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ObjectivesThis study had three objectives: first, to investigate the relative importance of the five mindfulness facets to negative affect (NA) among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain; second, to test the hypothesis that observing is associated with lower NA only if occurs in an accepting manner; and third, to investigate the relation between mindfulness and obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS).MethodsOne hundred and nineteen patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain filled the Five-Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), and the Obsessive– compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). A latent variable was constructed to represent NA. Multiple regression analysis was conducted, and several indices of relative importance were calculated.ResultsExcept for Observing, all mindfulness facets had significant bivariate and unique relation with NA. Acting with Awareness was the most important predictor, followed by Nonjudging and Describing. The contribution of Nonreactivity was small. Regarding the second objective, the Observing × Nonjudging and Observing × Nonreactivity interactions were not significant. Finally, the five facets of mindfulness explained about one-half of the variance in obsession and one-fifth of the variance in compulsion. After excluding the shared variance between obsession and compulsion, mindfulness was only related to obsession.ConclusionsExcept for Observing, all mindfulness facets seem to have unique contributions to psychological symptoms; among them, Acting with Awareness seems most important. Current evidence is inconsistent in supporting the moderating role of acceptance in the influence of observing. Finally, in the context of OCS, it seems that mindfulness is more related to obsession than compulsion.

Objective Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and clinically relevant obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the general population are associated with increased thalamic volume. It is unknown whether this enlargement is explained by specific thalamic subregions. The relation between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and volume of thalamic subregions was investigated in a population-based sample of children. Method Obsessive-compulsive symptoms were measured in children (9–12 years of age) from the Generation R Study using the Short Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Screener (SOCS). Thalamic nuclei volumes were extracted from structural 3T magnetic resonance imaging scans using the ThalamicNuclei pipeline and regrouped into anterior, ventral, intralaminar/medial, lateral, and pulvinar subregions. Volumes were compared between children with symptoms above clinical cutoff (probable OCD cases, SOCS ≥ 6, n = 156) and matched children without symptoms (n = 156). Linear regression models were fitted to investigate the association between continuous SOCS score and subregional volume in the whole sample (N = 2500). Results Children with probable OCD had larger ventral nuclei compared with children without symptoms (d = 0.25, p = .025, false discovery rate adjusted p = .126). SOCS score showed a negative association with pulvinar volume when accounting for overall thalamic volume (β = −0.057, p = .009, false discovery rate adjusted p = .09). However, these associations did not survive multiple testing correction. Conclusion The results suggest that individual nuclei groups contribute in varying degrees to overall thalamic volume in children with probable OCD, although this did not survive multiple comparisons correction. Understanding the role of thalamic nuclei and their associated circuits in pediatric OCD could lead toward treatment strategies targeting these circuits.

Background Childhood trauma is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, our understanding of the different types of childhood trauma and its impact on the different types and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) is still in its infancy. Aims We conducted a systematic review to synthesise the current knowledge on the possible relationships between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in clinical and non-clinical populations. Methods We systematically searched four electronic databases for studies reporting on childhood trauma and OCS severity. Subsequently, we qualitatively synthesised results of eligible studies and effect sizes were also calculated. Results Twenty-four studies were included in this systematic review. Most studies used OCD samples (k = 16), with a few studies using a sample comprising of a range of psychiatric disorders (k = 6) and some studies using a general community sample (k = 2). Overall, there was support for a significant relationship between childhood trauma and OCS severity (8 out of 16 of the studies using OCD clinical samples, both studies using general population samples, and 5 out of 6 studies used mixed psychiatric samples). Conclusions We found evidence of a significant relationship between exposure to childhood trauma and OCS severity across clinical and non-clinical populations. Our results also suggest that a range rather than a single type of childhood trauma was associated with OCD.

