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1. CNNCat: Categorizing high-energy photons in a Compton/Pair Telescope with Convolutional Neural Networks

Author

Lommler, Jan Peter and Oberlack, Uwe

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

A Compton/Pair telescope, designed to provide spectral resolved images of cosmic photons from sub-MeV to GeV energies, records a wealth of data in a combination of tracking detector and calorimeter. Onboard event classification can be required to decide on which data to downlink with priority, given limited data-transfer bandwidth. Event classification is also the first and one of the most crucial steps in reconstructing data. Its outcome determines the further handling of the event, i.e., the type of reconstruction (Compton, pair) or, possibly, the decision to discard it. Errors at this stage result in misreconstruction and loss of source information. We present a classification algorithm driven by a Convolutional Neural Network. It provides classification of the type of electromagnetic interaction, based solely on low-level detector data. We introduce the task, describe the architecture and the dataset used, and present the performance of this method in the context of the proposed (e-)ASTROGAM and similar telescopes.

Published
2024

2. The Compton Spectrometer and Imager

Author

Tomsick, John A., Boggs, Steven E., Zoglauer, Andreas, Hartmann, Dieter, Ajello, Marco, Burns, Eric, Fryer, Chris, Karwin, Chris, Kierans, Carolyn, Lowell, Alexander, Malzac, Julien, Roberts, Jarred, Saint-Hilaire, Pascal, Shih, Albert, Siegert, Thomas, Sleator, Clio, Takahashi, Tadayuki, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Wulf, Eric, Beechert, Jacqueline, Gulick, Hannah, Joens, Alyson, Lazar, Hadar, Neights, Eliza, Oliveros, Juan Carlos Martinez, Matsumoto, Shigeki, Melia, Tom, Yoneda, Hiroki, Amman, Mark, Bal, Dhruv, von Ballmoos, Peter, Bates, Hugh, Böttcher, Markus, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Chang, Hsiang-Kuang, Chen, Claire, Chu, Che-Yen, Ciabattoni, Alex, Costamante, Luigi, Dreyer, Lente, Fioretti, Valentina, Fenu, Francesco, Gallego, Savitri, Ghirlanda, Giancarlo, Grove, Eric, Huang, Chien-You, Jean, Pierre, Khatiya, Nikita, Knödlseder, Jürgen, Krause, Martin, Leising, Mark, Lewis, Tiffany R., Lommler, Jan Peter, Marcotulli, Lea, Martinez-Castellanos, Israel, Mittal, Saurabh, Negro, Michela, Nussirat, Samer Al, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Oberlack, Uwe, Palmore, David, Panebianco, Gabriele, Parmiggiani, Nicolo, Parsotan, Tyler, Pike, Sean N., Rogers, Field, Schutte, Hester, Sheng, Yong, Smale, Alan P., Smith, Jacob, Trigg, Aaron, Venters, Tonia, Watanabe, Yu, and Zhang, Haocheng

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) satellite mission in development with a planned launch in 2027. COSI is a wide-field gamma-ray telescope designed to survey the entire sky at 0.2-5 MeV. It provides imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry of astrophysical sources, and its germanium detectors provide excellent energy resolution for emission line measurements. Science goals for COSI include studies of 0.511 MeV emission from antimatter annihilation in the Galaxy, mapping radioactive elements from nucleosynthesis, determining emission mechanisms and source geometries with polarization measurements, and detecting and localizing multimessenger sources. The instantaneous field of view for the germanium detectors is >25% of the sky, and they are surrounded on the sides and bottom by active shields, providing background rejection as well as allowing for detection of gamma-ray bursts and other gamma-ray flares over most of the sky. In the following, we provide an overview of the COSI mission, including the science, the technical design, and the project status., Comment: 8 pages

Published
2023

3. The cosipy library: COSI's high-level analysis software

Author

Martinez-Castellanos, Israel, Gallego, Savitri, Huang, Chien-You, Karwin, Chris, Kierans, Carolyn, Lommler, Jan Peter, Mittal, Saurabh, Negro, Michela, Neights, Eliza, Pike, Sean N., Sheng, Yong, Siegert, Thomas, Yoneda, Hiroki, Zoglauer, Andreas, Tomsick, John A., Boggs, Steven E., Hartmann, Dieter, Ajello, Marco, Burns, Eric, Fryer, Chris, Lowell, Alexander, Malzac, Julien, Roberts, Jarred, Saint-Hilaire, Pascal, Shih, Albert, Sleator, Clio, Takahashi, Tadayuki, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Wulf, Eric, Beechert, Jacqueline, Gulick, Hannah, Joens, Alyson, Lazar, Hadar, Oliveros, Juan Carlos Martinez, Matsumoto, Shigeki, Melia, Tom, Amman, Mark, Bal, Dhruv, von Ballmoos, Peter, Bates, Hugh, Böttcher, Markus, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Chang, Hsiang-Kuang, Chen, Claire, Chu, Che-Yen, Ciabattoni, Alex, Costamante, Luigi, Dreyer, Lente, Fioretti, Valentina, Fenu, Francesco, Ghirlanda, Giancarlo, Grove, Eric, Jean, Pierre, Khatiya, Nikita, Knödlseder, Jürgen, Krause, Martin, Leising, Mark, Lewis, Tiffany R., Marcotulli, Lea, Nussirat, Samer Al, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Oberlack, Uwe, Palmore, David, Panebianco, Gabriele, Parmiggiani, Nicolo, Parsotan, Tyler, Rogers, Field, Schutte, Hester, Smale, Alan P., Smith, Jacob, Trigg, Aaron, Venters, Tonia, Watanabe, Yu, and Zhang, Haocheng

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a selected Small Explorer (SMEX) mission launching in 2027. It consists of a large field-of-view Compton telescope that will probe with increased sensitivity the under-explored MeV gamma-ray sky (0.2-5 MeV). We will present the current status of cosipy, a Python library that will perform spectral and polarization fits, image deconvolution, and all high-level analysis tasks required by COSI's broad science goals: uncovering the origin of the Galactic positrons, mapping the sites of Galactic nucleosynthesis, improving our models of the jet and emission mechanism of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and detecting and localizing gravitational wave and neutrino sources. The cosipy library builds on the experience gained during the COSI balloon campaigns and will bring the analysis of data in the Compton regime to a modern open-source likelihood-based code, capable of performing coherent joint fits with other instruments using the Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework (3ML). In this contribution, we will also discuss our plans to receive feedback from the community by having yearly software releases accompanied by publicly-available data challenges.

