (g/mL). We used linear regression equation (body density = 1.0560 - 0.0005 × age) to calculate body density. RESULTS UVR of 170 upper extremities averaged 2.580 ± 0.202%. Although there was significant relationship between upper-extremity volume and BMI, there was no relationship between UVR and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies are necessary to establish usefulness of UVR, UVR has a potential to allow better body type-corrected volume evaluation for upper-extremity lymphedema.

To identify the growth status of children, more and more bone age assessment (BAA) systems based on Tanner– Whitehouse (TW) method have been developed to estimate skeletal maturity of children. Therefore, with the concept of TW method, our aim is to develop a useful BAA system for the phalanx radiograms. In this study, the phalangeal bone regions of interest (PROIs) and epiphyseal/metaphyseal regions of interest (EMROIs) are segmented from the two left-hand radiograms. The textural, morphological and shape descriptor features are extracted from EMROIs for the quantization of skeletal maturity. The fuzzy logic rule in conjunction with principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to construct the model of the classification. The database comprising 1550 left-hand radiograms were collected from normal female children aging from 2 to 16 years. For each age, 15 images were used to constitute training data. The classification results by testing on the rest data demonstrate that the proposed BAA system is capable of providing the correct rate of 71.17% with 1 year tolerance and 89.74% with 1.5 year tolerance.

We evaluated the influence of pine bark extract (PBE) on organs, the cytochrome-P450 (CYP) activities in liver and estrogenic effects in normal and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. The PBE did not affect organ weights and liver-function indexes (activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, and alanine amino transferase) at doses; 0.04%, 0.4%, and 2.0% PBE in the diet, in normal and OVX female mice. In the OVX mice, CYP1A1 activity was significantly higher in the 0.4% and 2.0% PBE groups than in the OVX control group, and in the 0.4% and 2.0% PBE groups were significantly higher than in the 0.04% PBE group. CYP1A2 and 3A4 activities were significantly higher in the 2.0% PBE group than in all other groups. The PBE did not affect uterine weight and femoral bone mineral density at all PBE doses. These results showed that the dose of PBE at the recommended human intake, had no toxic and estrogenic effects in normal female and OVX mice, however, it may need attention to use the excess intake of PBE with some drugs in postmenopausal women.

The management of SE during pregnancy is especially challenging to the treating physician. While antiepileptic medications might cause teratogenicity, SE can have significant morbidity and mortality on both the mother and the developing fetus. This case report demonstrated the successful use of ketamine infusion in the management of RSE in pregnancy without affecting the immediate outcome of pregnancy. The fetus survived this complicated ICU stay and outpatient follow-up was generally uncomplicated. The pregnancy was ended with a delivery of a normal female newborn.

Medetomidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, was reported to decrease tear flow in some species. However, there are no reports about the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in pigs. The purpose of this study was to elucidate it. The study was performed in 10 clinically normal female Landrace pigs aged 3 months. Tear flow was measured by the Schirmer tear test (STT) I before (baseline) and 15 and 30 min after intramuscular administration of 80 µg/kg medetomidine. Compared to the STT I value at baseline, the value decreased significantly at 30 min after administration in both the left and right eyes. In pigs treated with medetomidine, an artificial tear solution or ophthalmic gel should be applied to protect the ocular surface.

The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH) is defined as a congenital aplasia of the vagina and the uterus with normal female chromosomes and normal functioning ovaries. The creation of a neovagina with a sufficient vaginal length is not only the premise for a normal sexual life of these patients but also a precedent condition when thinking about uterus transplantation as a treatment for absolute uterine infertility. The non-surgical dilation is recommended as the first-line treatment for creation of a neovagina. Alternatively, there are different options of vaginal reconstruction methods. The well-established surgical approaches can be distinguished into three techniques: intestinal vaginoplasty, graft methods, and stretching techniques. The laparoscopically assisted creation of a neovagina in a modified Vecchietti-based technique seems to be the first-choice surgical option for MRKH patients, especially when aiming for a uterus transplantation in the future. The procedure should be performed in a specialized center by experienced surgeons and patients need to be treated in a holistic approach.