Although there is increasing attention for the interrelationship between obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), their shared characteristics in terms of childhood trait antecedents remain understudied. Perfectionism may be a viable candidate trait antecedent, given its role in the clinical manifestation of both OCPD and OCD in adulthood, and the evidence that perfectionism reflects a dispositional tendency observable from childhood onwards. However, little is known about childhood trajectories of perfectionism with prospective links to later OCPD versus OCD. Using latent growth curve modeling, this study explored the baseline and growth of childhood perfectionism in 485 community and referred children (55.5% girls, 7.17–14.78 years old, Mage = 10.74, SD = 1.50) across three waves. Adolescent OCPD traits and OCD symptoms were measured in Wave 4. An overall decreasing trend of perfectionism from childhood through adolescence appeared, without inter-individual differences in growth. Individual differences in baseline levels of childhood perfectionism were significant, and equally predicting adolescent OCPD and OCD outcomes. At a more specific level, childhood perfectionism predicted most strongly the rigid perfectionism component of OCPD, and the orderliness/cleanliness/perfectionism and obsession domain of OCD. This demonstrates the value of childhood perfectionism for understanding differential outcomes of adolescent OCPD traits and OCD symptoms.

Although symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) may vary markedly, they often involve a fear of consequences that are both catastrophic and highly improbable (e.g., contracting HIV from a doorknob). Accordingly, a heightened sensitivity to what we refer to as improbable catastrophes may represent an underlying feature of OCD, yet this possibility awaits experimental validation. To fill this gap, 78 undergraduates with wide-ranging levels of OCD symptom severity completed a fear-conditioning paradigm designed to elicit varying degrees of perceived threat probability/aversiveness to test whether OCD symptoms predict heightened reactivity to unlikely, high-aversion threats. Consistent with predictions, participants with higher OCD symptoms were more avoidant of low-probability, high-aversion threats and also exhibited greater threat expectancy and physiological reactivity to more improbable threats in general. These findings implicate excessive avoidance of improbable catastrophes and heightened reactivity to unlikely threats more generally as underlying features of OCD.

Children who experience obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) may be at risk for developing Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The current study aimed to investigate developmental trajectories of OCS, as well as possible predictors, within a community-based sample of children. Children (N = 1147) from the longitudinal NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) were assessed for OCS, via the Child Behavioral Checklist – Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (OCS-8), eight times between Pre-Kindergarten (54 months; Pre-K) and High School (15 years of age; HS.) Participants were recruited within the United States and included only maternal caregivers. Preliminary analyses indicated that approximately 3% of the sample was above the diagnostic cutoff score on the OCS-8 at the High School time-point. Latent growth models tested symptom trajectories. Findings demonstrated three groups of OCS trajectories. Most children fell within a low symptomatology group (the No Peak group) with low OCS across all time points. Two additional OCS trajectories were also demonstrated: Pre-K Peak (high to low OCS across time) and HS Peak (low to high OCS across time). Both higher attention problems and greater depression/anxiety symptoms at the Pre-K time point predicted children’s membership in the Pre-K Peak or HS Peak groups compared to the No Peak group. Membership within the HS Peak group predicted a high likelihood of children’s OCS being above previously established cutoff scores for an OCD diagnosis at age 15 years. Membership within either the Pre-K Peak or No Peak groups predicted a low likelihood. This study provides new evidence for the existence of different developmental trajectories for youth with OCS. From a clinical perspective, these results may have important implications when considering the identification and early intervention of childhood OCS and OCD within the community.

Objective Commonly observed subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms in healthy children may predispose to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, investigating the underlying neurobiology may be relevant to identify alterations in specific brain circuits potentially accounting for clinical heterogeneity in OCD without the confounding effects of clinical samples. We analyzed the brain correlates of different obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a large group of healthy children using functional connectivity measures. Method We evaluated 227 healthy children (52% girls; mean [SD] age 9.71 [0.86] years; range, 8–12.1 years). Participants underwent clinical assessment with the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Child Version and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging examination. Total and symptom-specific severity were correlated with voxelwise global functional connectivity degree values. Significant clusters were then used as seeds of interest in seed-to-voxel analyses. Modulating effects of age and sex were also assessed. Results Global functional connectivity of the left ventral putamen and medial dorsal thalamus correlated negatively with total obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Seed-to-voxel analyses revealed specific negative correlations from these clusters with limbic, sensorimotor, and insular regions in association with obsessing, ordering, and doubt-checking symptoms, respectively. Hoarding symptoms were associated with negative correlations between the left medial dorsal thalamus and a widespread pattern of regions, with such associations modulated by sex and age. Conclusion Our findings concur with prevailing neurobiological models of OCD on the importance of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical dysfunction to account for symptom severity. Notably, we showed that changes in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical connectivity are present at subclinical stages, which may result in an increased vulnerability for OCD. Moreover, we mapped different symptom dimensions onto specific cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit attributes.

