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Hemodynamics was studied in essentially healthy resting 8 male subjects exposed to an experimental hypomagnetic environment (HME). The cardio-respiratory system functioning was evaluated by 8-hour continuous monitoring of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) fluctuations during every cardiac cycle, Kerdo autonomic index (KAI) and blood oxygenation (SpO2) in the Earth's natural magnetic field and a field attenuated in approximately 1,000 times. Comparative analysis of the measurements made in the control and HME tests elicited different trends. Thus, the HR average reduction amounted to 4 bpm; BP dropped significantly, i.e. diastolic BP by 11 mmHg and systolic BP, 16 mmHg on average. In HME, KAI rose commonly 20 %. Hemoglobin saturation did not change. The paper contains graphic interpretations of the KAI dependence on duration of the HME exposure. Mathematical modeling suggests a physiological interpretation of these results. More often than not sitting at rest in HME reduced substantially the modulating effect of parasympathetic regulation on the cardiovascular system in comparison with the control test in the normal geomagnetic field.

The balance of production and elimination of free radicals and reactive oxygen species is disturbed in the human body during a space flight. Oxidative stress is a common pathogenetic link in the violation of the functions and structure of various body tissues. The main cellular components, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, undergo oxidative damage. In this study, proteomic methods were used to analyze the frequency of detection of oxidative post-translational modifications of blood plasma proteins obtained from Russian participants in International Space Station (ISS) flights. The effect of the oxidative modification detected after space flight on the functional features of protein groups that regulate the hemostasis and complement activation cascade is examined. According to published data, the increase in oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins in the hemostasis system affects not only the protein structure but also the fibrin formation, as well as its viscoelastic and biochemical properties. Oxygenation of proteins with oxidation-sensitive methionine residues, including apolipoprotein A-I, thrombomodulin, and von Willebrand factor, increases the risk of developing vascular diseases and thrombosis. Oxidized phospholipids are deposited in the vessel wall, potentiating atherosclerotic changes. It was shown that the oxidative modification of the key protein, clusterin, changed the regulation of the complement cascade, as well as the association of the immune system with the coagulation cascade.

A rationale for the concept and strategy of monitoring of the atmospheric chemical composition and water quality are provided for manned spacecraft to be used for long-term and interplanetary flights. The main risk factors are formulated for a change in atmospheric and water composition during interplanetary space flights. A promising version of the analytical system for operational control of air and water quality in manned spacecraft is described considering these risk factors. Several gas analysis methods are proposed to be used in this system to partially overlap the nomenclature of detected species with respect to particularly important (critical) species. The water quality in the system is monitored by two instruments: one for measuring the total carbon content and the other for analyzing the ionic composition of water.

A concept and strategy of the monitoring of chemical composition of the atmosphere in manned spacecrafts applicable during long-term and interplanetary flights are considered. The suggested concept and strategy are applicable for the life support system in spacecraft, which includes a system of gas composition support, a water supply system, a system of sanitary and hygienic support, a food supply system and a thermal control system. Major risk factors related with changes of the atmosphere composition during interplanetary space missions are evaluated. An advanced design of the analytical complex is described for the control of air quality in manned spacecraft's taking into account these risk factors. The simultaneous use of several methods of gas analysis is proposed together with partial overlapping of the set of substances to be detected with regard to the substances of particular (critical) importance. Application of such gas control system will provide a tool for the analyzing of a wide range of substances and will ensure the analysis of the atmosphere even in case of the failure of some of its parts.

The hypertrophic effect of strength training is known to be due to mechanical and metabolic stimuli. During exercises with the restricted blood supply of working muscles, i.e., under the conditions of intensified metabolic stress, the training effect may be achieved with much lower external loads (20% of one repetition maximum). The effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity (80–85% of one repetition maximum) strength training were compared to low-intensity (50% of one repetition maximum) training without relaxation. The high-intensity strength training resulted in higher increases in strength and size of the exercised muscles than training without relaxation. During high-intensity training, at the muscle cross section, an increase in the area occupied by type II fibers prevails; while, during training without relaxation, an increase in the area occupied by type I fibers prevails. An exercise session without relaxation leads to a more pronounced increase in the secretion of the growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and cortisol. The expression of gene regulating myogenesis (Myostatin) is changed in different ways after a high-intensity strength exercise session and after an exercise session without relaxation. Low-intensity strength training (50% of one repetition maximum) without relaxation is an efficient way for inducing increases of the strength and size of the trained muscles. This low-intensive type of training may be used in rehabilitation medicine, sports, and fitness.