Individuals with neurodegenerative attacks loose the entire motor neuron movements. These conditions affect the individual actions like walking, speaking impairment and totally make the person in to locked in state (LIS). To overcome the miserable condition the person need rehabilitation devices through a Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) to satisfy their needs. BMI using Electroencephalogram (EEG) receives the mental thoughts from brain and converts into control signals to activate the exterior communication appliances in the absence of biological channels. To design the BCI, we conduct our study with three normal male subjects, three normal female subjects and three ALS affected individuals from the age of 20-60 with three electrode systems for four tasks. One Dimensional Local Binary Patterns (LBP) technique was applied to reduce the digitally sampled features collected from nine subjects was treated with Grey wolf optimization Neural Network (GWONN) to classify the mentally composed words. Using these techniques, we compared the three types of subjects to identify the performances. The study proves that subjects from normal male categories performance was maximum compared with the other subjects. To assess the individual performance of the subject, we conducted the recognition accuracy test in offline mode. From the accuracy test also, we obtained the best performance from the normal male subjects compared with female and ALS subjects with an accuracy of 98.33 %, 95.00 % and 88.33 %. Finally our study concludes that patients with ALS attack need more training than that of the other subjects.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the measurement posture and stimulation intensity on the nociceptive flexion reflex (RIII reflex). [Subjects and Methods] Thirty normal female adult subjects were selected for this study. Their RIII reflexes were measured in three positions and with three degrees of stimulation intensity. The measurement posture was randomly selected. The analysis items were the stimulation intensity of the induced RIII reflex, the amplitude of the RIII reflex, and the numeric rating scale (NRS). [Results] The study results showed statistically significant differences in the interaction effects between the measurement posture and the stimulation intensity. The NRS showed no statistically significant differences in the interaction effects but showed statistically significant differences in the main effect. The amplitude of the RIII reflex showed no statistically significant differences in the interaction effects and showed statistically significant differences only in the stimulation intensity. [Conclusion] The study results suggest that the RIII reflex may be influenced by the measurement posture and stimulation intensity.

Surgical procedures lead to profound and sustained (up to 1-2 weeks) activation of the pituitary gland, resulting in changes in endocrine function. Questions remain on whether activation of the pituitary influences the threshold and development time-course of postoperative pain. To address these questions, we evaluated postoperative hypersensitivity in female and male rats with ablated pituitary and gonadal hormone productions via hypophysectomy, ovariectomy and gonadectomy, respectively. Plantar incision, a model of acute postoperative pain, or sham operation was performed on rat hind paws. Hypophysectomy, ovariectomy and gonadectomy were achieved by surgical disconnection of pituitary, ovaries and testicles, respectively. Postoperative thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity were monitored for 7 days post incision. Hypophysectomy on female and male rats produced statistically similar thermal and mechanical postoperative hypersensitivity thresholds and time-courses as compared to intact estrous female and male rats. Moreover, ovariectomy and gonadectomy did not significantly change postoperative hypersensitivity observed in control female and male animals. Our experiments demonstrate that hypophysectomy, ovariectomy and gonadectomy do not significantly impact postoperative hypersensitivity observed in normal female and male animals. These data suggest that surgery-induced changes in the endocrine system via activation of pituitary and subsequently gonadal tissues have little impact on the threshold and development of postoperative pain in female and male rats.

Placental sexual dimorphism is of special interest in prenatal programming. Various postnatal diseases with gender dependent incidence, especially neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, have prenatal risk factors established. However, the functional relevance of placental microarchitecture in prenatal programming is poorly investigated, mainly due to a lack of statistically efficient methods. We hypothesized that the recently established 3D microscopic analysis of villous trees would be able to identify microscopic structural correlates of human placental sexual dimorphism. We analyzed the density of cell nuclei of villous trophoblast, i.e. the materno-fetal exchange barrier, in placentas from term pregnancies. The cell nuclei were grouped into proliferative and non-proliferative nuclei by detection of a proliferation marker (PCNA). Normal female placentas showed a higher density of non-proliferating nuclei (PCNA-negative) in villous trophoblast than normal male placentas. The density of PCNA-negative cell nuclei was higher in placentas of pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) than in control placentas. The data of the present study shows that the density of non-proliferative cell nuclei in the syncytial layer of villous trophoblast is influenced by fetal sex and by IUGR, while proliferation remains unchanged. A novel concept of post-fusion regulation of syncytial structure and function is proposed.