Text in Turkish ; Abstract: Turkish and English Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-59) xi, 71 leaves Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 pandemi sürecindeki bireylerde obsesif kompulsif belirti, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve durumluk kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Çalışmada 233’ü (%70.2) kadın ve 99’u (%29.8) erkek olmak üzere toplam 332 yetişkin katılımcıya internet üzerinden ulaşılmış olup yaş ortalaması 32.11±10.89 yıldır. Tüm katılımcılara sırasıyla Sosyodemografik ve Diğer Bilgi Formu, Padua Envanteri-Washington Eyalet Üniversitesi Revizyonu (PE-WEÜR), Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği Kısa Formu (BTÖ-12) ve Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği (DKÖ) uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada katılımcılar DKÖ toplam puanı bakımından karşılaştırıldığında, bekar, yalnız yaşayan, toplu taşıma kullanan, evinde Covid-19 risk grubundan bireyler ile yaşayan, ekonomik düzeyi düşük katılımcıların kaygı düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan basit doğrusal regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre BTÖ-12 alt boyutlarından hem ileriye yönelik kaygının hem de engelleyici kaygının kaygı düzeyini yordadığı görülmüştür. Yapılan çoklu regresyon analiz sonuçlarına göre ise birlikte ele alındıklarında belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük kaygıyı yordarken obsesif kompulsif belirtilerin kaygıyı yordamadığı saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Çalışmanın bulgularından yola çıkarak belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeylerinin obsesif kompulsif belirti düzeylerini yordayıcı bir etken olduğu gözlenmektedir. Pandemi sürecinin belirsizlik içeren doğası düşünüldüğünde, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyi yüksek olan bireylerin bu dönemde kaygı düzeylerinin de yüksek olması beklenen şekilde doğrulanmıştır. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obsessive compulsive symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: In this study, a total of 332 adult participants, with 233 (70.2%) females and 99 (29.8%) males, were reached via the internet and the mean age was 32.11±10.89 years. A Sociodemographic and Other Information Form, the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision (PE-WEÜR), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale Short Form (IUS-12) and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I), respectively, were applied to all participants. Results: In the study, when the participants were compared in terms of STAI-I total scores, it was observed that the anxiety levels of the participants, who were single, living alone, using public transportation, living at home with individuals from Covid- 19 risk groups and having low economic income were higher. The simple linear regression analysis showed that both of the sub-dimensions of IUS-12, the prospective anxiety and the inhibitory anxiety, predicted the anxiety level. The multiple regression analysis showed that intolerance to uncertainty predicted anxiety when taken together, while obsessive compulsive symptoms did not. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it was observed that the individuals’ level of intolerance of uncertainty was a predictive factor for obsessive-compulsive symptom levels. Considering the uncertain nature of the pandemic process, it was confirmed, as expected, that individuals with high level of intolerance to uncertainty also had high levels of anxiety during this period. GİRİŞ Araştırmanın Amacı ve Önemi Araştırmanın Başlıca Hipotezleri Araştırma Soruları Araştırmanın Varsayımları ve Sınırlılıkları Tanımlar GENEL BİLGİLER Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk Obsesif Kompulsif Belirtiler Obsesyonlar Obsesyon Alt Boyutları Kompulsiyonlar Kompulsiyon Alt Boyutları Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Engelleyici Kaygı ve İleriye Yönelik Kaygı Alt Boyutları Obsesif Kompulsif Belirtiler ile Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Arasındaki İlişki Kaygı Kaygı Belirtileri Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük ile Kaygı Arasındaki İlişki Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk ile Kaygı Arasındaki İlişki YÖNTEM Araştırmanın Örneklemi Veri Toplama Araçları Sosyodemografik ve Diğer Bilgi Formu (Ek B) Padua Envanteri Washington Eyalet Üniversitesi Gözden Geçirilmiş Formu (PE-WEÜR) (Ek C) Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği Kısa Formu (BTÖ-12) (Ek D) Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği (DKÖ) (EK E) İstatistiksel Analiz BULGULAR Örneklemin İncelenmesi Örneklemin Sosyodemografik Özellikleri Örneklemin Covid-19 Pandemi Süreci ile İlişkili Özellikleri Ölçeklerin İncelenmesi Ölçeklerin Güvenirlik Analizi Bilgileri Örneklemin Ölçek Puanları Ölçeklerin Normallik Analizleri Farklı Sosyodemografik ve Diğer Özellikteki Katılımcıların Ölçek Puanları Açısından Karşılaştırılması Yaş, Eğitim Süresi ve Ölçek Puanları Arasındaki İlişki Regresyon Analizleri TARTIŞMA SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER

Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (pOCD) refers to the onset/exacerbation of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) during the perinatal period. This disorder has been studied in mothers, with limited research conducted on fathers. The aim of the current study was to conduct the first systematic review of research investigating the experience of pOCD in fathers. A systematic review was conducted via electronic searches of Scopus, ProQuest, APA PsychNet, PubMed, and EBSCOhost. There were 523 articles identified and screened for eligibility, resulting in six eligible studies included in the final review. All studies reported the presence of subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms in fathers during the perinatal period, with the prevalence comparable to mothers. Compared to mothers, however, fathers were found to report less intrusion-related distress. Two studies reported a correlation between dysfunctional beliefs, negative appraisal of intrusions, and pOCD symptoms. Common categories of obsessive thoughts and compulsions experienced by fathers were also identified. Fathers appear susceptible to pOCD, which is consistent with the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of OCD. Future research is recommended, therefore, to investigate clinical prevalence and severity of pOCD in fathers, particularly relative to mothers, and further investigate the role of dysfunctional beliefs in the development of pOCD.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an increase in obsessive-compulsive disorder/symptoms (OCD/OCS). However, knowledge is limited regarding the trajectories of OCS during the pandemic, as well as their predictors and mechanisms (e.g., experiential avoidance, EA). The aim of this study was to describe the trajectories of OCS and the identification of associated factors. We assessed 1207 participants of the general population in March 2020 (t1) and June 2020 (t2). Pre-pandemic data was available from March 2014 for a subsample (n = 519). To define trajectories, we determined OCS status (OCS+/−). We performed a hierarchical multinomial logistic regression to investigate predictors of trajectories. Between t1 and t2, 66% of participants had an asymptomatic trajectory (OCS−/OCS−); 18% had a continuously symptomatic trajectory (OCS+/OCS+). Ten percent had a delayed-onset trajectory (OCS−/OCS+), and the recovery trajectory group (OCS+/OCS−) was the smallest group (6%). Higher education reduced the odds of an OCS+/OCS− trajectory. OCS in 2014 was associated with increased odds of showing an OCS+/OCS+ or OCS−/OCS+ trajectory. When EA at t1 and change in EA from t1 to t2 were added to the model, higher EA at t1 was associated with increased odds of scoring above the cut score on one or more of the assessments. A higher decrease in EA from t1 to t2 reduced the probability of showing an OCS+/OCS+ and an OCS−/OCS+ trajectory. While the current data supports a slight increase in OCS during the pandemic, trajectories differed, and EA seems to represent an important predictor for an unfavorable development.

It is well established that the transition to new parenthood is associated with the onset or worsening of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS); however, less is known regarding specific risk factors associated with the development of postpartum OCS. The present prospective study examined experiential avoidance and interpretations of intrusive thoughts as predictors of the development of postpartum OCS in first-time mothers and fathers. Participants were 64 expecting parents (33 mothers and 31 partners—all fathers) who were followed from the 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy into the postpartum. All completed measures of postpartum OCS, experiential avoidance, and interpretations of intrusive thoughts. Experiential avoidance and the pre-existing tendency to misinterpret intrusive thoughts were predictors of infant-related OCS in the early postpartum, but not at six months postpartum. These findings provide support for particular psychological risk factors in the development of infant-related OCS among first-time mothers and fathers. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.

Childhood maltreatment is thought to be associated with suicidality in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although the underlying mechanism of this relationship is not clear, cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs) and the specific OC symptoms including unacceptable obsessional thoughts (UOTs) and responsibility for harm (RFH) may underlie this link. Accordingly, the study aimed to assess the effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal ideation through UOTs, RFH, and adaptive and maladaptive CERSs in OCD patients. Three hundred patients meeting a DSM-5 diagnosis of OCD were selected and completed the scales measuring childhood maltreatment, OCD, suicidality, and depressive symptoms. After controlling for depressive symptoms and OCD severity, childhood maltreatment was shown to affect suicidal ideation directly. Also, the indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal ideation was mediated by adaptive CERSs, UOTs, and RFH. The findings show that OCD patients with a history of childhood maltreatment, less use of adaptive CERSs, and the experiences of UOTs and RFH should be carefully considered regarding suicidal risk.