Rhythms of the human autonomous nervous system and their seasonal dynamics are discussed. Stationary and non-stationary intervals of tonicity of the autonomous nervous system in six subjects involved in the Mars-520 experiment were tested within the first year of the experiment. The maximal parasympathetic tonus of the autonomous nervous system was observed in the spring and/or fall seasons. A new method based on the Smirnov theorem is suggested to find stationary processes in any physiological function (e.g. autonomous Kerdo index). A physiological interpretation of the results of this work is suggested.

It is well known that metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory indices during exercise of moderate intensity are linearly related to the power of the exercise. After the load reaches a definite level, this relationship becomes nonlinear. Different methods for evaluating the intensity of load at which this transition takes place are discussed. The methods for investigating the time course of the transitional process in the systems of energy supply for muscle contractions with the changing intensity of the contractions are described. The dependence of the dynamic characteristics of physiological indices on the fitness level, which, in turn, depends on the age and level of physical activity, is discussed.

It is well known that metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory indices during exercise of moderate intensity are linearly related to exercise power. After the load reaches the definite level this relationship changes for nonlinear. Different methods of evaluating the intensity of load at which this transition takes place are discussed. The methods for investigation of transient process dynamics in energy supply of muscle contractions with changing intensity of contractions is described. The dependence of dynamic characteristics of physiological indices from fitness level and in its turn from age and level of physical activity is discussed.

The paper reports the results of testing some diagnostic video systems enabling digital rendering of TNT teeth and jaws. The authors substantiate the criteria of choosing and integration of imaging systems in future on Russian segment of the International space station kit LOR developed for examination and download of high-quality images of cosmonauts' TNT, parodentium and teeth.

Chromatography-mass spectrometry of molecular metabolites in the expired air of resting healthy humans has been used to identify oxyketones, mainly 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (acetol), aldehydes (decenal, benzaldehyde), acetophenone, phenol, and fatty acids. During physical exercise (oxidative stress), the levels of ketones (heptanone-2 and heptanone-3), phenol, aldehydes identified (decenal and octadecenal), and acetol in the expired air decreased significantly, apparently, due to the prevalence of an alternative methylglycoxal metabolism of carbohydrates. It has been shown that the dynamics of saturated hydrocarbons in the expired air can be a source of information about the responses of the body to oxidative stress; while the concentration of acetone can be used as an indicator of fitness, the adequacy of physical loading, and an indicator of the development of hypoxic states.

The pharmacological preparation P-4 administered according to a reduced scheme (the first dose, 1.5–2 h before stimulation; the second dose, 2 h after stimulation) efficiently alleviated the main symptoms of motion sickness, accelerated the process of adaptation and increased its efficiency in persons prone to motion sickness upon exposure to slow rotation during four days. Administration of the preparation according to the scheme described above did not cause the abstinence syndrome.

Mobile telemedical complexes (MTC) play an important role in providing medical services in emer� gency situations in remote regions. MTC are usually mounted on a truck that can be dispatched to the emer� gency situation (ES) site and that contains medical diag� nostic, therapeutic, and telecommunication devices. MTC allow medical consultations to be carried out at the ES site, thereby providing increase in diagnostic accuracy and survival rate prehospital and at further stages of medical care. Time is of the essence in emergency medical care. In actual emergency conditions favorable outcome is deter� mined by medical care efficiency (1). For example (2, 3), the survival rate of patients with chemical injury treated 5, 15, or 20 min after accident was 85, 72, and 60%. It has been reported (4) that survival rate of patients with severe mechanical injury affecting vitally important organs treated within 1 or 2 h after the injury was 75�80 or 30%, respectively. In case of ES with a large number of injured, unfa� vorable outcome increases as a result of delayed location of victims and long queues for medical care. Unfavorable outcome for victims of blockage treated within 2�3, 6, 20 h, and within two days are 26, 40, 48, and 57%, respectively (5). Optimization of such medical care parameters as queue length, mean time to massscale medical service (MSMS), duration, etc., is an important factor of successful medical delivery in emergency situa� tions. The goal of this work was to develop a model of a mass medical service system for emergency medical treat� ment based on mobile telemedical complexes. This model should be able to simulate local ES (11�50 vic� tims), territorial and regional ES (51�500 victims), and federal ES (more than 500 victims).