Published
2023
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4. Design of a mobile neutron spectrometer for the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)

Author

Solmaz, Melih, Eitel, Klaus, Valerius, Kathrin, Balzer, Matthias, Ferella, Alfredo, Pompa, Francesco, Pirling, Ulrich, Tcherniakhovski, Denis, Oberlack, Uwe, and Wüstling, Sascha

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Environmental neutrons are a source of background for rare event searches (e.g., dark matter direct detection and neutrinoless double beta decay experiments) taking place in deep underground laboratories. The overwhelming majority of these neutrons are produced in the cavern walls by means of intrinsic radioactivity of the rock and concrete. Their flux and spectrum depend on time and location. Precise knowledge of this background is necessary to devise sufficient shielding and veto mechanisms, improving the sensitivity of the neutron-susceptible underground experiments. In this report, we present the design and the expected performance of a mobile neutron detector for the LNGS underground laboratory. The detector is based on capture-gated spectroscopy technique and comprises essentially a stack of plastic scintillator bars wrapped by gadolinium foils. The extensive simulation studies demonstrate that the detector will be capable of measuring ambient neutrons at low flux levels ($\sim$$10^{-6}\,\mathrm{n/cm^2/s}$) at LNGS, where the ambient gamma flux is by about 5 orders of magnitude larger., Comment: Published at JINST

Published
2023
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5. Gamma-ray Astrophysics in the MeV Range: the ASTROGAM Concept and Beyond

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Argan, Andrea, Brandt, Soren, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Bykov, Andrei, Costantini, Elisa, da Silva, Rui Curado, Grenier, Isabelle A., Hanlon, Lorraine, Hartmann, Dieter, Hernanz, Margarida, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laurent, Philippe, Mazziotta, Mario N., McEnery, Julie, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Oberlack, Uwe, Pearce, Mark, Rico, Javier, Tavani, Marco, von Ballmoos, Peter, Walter, Roland, Wu, Xin, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej, and Zoglauer, Andreas

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The energy range between about 100 keV and 1 GeV is of interest for a vast class of astrophysical topics. In particular, (1) it is the missing ingredient for understanding extreme processes in the multi-messenger era; (2) it allows localizing cosmic-ray interactions with background material and radiation in the Universe, and spotting the reprocessing of these particles; (3) last but not least, gamma-ray emission lines trace the formation of elements in the Galaxy and beyond. In addition, studying the still largely unexplored MeV domain of astronomy would provide for a rich observatory science, including the study of compact objects, solar- and Earth-science, as well as fundamental physics. The technological development of silicon microstrip detectors makes it possible now to detect MeV photons in space with high efficiency and low background. During the last decade, a concept of detector ("ASTROGAM") has been proposed to fulfil these goals, based on a silicon hodoscope, a 3D position-sensitive calorimeter, and an anticoincidence detector. In this paper we stress the importance of a medium size (M-class) space mission, dubbed "ASTROMEV", to fulfil these objectives., Comment: White Paper for the Voyage 2050 Program by ESA. Accepted for publication in "Experimental Astronomy". arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1711.01265

Published
2021
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6. All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory: Exploring the Extreme Multimessenger Universe

Author

McEnery, Julie, Barrio, Juan Abel, Agudo, Ivan, Ajello, Marco, Álvarez, José-Manuel, Ansoldi, Stefano, Anton, Sonia, Auricchio, Natalia, Stephen, John B., Baldini, Luca, Bambi, Cosimo, Baring, Matthew, Barres, Ulisses, Bastieri, Denis, Beacom, John, Beckmann, Volker, Bednarek, Wlodek, Bernard, Denis, Bissaldi, Elisabetta, Bloser, Peter, Blumer, Harsha, Boettcher, Markus, Boggs, Steven, Bolotnikov, Aleksey, Bottacini, Eugenio, Bozhilov, Vladimir, Bozzo, Enrico, Briggs, Michael, Buckley, Jim, Burns, Eric, Buson, Sara, Campana, Riccardo, Caputo, Regina, Cardillo, Martina, Caroli, Ezio, Castro, Daniel, Cenko, S. Brad, Charles, Eric, Chen, Wenlei, Cheung, Teddy, Ciprini, Stefano, Coppi, Paolo, da Silva, Rui Curado, Cutini, Sara, D'Ammando, Filippo, De Angelis, Alessandro, De Becker, Michaël, De Nolfo, Georgia, Del Sordo, Stefano, Di Mauro, Mattia, Di Venere, Leonardo, Dietrich, Stefano, Digel, Seth, Dominguez, Alberto, Doro, Michele, Ferrara, Elizabeth, Fields, Brian, Finke, Justin, Foffano, Luca, Fryer, Chris, Fukazawa, Yasushi, Funk, Stefan, Gasparrini, Dario, Gelfand, Joseph, Georganopoulos, Markos, Giordano, Francesco, Giuliani, Andrea, Gouiffes, Christian, Grefenstette, Brian, Grenier, Isabelle, Griffin, Sean, Grove, Eric, Guiriec, Sylvain, Harding, Alice, Harding, Pat, Hartmann, Dieter, Hays, Elizabeth, Hernanz, Margarita, Hewitt, Jack, Holder, Jamie, Hui, Michelle, Inglis, Andrew, Johnson, Robert, Jones, Sam, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kargaltsev, Oleg, Kaufmann, Sarah, Kerr, Matthew, Kierans, Carolyn, Kislat, Fabian, Klimenko, Alexei V., Knodlseder, Jurgen, Kocveski, Daniel, Kopp, Joachim, Krawczynsiki, Henric, Krizmanic, John, Kubo, Hidetoshi, Neilson, Naoko Kurahashi, Laurent, Philippe, Lenain, Jean-Philippe, Li, Hui, Lien, Amy, Linden, Tim, Lommler, Jan, Longo, Francesco, Lovellette, Michael, López, Marcos, Manousakis, Antonios, Marcotulli, Lea, Marcowith, Alexandre, Martinez, Manel, McConnell, Marc, Metcalfe, Jessica, Meyer, Eileen, Meyer, Manuel, Mignani, Roberto, Mitchell, John, Mizuno, Tsunefumi, Moiseev, Alexander, Morcuende, Daniel, Moskalenko, Igor, Moss, Michael, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Mazziotta, M. Nicola, Oberlack, Uwe, Ohno, Masanori, Oikonomou, Foteini, Ojha, Roopesh, Omodei, Nicola, Orlando, Elena, Otte, Nepomuk, Paliya, Vaidehi S, Parker, Lucas, Patricelli, Barbara, Perkins, Jeremy, Petropoulou, Maria, Pittori, Carlotta, Pohl, Martin, Porter, Troy, Prandini, Elisa, Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda, Racusin, Judith, Rando, Riccardo, Rani, Bindu, Ribó, Marc, Rodi, James, Sanchez-Conde, Miguel A., Parkinson, Pablo Saz, Schirato, Richard, Shawhan, Peter, Shrader, Chris, Smith, Jacob, Smith, Karl, Stamerra, Antonio, Stawarz, Lukasz, Strong, Andy, Stumke, Inga, Tajima, Hiro, Takahashi, Hiromitsu, Tanaka, Yasuyuki, Tatischeff, Vincent, The, Lih-Sin, Thompson, David, Tibaldo, Luigi, Tomsick, John, Uhm, Lucas, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vianello, Giacomo, Wadiasingh, Zorawar, Walter, Roland, Wang, Xilu, Williams, David, Wilson-Hodge, Colleen, Wood, Matthew, Woolf, Richard, Wulf, Eric, Younes, George, Zampieri, Luca, Zane, Silvia, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Haocheng, Zimmer, Stephan, Zoglauer, Andreas, and van der Horst, Alexander