Background Structural research on the construct of affect intolerance (an overarching latent construct indicated by distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity) has only been conducted in adults. Given that a self-report measure of distress tolerance was recently validated for youth and affect intolerance may be a core mechanism of transdiagnostic interventions for internalizing disorders, we examined how affect intolerance relates to internalizing symptoms in youth. We predicted that a latent affect intolerance factor (indicated by distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity) would be associated with self and parent-reports of youth anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, controlling for age and gender. Methods At a pre-treatment evaluation, youth with a primary depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder (N=277) aged 8-17, and their parent, completed questionnaires. Results Greater levels of the affect intolerance factor predicted greater youth- and parent-reported youth anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, controlling for age. Limitations Future research should replicate findings in a sample with a greater proportion of depressed youth and utilize experimental or longitudinal methods. Conclusions Importantly, distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity are core transdiagnostic processes that can be targeted in cognitive-behavioral interventions. Future research should examine how transdiagnostic interventions for youth with internalizing disorders can target these cross-cutting emotional vulnerabilities.

Previous research has shown that intrusive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often focus on emotionally significant aspects of individuals' lives (e.g., values and beliefs). The current study sought to expand our understanding of OC symptoms related to sexual orientation (SO-OC symptoms) by investigating the roles of homophobia (i.e., negative attitudes, affect, and behaviors toward individuals with a same-gender orientation) and disgust propensity and sensitivity. A total of 592 self-identified heterosexual college students were recruited to complete measures of homophobia, disgust propensity and sensitivity, and SO-OC symptoms. Results of separate parallel mediation analyses indicated that the relationships between homophobic affect/attitudes and avoidance/aggression on one hand, and SO-OC symptoms on the other, were partially mediated specifically by disgust sensitivity, after controlling for gender. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, including how homophobia can be conceptualized as a disgust response in the treatment of SO-OC symptoms, as well as how other constructs of potential interest (sexual and moral disgust, religiosity, conservative sexual ideology) can be examined in future research.

INTRODUCTION[|]This study aims to examine the relationship between partner focused and romantic relationship obsessive compulsive with ruminative thinking style, body image, social appearance anxiety. The second aim of the study is to examine the sociodemographic variables thought to be related to relationship centered and partner focused obsessive compulsive symptoms.[¤]METHODS[|]The data has been collected via internet from 689 individuals who were in a romantic relationship between the ages of 18-30. For the aim of collecting information, demographic information form, Partner Related Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Relationship Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale and Body-Cathexis Scale have been used. [¤]RESULTS[|]According to the performed structural equation modelling, it has been observed that ruminative thinking style predicts the relationship centered and partner focused obsessive compulsive symptoms and sub-dimensions positively. Body image and social appearance anxiety positively predict the partner focused obsessive compulsive symptoms and its sub-dimensions. Furthermore, it was found that partner focused obsessive compulsive symptoms positively predict relationship centered obsessive compulsive symptoms.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]In this study, it was concluded that the model created with ruminative thinking style, body image and social appearance anxiety, which is thought to be effective in revealing partner focused and romantic relationship obsessive compulsive symptoms is an acceptable model. It is thought that investigating the structures that may be effective in revealing the symptoms will serve to better understand this obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) subtype and overall OCD and contribute to the diagnosis / treatment of this area.[¤]

Purpose The term orthorexia nervosa is used to describe the pathological fixation associated with consuming healthy food. It is assumed that orthorexia nervosa shares some phenomenological features with anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other mental disorders. Individuals with orthorexic tendencies may have high physical activity as well as a healthy diet. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of orthorexia nervosa with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, eating attitudes, and several sociodemographic features. Patients and Methods We included 63 patients diagnosed with OCD, 63 healthy volunteers who perform physical exercises at least three days a week, at least 30 minutes a day, and 63 healthy volunteers who do not perform physical exercises regularly. Sociodemographic data form, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, ORTO-11 Scale, Eating Attitude Test, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5 CV) were administered to all participants. OCD data form was also applied to patients with OCD diagnosis. Results We found a statistically significant relationship between current order-symmetry obsessions and orthorexic tendencies in patients with OCD (p 0.05). Orthorexic tendencies were found to increase as impaired eating attitudes increased in participants who regularly performed physical exercises and patients with OCD (p

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the unique explanatory role of cannabis use motives above the effects of each other, for the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and different aspects of cannabis misuse among young adults. The transitional years of young adulthood are characterized by new opportunities for experimentation as well as novel external stressors. Collectively, this makes this developmental epoch a sensitive time for manifestations of cannabis misuse.