Hypertrophic effect of strength training is known to originate from mechanical and metabolic stimuli. During exercise with restricted blood supply ofworking muscles, that is under conditions of intensified metabolic shifts, training effect may be achieved with much lower external loads (20% of one repetition maximum (1 RM)). The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 8 wks high-intensity (80-85% MVC) strength training and low-intensity (50% 1 RM) training without relaxation. The high-intensity strength training leads to somewhat higher increments in strength and size of trained muscles than training without relaxation. During high-intensity training an increase of area occupied by type II fibers at muscle cross section prevails while during training without relaxation - an increase of area occupied by type I fibers takes place. An exercise session without relaxation leads to a more pronounced increase in secretion of growth hormone, IGF-1 and cortisol. Expression of gene regulating myogenesis (Myostatin) is changed in different ways after high-intensity strength exercise session and after exercise session without relaxation. Low-intensity strength training (50% 1 RM) without relaxation is an effective way for inducing increases of strength and size of trained muscles. This low intensive type of training may be used in restorative medicine, sports and physical culture.

Biosatellite BION-M1 was launched on April 19 and landed on May 19, 2013. The mission program was largely a continuation of the earlier flown 11 BION projects, FOTON-M2 and FOTON-M3. The biosatellite was inhabited by a great variety of living organisms used for experiments and studies in gravitational physiology, gravitational biology, biotechnology, astrobiology and radiation biology, dosimetry and spectrometry. This was the first time in the history of national biology and physiology when male mice C57bl/6 were chosen for a long-term space experiment focused upon molecular biology investigations. Unfortunately, because of technical failures during the flight a part of the animals were lost. However, the major objectives were attained through reconsideration of biomaterial division among investigators and completion of virtually the total scope of investigations.

In conditions of 120-daily bedrest changes of a metabolism of the calcium, the functions of a bone directed on preservation at a necessary level of a bone material at the maximal economy level in these conditions were studied. The applied preventive complex consisting of xydyphone and special physical trainings, has rendered the expressed influence on a condition of a calcium homeostasis, defined, on the studied parameters, basically, by diphosphonates.

It is well known that metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory indices during exercise of moderate intensity are linearly related to exercise power. After the load reaches the definite level this relationship changes for nonlinear. Different methods of evaluating the intensity of load at which this transition takes place are discussed. The methods for investigation of transient process dynamics in energy supply of muscle contractions with changing intensity of contractions is described. The dependence of dynamic characteristics of physiological indices from fitness level and in its turn from age and level of physical activity is discussed.

The article describes the telemedicine complex (TM) for real-time medical informatics communication and interaction between medical personnel at the spacecrew landing site and in the mission control center. Scenarios of TM complex employment for crew examination after Standard landing, in bad weather or for providing care to cosmonauts with unsteady or unsatisfactory health state after ballistic landing are outlined. Basic requirements to the TM-assisted express diagnostics of returned spacecrew are defined.

The necessity of microbial studying the soil from Phobos and terrestrial biological objects, which were for a long time in deep space and may represent a biological hazard has been shown. Developed medical and technical requirements for laboratories comply with Russian regulations and recommendations of international instruments for the ensuring of biosafety on the basis of process (continuous) biorisk management.

The human organism testing in conditions of modern scientific and technical progress constant stressful influences (industrial, social, psycho-emotional) was carried out for continuous adaptation to the environment: changing of the level of functioning of separate systems and a corresponding tension of regulatory mechanisms occurred. In the article, theoretical bases and methodology of studying the adaptable capacities of the organism are considered. The prenosological diagnostics was used for studying functional conditions on the verge of norm and pathology. The heart rate variability analysis was used based on mathematical model of functional conditions. Concrete technologies and results of evaluation of the adaptation capacities of the organism in space and aviation medicine are presented as well as in applied physiology.