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory (AMEGO) is a probe class mission concept that will provide essential contributions to multimessenger astrophysics in the late 2020s and beyond. AMEGO combines high sensitivity in the 200 keV to 10 GeV energy range with a wide field of view, good spectral resolution, and polarization sensitivity. Therefore, AMEGO is key in the study of multimessenger astrophysical objects that have unique signatures in the gamma-ray regime, such as neutron star mergers, supernovae, and flaring active galactic nuclei. The order-of-magnitude improvement compared to previous MeV missions also enables discoveries of a wide range of phenomena whose energy output peaks in the relatively unexplored medium-energy gamma-ray band., Comment: Astro2020 APC White Paper Updated to make small change to author list in metadata

Published
2019

7. Positron Annihilation in the Galaxy

Author

Kierans, Carolyn A., Beacom, John F., Boggs, Steve, Buckley, Matthew, Caputo, Regina, Crocker, Roland, De Becker, Michael, Diehl, Roland, Fryer, Chris L., Griffin, Sean, Hartmann, Dieter, Hays, Elizabeth, Jean, Pierre, Krause, Martin G. H., Linden, Tim, Marcowith, Alexandre, Martin, Pierrick, Moiseev, Alexander, Oberlack, Uwe, Orlando, Elena, Panther, Fiona, Prantzos, Nikos, Rothschild, Richard, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shrader, Chris, Siegert, Thomas, Strong, Andy, Tomsick, John, Vestrand, W. Thomas, and Zoglauer, Andreas

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The 511 keV line from positron annihilation in the Galaxy was the first $\gamma$-ray line detected to originate from outside our solar system. Going into the fifth decade since the discovery, the source of positrons is still unconfirmed and remains one of the enduring mysteries in $\gamma$-ray astronomy. With a large flux of $\sim$10$^{-3}$ $\gamma$/cm$^{2}$/s, after 15 years in operation INTEGRAL/SPI has detected the 511 keV line at $>50\sigma$ and has performed high-resolution spectral studies which conclude that Galactic positrons predominantly annihilate at low energies in warm phases of the interstellar medium. The results from imaging are less certain, but show a spatial distribution with a strong concentration in the center of the Galaxy. The observed emission from the Galactic disk has low surface brightness and the scale height is poorly constrained, therefore, the shear number of annihilating positrons in our Galaxy is still not well know. Positrons produced in $\beta^+$-decay of nucleosynthesis products, such as $^{26}$Al, can account for some of the annihilation emission in the disk, but the observed spatial distribution, in particular the excess in the Galactic bulge, remains difficult to explain. Additionally, one of the largest uncertainties in these studies is the unknown distance that positrons propagate before annihilation. In this paper, we will summarize the current knowledge base of Galactic positrons, and discuss how next-generation instruments could finally provide the answers., Comment: 10 pages including 3 figures. Science White paper submitted to Astro2020

Published
2019

8. Catching Element Formation In The Act

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, Beacom, John, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stephane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, Ed, Brown, Peter, Budtz-Jorgensen, Steve Bruenn. Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Cote, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, deBoer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Dominguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Frohlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Gorres, Joachim, Goriely, Stephane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Harris, J. Austin, Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Hoflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, Jose, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, McEnery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mosta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Muller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken'ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O'Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martinez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Ropke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, MacKenzie, West, Christopher, Wheeler, J. Craig, Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, and Zwart, Simon Portegies

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions., Comment: 14 pages including 3 figures

Published
2019

9. Optical response of highly reflective film used in the water Cherenkov muon veto of the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Author

Geis, Christopher, Grignon, Cyril, Oberlack, Uwe, García, Diego Ramírez, and Weitzel, Quirin

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The XENON1T experiment is the most recent stage of the XENON Dark Matter Search, aiming for the direct detection of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). To reach its projected sensitivity, the background has to be reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to its predecessor XENON100. This requires a water Cherenkov muon veto surrounding the XENON1T TPC, both to shield external backgrounds and to tag muon-induced energetic neutrons through detection of a passing muon or the secondary shower induced by a muon interacting in the surrounding rock. The muon veto is instrumented with $84$ $8"$ PMTs with high quantum efficiency (QE) in the Cherenkov regime and the walls of the watertank are clad with the highly reflective DF2000MA foil by 3M. Here, we present a study of the reflective properties of this foil, as well as the measurement of its wavelength shifting (WLS) properties. Further, we present the impact of reflectance and WLS on the detection efficiency of the muon veto, using a Monte Carlo simulation carried out with Geant4. The measurements yield a specular reflectance of $\approx100\%$ for wavelengths larger than $400\,$nm, while $\approx90\%$ of the incoming light below $370\,$nm is absorbed by the foil. Approximately $3-7.5\%$ of the light hitting the foil within the wavelength range $250\,$nm $\leq \lambda \leq 390\,$nm is used for the WLS process. The intensity of the emission spectrum of the WLS light is slightly dependent on the absorbed wavelength and shows the shape of a rotational-vibrational fluorescence spectrum, peaking at around $\lambda \approx 420\,$nm. Adjusting the reflectance values to the measured ones in the Monte Carlo simulation originally used for the muon veto design, the veto detection efficiency remains unchanged. Including the wavelength shifting in the Monte Carlo simulation leads to an increase of the efficiency of approximately $0.5\%$., Comment: 25 pages, 27 figures. LaTeX math font styling changed for compatibility with arXiv