Our aim was to generate baseline optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of retinal thickness in female Beagles and to determine how these are affected by meridian, eccentricity, and age.Twenty-three female Beagles, including six puppies (6 months old), six mature (1.8-8.2 years old), and 11 elderly dogs (11 years old) were studied. Both retinas of each dog were scanned (in 4 principal meridians) using the Heidelberg Spectralis following ophthalmic examination, refraction, and sedation. In each eye and each meridian, total retinal, outer retinal, and nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness were measured from the disc rim up to 6 mm peripherally.The canine retina is thickest dorsally and thinnest ventrally. Total retinal, outer retinal, and NFL thickness decrease progressively and significantly as a function of eccentricity. The greatest eccentricity-dependent thinning occurs dorsally. This thinning is due mostly to NFL tapering, while the eccentricity-dependent change in outer retinal thickness is more moderate, especially in the lateral meridian, possibly due to the presence of the visual streak. The retina is thickest in puppies, but there were no significant differences between mature and elderly dogs.Our results provide normative values for total, outer, and inner retinal thickness in female dogs and may facilitate OCT use in the diagnosis of canine glaucoma and inherited retinopathies.

Hippocampus, an area of cortex that plays an important role in thinking, planning and remembering. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the hippocampus is one of the first areas of the brain to become shriveled and this leads to the memory less, damage in learning and declaration of emotional behaviors. In this paper, we investigate the effects of sex on hippocampus gray matter (HGM) atrophy in four groups of participants, namely, males with AD (M-AD, n = 34), age-matched normal male controls (M-NC, n = 34), females with AD (F-AD, n = 34), and age matched normal female controls (F-NC, n = 34) from ADNI dataset. In this regard, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to compare means of HGM differences among groups. The statistical results obtained by ANOVA show that the distribution of HGM atrophy is effected by sex. Also there was a significant diagnosis with higher severity in the F-AD compared to M-AD. The AD studies based on the sex may help to figure out the root of AD mechanisms and poten-tially can be used as an imaging marker for the studies of AD in the future.

Changes in the total protein titer in the haemolymph (HL) and ovaries (Ov) of mated fed normal and Lufox treated female Argas persicus during the reproductive cycle and in the HL of normal male were studied. Tick engorgement was followed by an intial drop of the HL total protein concentration immediately and up to the 2nd and 3rd day after feeding (daf), then by a gradual increase on next days to reach maximum on 4-7 and 6-7 daf in the female and male, respectively. The level in the female HL was much higher than that in the male during vitellogenesis and the onset of oviposition. In the ovaries of normal female the total protein level increased gradually immediately up to 2 daf and evidently on 3 daf to reach a maximum on 5-7 daf. The protein level in the HL and ovaries decreased after the completion of oviposition (20 daf). Topical application of a single dose of 50 ppm Lufox on the mated female A. persicus on the 3rd daf interfered with protein production causing a significant reduction in the total protein level in the HL (43.04-55.57%) and ovaries (36.47-46.43%) during vitellogenesis on 4-7 daf and in eggs (15.38%) freshly deposited by the treated female. Also, application of Lufox on the 3rd daf altered the normal pattern of change in the level of HL and ovary total protein during the reproductive cycle by preventing any appreciable increase in the level on next days (4-7 daf) where the level remained constant in the ovaries and even decreased in the HL (4-5 daf).

Key Clinical message Case report involving a normal female by NIPT with male external genitalia on routine fetal morphology assessment. QF-PCR, CGH microarray, and FISH revealed an unbalanced translocation, involving the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes. This case demonstrates the possible limitations of correctly identifying sex chromosome abnormalities via NIPT.

Gynandromorphic ticks are extremely rare, and often attract parasitologists’ attention. During our examination of tick specimens, an engorged gynandromorph of Hyalomma asiaticum was noticed. This is the first record of gynandromorphic ticks from China. In this study, several important morphological structures of normal and gynandromorphic H. asiaticum were analyzed. Comparing to the normal H. asiaticum, the gynandromorphic specimen was a typical bipartite protogynander. Its right side showed normal female characteristics, whereas the left side had normal male traits. Different from other gynandromorphic ticks containing 1 anus, this tick reported here had 2 complete anuses, and the anus of the male part had a single adanal plate.