Both gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry were used to analyze make-up of air expired by 7 human subjects in a dry immersion (DI) experiment simulating some of the effects of microgravity. It was found that 5-d DI produces significant increases in expired amines, chiefly butylamine, 2-cyanacetimide, some aldehydes (isobutyl aldehyde, benzaldehyde), polyols (ethylene glycol, butyldiol), phenol, phenyl acetylene, ketones (methyl-ethyl-ketone), butylacetate and a significant decrease in fatty acids.

In this work, the description of technology of intercalation of montmorillonite by ions of biometals is submitted. Laboratory techniques of definition of a mass fraction of silver and copper in montmorillonite are resulted The manufacturing regulations of obtaining of nanodispersed powders of intercalated montmorillonite are submitted. Bases of technology of obtaining and manufacturing of cosmetic means on a basis of nanomaterials; technologies of antibacterial processing of textile materials, obtaining of antimicrobic properties by medical polymers are described in the report. Bases of technology of obtaining of biocidal and fungicidal coatings (paints, varnishes) on a basis of nanomaterials are described. The estimation of biocidal and properties of nanomaterials on a basis of intercalated montmorillonite by an integral disk-diffusion method is resulted. High efficiency of application of nanosystems on a basis of intercalated montmorillonite for obtaining of antimicrobic properties in paint and varnish materials is shown.

The 12-d mission of Russian spacecraft Foton-M3 in September of 2007 was used as an opportunity to fly an experiment with 12 male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) at the age of 4-4.5 mos. and mean body weight of 51.6 grams. Considering the behavior pattern of these animals, selection and preparation of the experimental groups continued in the course of 2.5-3 months. The flight animals were contained in module Kontur-L outfitted with a self-sustained system of life support. In orbit, the animals received a palletized hydrogenous feed. The physiological and hygienic parameters of the gerbil environment during the flight complied with the official standards. Analysis of the video recorded behavior of animals in microgravity showed that virtually throughout the flight they moved chaotically along the cage never attempting to stabilize position catching at the wire netting of the cage. The animals were decapitated in 21-24 hours after landing. The investigations showed that structural and functional changes in gerbil organs and tissues were generally of the same type as in rats following fights of comparable duration. However, some differences between the animals were attributed to the specifics of water turnover in gerbils.

The authors substantiate the choice of a mobile telemedicine facility (MTLF) configuration for elimination of medicosanitary consequences of emergency situations fit in minibus Sobol. The global competitiveness criterion has been adapted to consider the MTLF cost-quality gain/reduction ratio in comparison with the basic model. This approach permitted determination of the vector of MTLF attributes, indices of user (doctor) satisfaction, and coefficients of significance for each MTLF vector component. The proposed competitiveness criterion and calculation procedure can be applied in optimization of the structure and composition of MTLF and other intricate telemedicine systems.

Survey histological study of the heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, spleen, testicles of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus with a body mass of about 27 g showed their macro- and microscopic similarity with the organs of laboratory rats and mice notwithstanding some slight differences. For instance, the ascending knee of Hengle's loop in the gerbil kidney is much better developed and forms in whole a kind of a singular cortical fiber bordering the medulla. It is the well-developed parts of Hengle's ascending loop in gerbil that ensures a more complete water reabsorption decrease the quantity of urine and sharply reduce the amount of exogenous fluid vitally important for animals in arid areas. The Mongolian gerbil is distinguished by large adrenals and small corticosteroid-sensitive thymus and spleen suggesting high sensitivity of this animal to stresses. Spleen abundance of both mature and immature megacariosities--thrombogoniums--explains the rapid coagulability as compared with rats and mice.

The preventive effect of diphosphonates and vitamin D3 was studied at hypok[nesias and hypodynames. The received testify to the expressed preventive effect of disphosphonates on a condition of a bone status and a mineral exchange at animals at various kinds of modeling of effects of weightlessness.