Published
2017
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10. The e-ASTROGAM mission (exploring the extreme Universe with gamma rays in the MeV-GeV range)

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Tavani, Marco, Oberlack, Uwe, Grenier, Isabelle A., Hanlon, Lorraine, Walter, Roland, Argan, Andrea, von Ballmoos, Peter, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Hernanz, Margarita, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Pearce, Mark, Zdziarski, Andrzej, Aboudan, Alessio, Ajello, Marco, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Bernard, Denis, Bernardini, Elisa, Bonvicini, Valter, Brogna, Andrea, Branchesi, Marica, Budtz-Jorgensen, Carl, Bykov, Andrei, Campana, Riccardo, Cardillo, Martina, Coppi, Paolo, De Martino, Domitilla, Diehl, Roland, Doro, Michele, Fioretti, Valentina, Funk, Stefan, Ghisellini, Gabriele, Grove, J. Eric, Hamadache, Clarisse, Hartmann, Dieter H., Hayashida, Masaaki, Isern, Jordi, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kiener, Jurgen, Knodlseder, Jurgen, Labanti, Claudio, Laurent, Philippe, Limousin, Olivier, Longo, Francesco, Mannheim, Karl, Marisaldi, Martino, Martinez, Manel, Mazziotta, Mario N., McEnery, Julie, Mereghetti, Sandro, Minervini, Gabriele, Moiseev, Alexander, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Orleanski, Piotr, Paredes, Josep M., Patricelli, Barbara, Peyre, Jean, Piano, Giovanni, Pohl, Martin, Ramarijaona, Harald, Rando, Riccardo, Reichardt, Ignasi, Roncadelli, Marco, da Silva, Rui Curado, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Thompson, David J., Turolla, Roberto, Ulyanov, Alexei, Vacchi, Andrea, Wu, Xin, and Zoglauer, Andreas

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

e-ASTROGAM (`enhanced ASTROGAM') is a breakthrough Observatory mission dedicated to the study of the non-thermal Universe in the photon energy range from 0.3 MeV to 3 GeV. The mission is based on an advanced space-proven detector technology, with unprecedented sensitivity, angular and energy resolution, combined with polarimetric capability. In the largely unexplored MeV-GeV domain, e-ASTROGAM will open a new window on the non-thermal Universe, making pioneering observations of the most powerful Galactic and extragalactic sources, elucidating the nature of their relativistic outflows and their effects on Galactic ecosystems. With a line sensitivity in the MeV energy range one to two orders of magnitude better than previous generation instruments, will determine the origin of key isotopes fundamental for the understanding of supernova explosion and the chemical evolution of our Galaxy. The mission will provide unique data of significant interest to a broad astronomical community, complementary to powerful observatories such as LIGO-Virgo-GEO600-KAGRA, SKA, ALMA, E-ELT, TMT, LSST, JWST, Athena, CTA, IceCube, KM3NeT, and the promise of eLISA. Keywords: High-energy gamma-ray astronomy, High-energy astrophysics, Nuclear Astrophysics, Compton and Pair creation telescope, Gamma-ray bursts, Active Galactic Nuclei, Jets, Outflows, Multiwavelength observations of the Universe, Counterparts of gravitational waves, Fermi, Dark Matter, Nucleosynthesis, Early Universe, Supernovae, Cosmic Rays, Cosmic antimatter., Comment: Exp Astron (2017)

Published
2016
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11. The Compton Spectrometer and Imager

Author

Tomsick, John, primary, Boggs, Steven, additional, Zoglauer, Andreas, additional, Hartmann, Dieter H., additional, Ajello, Marco, additional, Burns, Eric, additional, Fryer, Chris, additional, Karwin, Chris, additional, Kierans, Carolyn, additional, Lowell, Alex, additional, Malzac, Julien, additional, Roberts, Jarred, additional, Saint-Hilaire, Pascal, additional, Shih, Albert, additional, Siegert, Thomas, additional, Sleator, Clio, additional, Takahashi, Tadayuki, additional, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, additional, Wulf, Eric, additional, Beechert, Jacqueline, additional, Gulick, Hannah, additional, Joens, Alyson, additional, Lazar, Hadar, additional, Neights, Eliza, additional, Martinez Oliveros, Juan Carlos, additional, Matsumoto, Shigeki, additional, Melia, Tom, additional, Yoneda, Hiroki, additional, Amman, Mark, additional, Bal, Dhruv, additional, von Ballmoos, Peter, additional, Bates, Hugh, additional, Böttcher, Markus, additional, Bulgarelli, Andrea, additional, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, additional, Chang, Hsiang-Kuang, additional, Chen, Claire, additional, Chu, Che-Yen, additional, Ciabattoni, Alex, additional, Costamante, Luigi, additional, Dreyer, Lente, additional, Fioretti, Valentina, additional, Fenu, Francesco, additional, Gallego, Savitri, additional, Ghirlanda, Giancarlo, additional, Grove, Eric, additional, Huang, Chien-You, additional, Jean, Pierre, additional, Khatiya, Nikita, additional, Knödlseder, Jürgen, additional, Kraus, Martin, additional, Leising, Mark, additional, Lewis, Tiffany, additional, Lommler, Jan, additional, Marcotulli, Lea, additional, Martinez Castellanos, Israel, additional, Mittal, Saurabh, additional, Negro, Michela, additional, Al Nussirat, Samer, additional, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, additional, Oberlack, Uwe, additional, Palmore, David, additional, Panebianco, Gabriele, additional, Parmiggiani, Nicolò, additional, Pike, Sean, additional, Rogers, Field, additional, Schutte, Hester, additional, Sheng, Yong, additional, Smale, Alan, additional, Smith, Jacob Russell, additional, Trigg, Aaron, additional, Venters, Tonia, additional, Watanabe, Yu, additional, and Zhang, Haocheng, additional