Although the physiology of the heart and vascular system has not changed, there are many things we have learned and are still learning today. Research related to heart adaptations during pregnancy has been performed since the 1930s. Since the mid-1950s, researchers began to look at changes in the maternal cardiovascular system during exercise while pregnant. Research related to exercise during pregnancy and offspring heart development began and has continued since the 1970s. We will review the normal female cardiovascular system adaptations to pregnancy in general. Additionally, topics related to maternal cardiac adaptations to pregnancy during acute exercise, as well as the chronic conditioning response from exercise training will be explored. Since physical activity during pregnancy influences fetal development, the fetal cardiac development will be discussed in regards to acute and chronic maternal exercise. Similarly, the influence of various types of maternal exercise on acute and chronic fetal heart responses will be described. Briefly, the topics related to how and if there is maternal-fetal synchrony will be explained. Lastly, the developmental changes of the fetal cardiovascular system that persist after birth will be explored. Overall, the article will discuss maternal cardiac physiology related to changes with normal pregnancy, and exercise during pregnancy, as well as fetal cardiac physiology related to changes with normal development, and exercise during pregnancy as well as developmental changes in offspring after birth.

The physical and gynecological examination of a Holstein heifer single-born with a disorder of sexual development showed anatomical abnormalities such as the presence of a scrotum and 2 vulvae and an anal sphincter that was positioned on the right side of the body. Also, an early pregnancy was diagnosed. Cytogenetic and hormone analysis was requested, and the animal showed normal female metaphases (60,XX) and hormonal profiles. However, in gross anatomy and histological examinations, a structure compatible with a penis, the absence of a uterine body, 2 exophytic structures, and a septum in the vagina were detected.

Historians of sexuality credit marital advice with disseminating a modern discourse of the sexual, as developed by sexologists who understood sex as normal or abnormal. Marie Stopes did not reproduce their findings but drew on the methods of biometricians in attempting to normalize the natural. Thinking about Stopes’s methods in discerning a naturally occurring curve of normal female sex-impulses in relation to Havelock Ellis points to constraints in his production of the normal. The article traces the impact of Stopes’s attempt to measure desire by analyzing letters from her readers who became partners in the great scientific project of normalization.

The sex determining region Y (SRY) gene and deletion element DelE were analyzed in 34 polled intersex syndrome (PIS) or 6 normal Tangshan dairy goats (3 females and 3 males) by PCR technology. The result showed that the special male SRY gene only existed in male goats, and was absent in all PIS goats or normal female goats. The 28 PIS goats were homozygote for DelE, and the other 6 goats were heterozygote for DelE deletion or homozygote for non DelE deletion. It could be concluded that the PIS Tangshan dairy goats were female for its genetic basis and the DelE was partial deletion.

Axillary ectopic breast tissue occurs commonly in women The fibroadenoma is commonest benign tumour of the normal female breast But fibroadenoma occurring in axillary ectopic breast tissue is of rare occurrence The giant fibroadenoma are very rare in axillary ectopic breast tissue This case is being reported having a giant fibroadenoma of x cm in right axilla in years female The clinical history did not give any clue to presence of ectopic breast tissue in axilla Excision biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of fibroadenoma This case is being reported as giant fibroadenoma of such a large size occurring in axilla for its rarity nbsp