A reduced prescription of preparation P-4 (one close 1,5-2 hrs. before, the other in 2 hrs. after the test had begun) proved to have a high preventive effect in human subjects during 4-hrs. exposure in a slow-rotating room. The preparation mitigated the main motion sickness symptoms and accelerated adaptation.

The telemedicine concept for a mission to Mars is presented including the basic operational units and subsystems, and problems of elaboration and creation of the telemedicine system with the use of multilevel structure functional modeling.

Telemedicine serves as an argument for application of the strategic management technologies. A telemedicine implementation strategy has been developed to be introduced in the Russian health services.

The paper reviews the experience in setting up and functioning of telemedical electrocardiographic system in a regional hospital with utilization of current potential of telephone ECG transmission-reception: individual ECG registers-transmitters including devices with "a reverse loop". It is shown that ECG registration by patients themselves with its transmission by telephone facilitates diagnosis of rare paroxysmal conditions and follow-up of cardiological outpatients. Changes in the number of ECGs made for 25 years in the regional center of remote cardiological diagnosis is analysed.

The results of development and experimental evaluation of the efficiency of pharmacological means of cupping the vestibulo-vegetative syndrome in man are presented. A model and procedure of evaluation of pharmacological cupping of the Vestibulo-vegetative syndrome are developed. The intramuscular injection of the mixture containing ephedrine, promethazine hydrochloride and strychnine (25, 50, and 1 mg, respectively) appeared most effective.

The main purposes of present work were: 1) to examine neurohumoral reactions to long-term vestibular stimulation provocative for MS symptoms in man; 2) to compare the peculiarities of neuroendocrine reactions to short-term and to long-term vestibular stimulation; 3) to analyze the received results from the position of neuroendocrine adaptive reactions biological conformity to natural laws, and its physiological importance for human organisms; 4) to make some prognostic points of neurohumoral reaction changes on health and capacity for work in subjects influenced by professional conditions, provocative for MS manifestation development.

The diphosphonates AMOA and OEDP had a positive action on calcium metabolism and regulation and the osseous tissue in tilt-suspension and hypokinetic Wistar rats in 40-60-day experiments. During special regimens of physical training, ksidifon (OEDP) produced preventive effects on calcium metabolism and renal calciuretic function in man during 120-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the agent may be recommended for prevention of alterations in mineral metabolism and osseous tissue at long-term bed rest.

Male rats of the Wistar strain were for 40 days exposed to hypokinesia and hypodynamia. After exposure bone biochemical, physical, chemical, morphological and strength parameters were investigated. Both simulation studies led to changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism but the nature of bone changes was different. It is concluded that the efficacy of drugs used as countermeasures in animal simulation experiments should be assessed by both exposures, viz. small size cages and suspension, because they reproduce different mechanisms of potential bone lesions in microgravity. It is also inferred that various countermeasures should be used in combination to yield the best results.

Calcium metabolism, its hormonal regulation and renal calciuretic function were investigated in 20 healthy volunteers during 120- and 182-day head-down tilt studies. The content of total and ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone was found to increase during the study. The concentration of calcitonin increased at an early stage of exposure and decreased thereafter. This resulted in negative calcium balance which was on the average 5, 6g per month. Measurements of iliac bone biopsies showed calcium decrease and phosphorus increase.

Oral administration of hydroxy-dimethyl aminopropylene biphosphonate (DMAP) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg increased the volume density (mass) of trabecular bone in the tibial metaphysis of untreated rats and helped to maintain it at the normal level in hypokinetic rats. Oral administration of hydroxy-ethylidene biphosphonate (OEDP) at a dose of 20 mg/kg and vitamin 24,25(OH)2D3 at a dose of 1,25 micrograms did not induce any quantitative changes in bones of untreated or immobilized rats. The combined treatment with either biphosphonate and vitamin D3 exerted a similar effect as compared to that of biphosphonates used singly. During hypokinesia the total amount of osteoclasts declined. This effect was also seen in response to biphosphonates and vitamin D3. The two biphosphonates produced an opposite effect on the osteoclast population in untreated animals: it increased in response to OEDP and decreased in response to DMAP. In contrast to OEDP, low doses of DMAP can efficiently inhibit bone resorption upon various routes of its administration and can be viewed as a preventive and therapeutic drug in the case of osteoporosis.