Published
2023
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12. The Advanced Compton Telescope Mission

Author

Boggs, Steven E., Kurfess, James, Ryan, James, Aprile, Elena, Gehrels, Neil, Kippen, Marc, Leising, Mark, Oberlack, Uwe, Wunderer, Cornelia, Zych, Allen, Bloser, Peter, Harris, Michael, Hoover, Andrew, Klimenk, Alexei, Kocevski, Dan, McConnell, Mark, Milne, Peter, Novikova, Elena I., Phlips, Bernard, Polsen, Mark, Sturner, Steven, Tournear, Derek, Weidenspointner, Georg, Wulf, Eric, Zoglauer, Andreas, Baring, Matthew, Beacom, John, Bildsten, Lars, Dermer, Charles, Hartmann, Dieter, Hernanz, Margarita, Smith, David, and Starrfield, Sumner

Subjects
Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT), the next major step in gamma-ray astronomy, will probe the fires where chemical elements are formed by enabling high-resolution spectroscopy of nuclear emission from supernova explosions. During the past two years, our collaboration has been undertaking a NASA mission concept study for ACT. This study was designed to (1) transform the key scientific objectives into specific instrument requirements, (2) to identify the most promising technologies to meet those requirements, and (3) to design a viable mission concept for this instrument. We present the results of this study, including scientific goals and expected performance, mission design, and technology recommendations., Comment: NASA Vision Mission Concept Study Report, final version. (A condensed version of this report has been submitted to AIAA.)

Published
2006
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13. Detection of the 67.9 keV and 78.4 keV lines associated with the radioactive decay of Ti-44 in Cassiopeia A

Author

Vink, Jacco, Laming, J. Martin, Kaastra, Jelle, Bleeker, Johan, Bloemen, Hans, and Oberlack, Uwe

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

We report the detection of the Sc-44 nuclear decay lines at 67.9 keV and 78.4 keV associated with the nuclear decay of Ti-44 in Cassiopeia A. The line emission was observed by the PDS instrument on board BeppoSAX, which recently observed the supernova remnant for over 500 ks. The detection of the line emission with a flux of (2.1 +/-0.7) 10^{-5} ph/cm^2/s in each line (90% confidence) is at the 5 sigma significance level, if we can assume that the 12-300 keV continuum is adequately represented by a single power law. However, as the nature of the continuum is not clear we investigate various other possibilities. A more conservative estimate of the line flux is made by assuming that a power law continuum is at least a good approximation to the continuum emission for a narrower 30-100 keV energy range. With this limitation the measured line flux is (1.9 +/- 0.9) 10^{-5} ph/cm^2/s, with the detection still at the 3.4 sigma significance level. We suggest that together with the CGRO-COMPTEL measurement of the Ca-44 line at 1157 keV of (3.5 +/- 0.9) 10^{-5} ph/cm^2/s a flux for all three lines of (2.5 +/- 1.0) 10^{-5} ph/cm^2/s for Cas A can be adopted. This implies an initial Ti-44 mass of (0.8 - 2.5) 10^{-4} Msun., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted to appear in ApJ Letters v560 (small corrections, plus expanded "Observation and Data" section)

Published
2001
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14. Search for 1.809 MeV Emission of 26Al from nearby Supernova Remnants using COMPTEL

Author

Knoedlseder, Juergen, Oberlack, Uwe, Diehl, Roland, Chen, Wan, and Gehrels, Neil

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

We report the negative results of our searches in COMPTEL data for 1.809 MeV gamma-ray line emission from four localized regions which contain nearby supernova remnants (SNRs). The upper flux limits (2 Sigma) are found to be in the range of 1.4*10e-5 to 2.4*10e-5 photons/s/cm/cm. These upper limits do not severely constrain the theoretical 26Al yields from individual core collapse supernovae due to large uncertainties in the SNR distances and the nature of the progenitor stars., Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in A&AS

Published
1996

15. Neutron transmission measurements at nELBE

Author

Junghans Arnd, Beyer Roland, ClauBner Jürgen, Kögler Toni, Urlass Sebastian, Bemmerer Daniel, Ferrari Anna, Schwengner Ronald, Wagner Andreas, Dietz Mirco, Frotscher Axel, Grieger Marcel, Hensel Thomas, Koppitz Martina, Ludwig Felix, Turkat Steffen, Nolte Ralf, Pirovano Elisa, Kopecky Stefan, Nyman Markus, Plompen Arjan, Schillebeeckx Peter, Borris Erik, Reifarth René, Veltum Daniel, Weigand Mario, Glorius Jan, Görres Joachim, Oberlack Uwe, and Wenz Daniel

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Neutron total cross sections are an important source of experimental data in the evaluation of neutron-induced cross sections. The sum of all neutron-induced reaction cross sections can be determined with a precision of a few per cent in a relative measurement. The neutron spectrum of the photoneutron source nELBE extends in the fast region from about 100 keV to 10 MeV and has favourable conditions for transmission measurements due to the low instantaneous flux of neutrons and low gamma-flash background. Several materials of interest (in part included in the CIELO evaluation or on the HPRL of OECD/NEA) have been investigated: 197Au [1, 2], natFe [2], natW [2], 238U, natPt, 4He, natO, natNe, natXe. For gaseous targets high pressure gas cells with flat end-caps have been built that hold up to 200 bar pressure. The experimental setup will be presented including results from several transmission experiments and the data analysis leading to the total cross sections will be discussed.