Jun Ho Kim, Eun Sun Jung, Chul-Hyun Kim, Hyeon Youn and Hwa Rye Kim. Genetic associations of body composition, flexibilityand injury risk with ACE, ACTN3and COL5A1polymorphisms in Korean ballerinas. JENB., Vol. 18, No. 2, pp.205-214, 2014[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to exam the association of body composition, flexibility, and injury risk to genetic polymorphismsincluding ACEID, ACTN3RX, and COL5A1polymorphisms in ballet dancers in Korea. [Methods]For the purpose of this study,elite ballerinas (n = 97) and normal female adults (n = 203) aged 18 to 39 were recruited and these participants were tested forbody weight, height, body fat, fat free mass, flexibility, injury risks on the joints and gene polymorphisms (ACE, ACTN3, COL5A1polymorphism). [Results]As results, the ACEDD genotype in ballerinas was associated with higher body fat and percentageof body fat than the ACEII and ID genotypes (p< 0.05). In the study on the ACTN3polymorphism and ballerinas, the XXgenotype in ballerinas had lower body weight and lower fat-free mass than the RR and RX genotype (p < 0.005). Also, the meansof sit and reach test for flexibility was lower in the ACTN3XX genotype of ballerinas than the RR and RX genotype of ballerinas(p< 0.05). Among the sports injuries, the ankle injury of the XX-genotyped ballerinas was in significantly more prevalence thanthe RR and XX-genotyped ballerinas (p< 0.05). According to the odd ratio analysis, XX-genotyped ballerinas have the injuryrisk on the ankle about 4.7 (95% CI: 1.6~13.4, p< 0.05) times more than the RR and RX-genotyped ballerinas. Meanwhile, theCOL5A1polymorphism in ballerinas has no association with any factors including flexibility and injury risks. [Conclusion]Inconclusion, ACEpolymorphism and ACTN3polymorphism were associated with ballerinas` performance capacity; COL5A1wasnot associated with any factors of performance of Ballerinas. The results suggested that the ACEDD genotype is associated withhigh body fat, the ACTN3XX genotype is associated with low fat-free mass, low flexibility, and higher risk of ankle-joint injury. [Keyword]ballet, flexibility, body composition, injury risk, ACE, ACTN3, COL5A1

Many recent studies and case reports have implicated Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to be hepatotoxic. As females consume weight control medications more than males, they are relatively more exposed to the harmful effects of EGCG on their livers. This study was conducted to assess the effect of EGCG in female mice either under normal or inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Some biochemical parameters associated with liver functions were assessed. Also, survival of mice was studied and histopathological examination of liver samples was performed. Administration of lower IG doses of EGCG in normal female mice did not show any harmful effect on liver, however, administration of higher IG doses of EGCG in normal conditions was associated with an early stage of hepatotoxicity. Under inflammatory conditions, the effect of administration of EGCG on liver was severe. The results presented in this study suggest that females were susceptible to risk of liver injury, especially under an inflammatory insult as histopathology showed severe acute liver injury. In our previous study with male mice (published earlier), histopathology was relatively less severe. This may suggest that females are relatively more susceptible to EGCG induced liver injury than males. Keywords-Green Tea (GT), Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG),Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Inflammation, Hepatotoxicity.

This increasing incident of crime against woman is adding up to the number of female patients. This, along with normal female patients there is a dire emergency in the treatment of female victims of sexual assault. We need provision in our hospital set up to treat the victims separately. There is also an awareness campaign against the sexual crimes and the right of women. Thus increasing trend of crime against woman in India is also burdening the health system in providing treatment and medico legal work. There are various steps in the general examination where the female patient though gives the consent, but do not welcome the moves of the doctor. This feeling often makes the patient uncomfortable and may compel the patient herself or relatives to bring charges of indecency and of sexual assault against the doctor. The casual attitude of doctors is not going to stand in the present scenario. There has to be strict and vigilant environment in our hospital as far as dignity and privacy of female is concerned. Woman friendly environments and attitude should reflect in our hospital.

Four women in analysis who experienced childhood orgasm are described, providing a contribution where sparse clinical data exist to date. My observations support the likelihood that childhood orgasm is a normal female potential, occurring spontaneously in some girls. Such experiences and associated fantasies may contribute to healthy female self-esteem and body image, to character development, and to pleasurable adult sexual functioning. In other girls, childhood orgasm precipitated by abuse, overstimulation, or severe conflict may result in rigid psychopathological defenses, sexual dysfunctions, or avoidance.

A 23-year-old woman who had experienced repeated stillbirths, was found to carry an additional segment on the long arm of the X chromosome. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) confirmed the origin of the 2 duplications (about 17.11 Mb). Thus, her karyotype was 46, X, dup (X) (q13.2-q21.1), dup(X) (q21.32-q22.1). We demonstrate that aCGH is a useful complementary tool to cytogenetic analysis for accurately determining banding. To our knowledge, this is the first case with normal apparently phenotype who inherited 2 duplications on Xq. Notably, after 2 stillbirths, she bore a healthy, normal female infant via natural pregnancy. Thus, a carrier of this karyotype can birth a phenotypically normal child.