Published
2020
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16. Gamma-ray astrophysics in the MeV range

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, primary, Tatischeff, Vincent, additional, Argan, Andrea, additional, Brandt, Søren, additional, Bulgarelli, Andrea, additional, Bykov, Andrei, additional, Costantini, Elisa, additional, Silva, Rui Curado da, additional, Grenier, Isabelle A., additional, Hanlon, Lorraine, additional, Hartmann, Dieter, additional, Hernanz, Margarida, additional, Kanbach, Gottfried, additional, Kuvvetli, Irfan, additional, Laurent, Philippe, additional, Mazziotta, Mario N., additional, McEnery, Julie, additional, Morselli, Aldo, additional, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, additional, Oberlack, Uwe, additional, Pearce, Mark, additional, Rico, Javier, additional, Tavani, Marco, additional, Ballmoos, Peter von, additional, Walter, Roland, additional, Wu, Xin, additional, Zane, Silvia, additional, Zdziarski, Andrzej, additional, and Zoglauer, Andreas, additional

Published
2021
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17. Catching Element Formation In The Act. The Case for a New MeV Gamma-Ray Mission: Radionuclide Astronomy in the 2020s. A White Paper for the 2020 Decadal Survey

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, John Beacom, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stéphane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, E., Brown, Peter, Bruenn, Steve, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Côté, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, Deboer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Domínguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Fröhlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Görres, Joachim, Goriely, Stéphane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Austin Harris, J., Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-Aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Höflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, José, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, Mcenery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mösta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Müller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken Ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martínez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Röpke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, Mackenzie, West, Christopher, Craig Wheeler, J., Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, Portegies Zwart, Simon, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), HEP, INSPIRE, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions.

Published
2019

18. Catching Element Formation In The Act.:The Case for a New MeV Gamma-Ray Mission: Radionuclide Astronomy in the 2020s. A White Paper for the 2020 Decadal Survey

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, Beacom, John, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stephane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, Ed, Brown, Peter, Budtz-Jorgensen, Steve Bruenn. Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Cote, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, deBoer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Dominguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Frohlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Gorres, Joachim, Goriely, Stephane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Harris, J. Austin, Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Hoflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, Jose, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, McEnery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mosta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Muller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken'ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O'Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martinez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Ropke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, MacKenzie, West, Christopher, Wheeler, J. Craig, Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, and Zwart, Simon Portegies

Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. The unique information provided by MeV gamma-ray astronomy to help address frontiers makes now a compelling time for the community to advocate for a new mission to be operational in the 2020s and beyond.

Published
2019

19. All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory: Exploring the Extreme Multimessenger Universe

Author

McEnery, Julie E., van der Horst, Alexander, Dominguez, Alberto, Moiseev, Alexander, Marcowith, Alexandre, Harding, Alice, Lien, Amy, Giuliani, Andrea, Inglis, Andrew, Ansoldi, Stefano, Stamerra, Antonio, Manousakis, Antonios, Strong, Andy, Bambi, Cosimo, Patricelli, Barbara, Baring, Matthew, Barrio, Juan Abel, Bastieri, Denis, Fields, Brian, Beacom, John, Beckmann, Volker, Bednarek, Wlodek, Rani, Bindu, Boggs, Steven, Bolotnikov, Aleksey, Cenko, S. Brad, Buckley, Jim, Grefenstette, Brian, Hui, Michelle, Pittori, Carlotta, Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda, Shrader, Chris, Gouiffes, Christian, Kierans, Carolyn, Wilson-Hodge, Colleen, D'Ammando, Filippo, Castro, Daniel, Kocveski, Daniel, Gasparrini, Dario, Thompson, David, Williams, David, De Angelis, Alessandro, Bernard, Denis, Digel, Seth, Morcuende, Daniel, Charles, Eric, Bissaldi, Elisabetta, Hays, Elizabeth, Ferrara, Elizabeth, Bozzo, Enrico, Grove, Eric, Wulf, Eric, Bottacini, Eugenio, Caroli, Ezio, Kislat, Fabian, Oikonomou, Foteini, Giordano, Francesco, Longo, Francesco, Fryer, Chris, Fukazawa, Yasushi, Georganopoulos, Markos, De Nolfo, Georgia, Vianello, Giacomo, Kanbach, Gottfried, Younes, George, Blumer, Harsha, Hartmann, Dieter, Hernanz, Margarita, Takahashi, Hiromitsu, Li, Hui, Agudo, Ivan, Moskalenko, Igor, Stumke, Inga, Grenier, Isabelle, Smith, Jacob, Rodi, James, Perkins, Jeremy, Gelfand, Joseph, Holder, Jamie, Knodlseder, Jurgen, Kopp, Joachim, Lenain, Jean-Philippe, Álvarez, José-Manuel, Metcalfe, Jessica, Krizmanic, John, Stephen, John B., Hewitt, Jack, Mitchell, John, Harding, Pat, Tomsick, John, Racusin, Judith, Finke, Justin, Kargaltsev, Oleg, Klimenko, Alexei V., Krawczynski, Henric, Smith, Karl, Kubo, Hidetoshi, Di Venere, Leonardo, Marcotulli, Lea, Lommler, Jan, Parker, Lucas, Baldini, Luca, Foffano, Luca, Zampieri, Luca, Tibaldo, Luigi, Petropoulou, Maria, Ajello, Marco, Meyer, Manuel, López, Marcos, McConnell, Marc, Boettcher, Markus, Cardillo, Martina, Martinez, Manel, Kerr, Matthew, Mazziotta, M. Nicola, Di Mauro, Mattia, Wood, Matthew, Meyer, Eileen, Briggs, Michael, De Becker, Michaël, Lovellette, Michael, Doro, Michele, Sanchez-Conde, Miguel A., Moss, Michael, Mizuno, Tsunefumi, Ribó, Marc, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Neilson, Naoko Kurahashi, Auricchio, Natalia, Omodei, Nicola, Oberlack, Uwe, Ohno, Masanori, Orlando, Elena, Otte, Nepomuk, Coppi, Paolo, Bloser, Peter, Zhang, Haocheng, Laurent, Philippe, Pohl, Martin, Prandini, Elisa, Shawhan, Peter, Caputo, Regina, Campana, Riccardo, Rando, Riccardo, Woolf, Richard, Johnson, Robert, Mignani, Roberto, Walter, Roland, Ojha, Roopesh, da Silva, Rui Curado, Dietrich, Stefano, Funk, Stefan, Zane, Silvia, Anton, Sonia, Buson, Sara, Cutini, Sara, Saz Parkinson, Pablo, Schirato, Richard, Griffin, Sean, Kaufmann, S., Stawarz, Łukasz, Ciprini, Stefano, Del Sordo, Stefano, Jones, Sam, Guiriec, Sylvain, Tajima, Hiro, Cheung, Teddy, The, Lih-Sin, Venters, Tonia, Porter, Troy, Linden, Tim, Barres, Ulisses, Paliya, Vaidehi S., Bozhilov, Vladimir, Vestrand, Tom, Tatischeff, Vincent, Chen, Wenlei, Wang, Xilu, Tanaka, Yasuyuki, Uhm, Lucas, Zhang, Bing, Zimmer, Stephan, Zoglauer, Andreas, and Wadiasingh, Zorawar

Subjects
astro-ph.HE, Astro-ph.IM, astro-ph.IM
Published
2019

20. Going to the Bottom of the Explosion that Formed Cas A

Author

Oberlack, Uwe and Vink, Jacco

Subjects
Astronomy
Abstract

The purpose of this INTEGRAL AO 1 proposal was to observe the gamma-ray lines at 1157 keV, as well as 68 keV and 78 keV of the (44)Ti decay chain from the youngest known galactic supernova remnant Cas A. The radioactive decay of (44)Ti in Cas A was first detected by COMPTEL in the 1157 keV line and later confirmed in the lower energy lines using BeppoSAX data. Despite the second confirming measurement, the flux value still has a considerable error, due to a low signal over background ratio and the poor definition of the continuum background in the range of 70 - 100 keV above the line energies. In addition to improving this flux measurement, INTEGRAL has the unique capability, in principle, to measure the line width of the emission. This type of measurement can further constrain supernova explosion models. Unfortunately, the INTEGRAL instrumental background, especially in the SPI spectrometer, turned out to be significantly higher than estimated at the time of proposal submission before launch. This, and to a smaller extent the reduced effective exposure time of about 1.5 Ms compared to requested 2.5 Ms, has precluded us from reaching the sensitivity necessary for this measurement. Studies of the background variability with the goal of improving background modeling are ongoing, and additional 2.5 Ms observing time has just been approved for the next observing cycle.

Published
2005

21. Consolidating the Cygnus Region 1.809 MeV Emission

Author

Oberlack, Uwe

Subjects
Space Radiation
Abstract

The analysis of additional Cygnus observations together with a further improved background model resulted in an update of the 1.809 MeV allsky map. Along with improvements of the data, the Cygnus region has been studied in greater detail and compared to a model of non-stationary nucleosynthesis following the evolution of young OB associations. This model has been vastly extended to include additional observables such as dynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM), following the evolution of superbubbles, and the emission of ionizing ultraviolet light. The rich OB associations Cygnus OB 1 and OB 2 could indeed account for a large fraction of the 'Cygnus West' emission. Emission from 'Cygnus East' however, cannot easily be modelled by the sparse Cygnus OB 7 association. This led to a study on the impact of a newly proposed Al-26 source, massive close binaries. It is found that a very significant Al-26 contribution from massive close binaries would be needed to account for the observed emission in Cygnus East, which would single out this region from other observations. It appears more likely that deeper observations (e.g., in the near infrared) are needed to get a better estimate on the population of massive stars in Cygnus East.

Published
2000

22. The e-ASTROGAM gamma-ray space observatory for the multimessenger astronomy of the 2030s

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, primary, Tavani, Marco, primary, Oberlack, Uwe, primary, Hanlon, Lorraine, primary, Walter, Roland, primary, Argan, Andrea, primary, von Ballmoos, Peter, primary, Bulgarelli, Andrea, primary, Donnarumma, Immacolata, primary, Hernanz, Margarita, primary, Kuvvetli, Irfan, primary, Curado da Silva, Rui M., primary, Tatischeff, Vincent, primary, Grenier, Isabelle, primary, Mallamaci, Manuela, primary, Pearce, Mark, primary, Zdziarski, A., primary, Aboudan, Alessio, primary, Ajello, Marco, primary, Ambrosi, Giovanni, primary, Bernard, Denis, primary, Bernardini, Elisa, primary, Bonvicini, Valter, primary, Brogna, Andrea, primary, Branchesi, Marica, primary, Budtz-Jorgensen, Carl, primary, Bykov, Andrei, primary, Campana, Riccardo, primary, Cardillo, Martina, primary, Ciprini, Stefano, primary, Coppi, Paolo S., primary, Cumani, Paolo, primary, De Martino, Domitilla, primary, Diehl, Roland, primary, Doro, Michele, primary, Fioretti, Valentina, primary, Funk, Stefan, primary, Ghisellini, Gabriele, primary, Grove, Eric, primary, Giordano, Francesco, primary, Hamadache, Clarisse, primary, Hartmann, Dieter H., primary, Hayashida, M., primary, Kanbach, Gottfried, primary, Kiener, Jürgen, primary, Knödlseder, Jürgen, primary, Labanti, Claudio, primary, Laurent, Philippe, primary, Leising, Mark, primary, Limousin, Olivier, primary, Longo, Francesco, primary, Mannheim, Karl, primary, Marisaldi, Martino, primary, Martinez, Manel, primary, Mazziotta, Nicola M., primary, McEnery, Julie E., primary, Mereghetti, Sandro, primary, Minervini, Gabriele, primary, Moiseev, Alexander, primary, Morselli, Aldo, primary, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, primary, Orleanski, Piotr, primary, Paredes, Josep Maria, primary, Patricelli, Barbara, primary, Peyré, Jean, primary, Piano, Giovanni, primary, Pohl, M., primary, Rando, Riccardo, primary, Roncadelli, Marco, primary, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, primary, Thompson, David J., primary, Turolla, Roberto, primary, Ulyanov, Alexey, primary, Vacchi, Andrea, primary, Wu, Xin, primary, Zoglauer, Andreas, primary, and Isern, Jordi, primary

Published
2018
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24. XENON100

Author

Oberlack, Uwe, Schumann, Marc, and XENON100 Collaboration

Published
2010

25. The Advanced Compton Telescope

Author

Boggs, Steven, primary, Kurfess, James, additional, Ryan, James, additional, Aprile, Elena, additional, Gehrels, Neil, additional, Kippen, Marc, additional, Leising, Marc, additional, Oberlack, Uwe, additional, Wunderer, Cornelia, additional, Zych, Allen, additional, Bloser, Peter, additional, Harris, Michael, additional, Hoover, Andrew, additional, Klimenk, Alexei, additional, Kocevski, Dan, additional, McConnell, Mark, additional, Milne, Peter, additional, Novikova, Elena I., additional, Phlips, Bernard, additional, Polsen, Mark, additional, Sturner, Steven, additional, Tournear, Derek, additional, Weidenspointner, Georg, additional, Wulf, Eric, additional, Zoglauer, Andreas, additional, Baring, Matthew, additional, Beacom, John, additional, Bildsten, Lars, additional, Dermer, Charles, additional, Hartmann, Dieter, additional, Hernanz, Margarita, additional, Smith, David, additional, and Starrfield, Sumner, additional