Contains fulltext : 118392.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) OBJECTIVES: Despite extensive research aimed at clarifying (failing) pelvic organ support, the complete aetiology of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is still not fully understood. During vaginal delivery, the pelvic floor can be irreversibly traumatised, resulting in pubovisceral muscle avulsions. The aetiology of these avulsions is discussed in this pictorial overview. Normal female pelvic floor anatomy is described and variations are exemplified using magnetic resonance (MR) images. The clinical relevance of detecting pubovisceral muscle avulsions is specified. METHODS: T2-weighted MR imaging has multiplanar capabilities with high diagnostic accuracy allowing for detailed visualisation of the pelvic floor. Together with the use of a three-dimensional (3D) post-processing program, the presence and severity of pubovisceral muscle avulsions can be quantified. RESULTS: Pelvic floor MR imaging is a non-invasive method that enables adequate identification of pubovisceral muscle avulsions which are known risk factors for the development of POP. They can be scored with good to excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Radiologists and urogynaecology subspecialists should be familiar with MR imaging findings of pubovisceral muscle avulsions as this birth-related trauma is observed in over 36 \% of vaginally parous women. TEACHING POINTS: • Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a growing problem for both patients and for our healthcare system • Pubovisceral muscle avulsions are known risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) • T2-weighted MR imaging visualises pubovisceral muscle avulsions adequately • Pubovisceral muscle avulsions are scored with good to excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability.

We examined whether angiotensinogen (AGT) gene polymorphisms are associated with food preferences in young, normal female subjects.Fifty-two young, normal female subjects (21-22 y old) were recruited. After a 12-h fast, blood samples were obtained to examine the AGT gene polymorphisms (rs699 and rs7079), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D), and adrenergic β3 receptor (ADRB3) gene polymorphisms (rs4994). A trained dietitian interviewed the participants to determine the portion size and frequency of food eaten for 1 wk by using the established questionnaire FFQg 3.0.The genotypes of the AGT Met235Thr polymorphisms were TT:TC:CC = 2:19:31 (T:C = 0.22:0.78). The genotypes of AGT rs7079 were CC:CA:AA = 26:21:5 (C:A = 0.70:0.30), and those of ACE were DD:DI:II = 5:28:19 (D/I = 0.37:0.63). The genotypes of ADRB3 Trp64Arg were TT:TC:CC = 38:11:3 (T:C = 0.84:0.16). The total caloric intake was greater for those with the MM/MT genotype of AGT Met235Thr than for those with the TT genotype (1993 versus 1698 kcal/d, P0.05). The consumption of total lipids, cholesterol, and unsaturated free fatty acids was also higher in those with the MM/MT genotype of AGT Met235Thr than in those with the TT genotype. However, the AGT polymorphism (rs7079) and the ACE I/D were not associated with food preferences. In contrast, the subjects with ADRB3 Trp64 tended to show a high energy intake and preferences for proteins and lipids including fatty acids and cholesterol. They ate more fish and meat. Multiple regression analysis showed that the energy intake in subjects with the MM/MT genotype was independently determined by total lipids (B = 11.7, P0.0001) and carbohydrates (B = 4.6, P0.0001).The AGT Met235Thr polymorphism was significantly associated with a higher caloric intake owing to total fat and carbohydrate consumption.

Life expectancy of descendants of a normal female mouse and a male with an inherited growth inhibition mutation discovered in a laboratory population was investigated. The hereditability of the characteristic allows us to consider it a result of mutation. It was shown that, in mice, the curve of dependence of life expectancy on their serial number in a row of increase in life expectancy (curve of rank distribution) has step-like shape for mutant males and females, as well as for males with normal development. The first grade of mice death on the curve of rank distribution was observed at one month after their birth and was characteristic only of males and females with a mutation during the period of maximum lag in weight as compared with their normal relatives. The surviving mutants catch up to the normally developing individuals within two months and externally become indistinguishable from them. The subsequent grades of death in mutants and normal males coincide on the time axis. The steps are absent on the rank curves of life expectancy of normally developing females. The time intervals between the steps are reproduced in parallel groups of mice and, hence, are not casual deviations from theoretical curves and are of a regular nature. The discovered phenomenon is interpreted within the scope of a hypothesis about the realization of the genetic program of ontogenesis, which provides periodic change of vitality stages with stages of sensitivity to external risk factors, which increase the probability of death, by mice. Absence of such stages in the group of normally developing females can be explained by shifts in development, which are produced by the irregular performance of reproductive functions.