Published
2006
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28. An upgraded data-acquisition system for the balloon-borne liquid xenon [gamma]-ray imaging telescope LXeGRIT

Author

Aprile, Elena, Curioni, Alessandro, Giboni, Karl-Ludwig, Oberlack, Uwe, and Ventura, Sandro

Subjects
Nuclear reactions -- Research, Telescope -- Research, Astrophysics -- Research, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

LXeGRIT is a balloon-borne Compton telescope for MeV [gamma]-ray astrophysics, based on a liquid xenon time projection chamber (LXeTPC) with charge and light readout. The first balloon flights in 1997 revealed limitations of the trigger electronics and the data-acquisition (DAQ) system, leading to their upgrade. New electronics was developed to handle the xenon scintillation light trigger. The original processor module was replaced by a commercial VME processor. The telemetry rate was doubled to 2 x 500 kbps and onboard data storage on hard disks was implemented. Relying on a robust real-time operating system, the new DAQ software adopts an object-oriented design to implement the diverse tasks of trigger handling, data selection, transmission, and storage, as well as DAQ control and monitor functions. The new systems performed well during two flights in spring 1999 and fall 2000. In the 2000 flight, the DAQ system was able to handle 300--350 triggers/s out of a total of about 650 Hz, including charged particles. Index Terms--Compton telescope, data-acquisition system, time projection chamber (TPC), trigger.

Published
2001

29. Performance of the light trigger system in the liquid Xenon [gamma]-ray imaging telescope LXeGRIT

Author

Oberlack, Uwe, Aprile, Elena, Curioni, Alessandro, and Giboni, Karl-Ludwig

Subjects
Gamma ray astronomy -- Equipment and supplies, Astrophysics -- Equipment and supplies, Photoelectric multipliers -- Analysis, Telescope -- Design and construction, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

LXeGRIT is a balloon-borne Compton telescope for MeV [gamma]-ray astrophysics, based on a liquid xenon time projection chamber with charge and light readout. The energy and direction of an incident [gamma]-ray are reconstructed from the three-dimensional locations and energy deposits of individual interactions taking place in the homogeneous detector volume. While the charge signals provide energy information and X-Y-positions, the fast xenon scintillation light signal is used to trigger the detector. The drift time measurement, referred to the time of the trigger signal, gives the Z-position with the known drift velocity. The light is detected by four ultraviolet-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The logical OR of the PMT signals triggers the data-acquisition system with an efficiency that depends on the event energy and location, as well as on the discriminator thresholds used on the individual PMTs. Results from experiments with a tagged [sup.22]Na source give the spatial distribution of the light trigger efficiency for 511-keV [gamma]-rays. When averaged over the whole sensitive volume and all PMTs, the trigger efficiency is 47% or 40% for two discriminator windows used during the LXeGRIT balloon flight of 1999. These values are strongly affected by the different sensitivity of each PMT. The corresponding average efficiency at 511 keV for the best of the four PMTs is in fact 63% and approaches 100% for interactions taking place in a small volume right above the PMT. Index Terms--Compton telescope, [gamma]-rays, liquid xenon, scintillation, time projection chamber (TPC), trigger.

Published
2001

37. XENA: a liquid-xenon Compton telescope for gamma-ray astrophysics in the MeV regime

Author

Aprile, Elena, primary, Egorov, Valeri, additional, Giboni, Karl-Ludwig, additional, Kahn, Steven M., additional, Kozu, Tomotake, additional, Oberlack, Uwe G., additional, Centro, S., additional, Ventura, Sandro, additional, Doke, Tadayoshi, additional, Kikuchi, Jun, additional, Chupp, Edward L., additional, Dunphy, Philip P., additional, Hartmann, Dieter H., additional, Leising, Mark D., additional, and Bloemen, H., additional

Published
1998
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41. The e-ASTROGAM mission (exploring the extreme Universe with gamma rays in the MeV-GeV range)

Author

Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Tavani, Marco, Oberlack, Uwe, Grenier, Isabelle, Hanlon, Lorraine, Walter, Roland, Argan, Andrea, Ballmoos, Peter, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Hernanz, Margarita, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Pierce, Mark, Aboudan, Alessio, Ajello, Marco, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Bernard, Denis, Bernardini, Elisa, Bonvicini, Valter, Borgna, Andrea, Branchesi, Marica, Bykov, Andrei, Campana, Riccardo, Cardillo, Martina, Coppi, Paolo, Martino, Domitilla, Diehl, Roland, Michele Doro, Fioretti, Valentina, Funk, Stefan, Ghisellini, Gabriele, Grove, Eric, Hamadache, Clarisse, Hartmann, Dieter H., Hayashida, Masaaki, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kiener, Jurgen, Knodlseder, Jurgen, Labanti, Claudio, Laurent, Philippe, Limousin, Olivier, Mannheim, Karl, Marisaldi, Martino, Martinez, Manel, Mazziotta, Mario N., Mcenery, Julie, Mereghetti, Sandro, Minervini, Gabriele, Moiseev, Alexander, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Orleanski, Piotr, Paredes, Josep M., Patricelli, Barbara, Peyre, Jean, Piano, Giovanni, Pohl, Martin, Ramarijaona, Harald, Rando, Riccardo, Reichardt, Ignasi, Roncadelli, Marco, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Thompson, David J., Turolla, Roberto, Ulyanov, Alexei, Wu, Xin, Zdziarski, Andrei, and Zoglauer, Andreas

42. Catching Element Formation In The Act

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, Beacom, John, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stéphane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, E., Brown, Peter, Bruenn, Steve, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Côté, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, deBoer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Domínguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Fröhlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Görres, Joachim, Goriely, Stéphane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Austin Harris, J., Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Höflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, José, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, (John) Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, McEnery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mösta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Müller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken'ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O'Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martínez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Röpke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, MacKenzie, West, Christopher, Craig Wheeler, J., Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, and Portegies Zwart, Simon

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions., 14 pages including 3 figures

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