Objective: Cognitive flexibility and social cognition are the appropriate models for understanding psychological problems, through which people can meet various challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive flexibility and social cognition with obsessive-compulsive symptoms among female students at Allameh Tabataba’i University. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 200 students female students at Allameh Tabataba’i University in Tehran studying in the academic year 2018-2019 selected by random multiple cluster sampling method. The used tools were cognitive flexibility inventory, student social cognition questionnaire, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms inventory. Results: There was a negative significant correlation between the total score of obsessive-compulsive symptoms with cognitive flexibility and social cognition. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that cognitive flexibility and social cognition can explain obsessive-compulsive symptoms in students. Conclusion: Studying cognitive flexibility and social cognition is an efficient method to understand the underlying factors associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Evaluation of these factors can be useful in the prevention and treatment of these symptoms.

Amaç: Şizofrenide obsesif kompülsif semptomların (OKS) ve obsesif kompülsif bozukluğun (OKB) görülme sıklığı yüksek olup; şizofrenide OKS/OKB eş tanısının özelliklerini araştıran çalışmalarda çelişkili sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada şizofreni hastalarında OKS/OKB eş tanısının sosyodemografik ve klinik özellikler ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya Dışkapı Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Polikliniğine başvuran 280 şizofreni hastası dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya alınan Pozitif ve Negatif Belirtileri Değerlendirme Ölçeği (SAPS-SANS), Calgary Şizofrenide Depresyon Ölçeği (CŞDÖ) ve Yale Brown Obsesyon Kompülsiyon Ölçeği (YBOKÖ) uygulanmıştır. OKB eş tanısı olmayan hastalar ve eşik altı OKS bulunan hastaların klinik özellikleri ayrı olarak OKB eş tanılı hastaların özellikleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz için tanımlayıcı testler ve Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: OKB eş tanısı olan hastaların SANS, SAPS ve KPDÖ puanları eş tanısı olmayan hastalardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p< 0.05). Ayrıca, OKB eş tanılı hastalarda eş tanı bulunmayan hastalara göre daha düşük İGD puanı ile daha yüksek CŞDÖ puanı saptanmıştır (p< 0.05). OKB eşik altı semptomları bulunan hastaların klinik özellikleri SANS ve CŞDÖ puanları OKB eş tanısı bulunan hastalardan istatiksel farklılık göstermemiştir (p> 0.05). Sonuç: OKB eş tanısı bulunan ve bulunmayan hastaların klinik özellikleri arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğu görülmüştür. OKB eş tanısında pozitif, negatif ve depresif semptom şiddeti daha yüksek işlevsellik ise daha düşük bulunmuştur. Bununla beraber, eşik altı OKS olan hastalar ile OKB eş tanılı hastaların negatif ve depresif belirti şiddetleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Şizofrenide OKS ve OKB eş tanısının klinik öneminin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Obsessive and compulsive symptoms are only partially explained by current cognitive-behavioral models. A complementary proposal, behavioral dysregulation, considers cognitive inflexibility (a malfunction of the capacity of switching between mental processes in order to generate appropriate behavioral responses) as an endophenotype of OCD. However, it is unclear whether deficits in cognitive flexibility are specific to individuals with OCD, or whether cognitive underperformance in OCD should instead be explained by nonspecific factors. Here, we probed cognitive flexibility by using symptom-related stimuli in a probabilistic reversal learning task. We compared performance of individuals with two closely related OCD-related phenomena: OC symptoms and “Not Just Right Experiences.” Data were analyzed through computational models of reinforcement learning. Academic achievement was used for comparison as an unrelated learning task. Our results support the inflexibility specificity hypothesis, but only for the processing of symptom-related triggers. Clinical implications are discussed in relation to contemporary CBT models.

Background:Despite substantial research attention on obsessive beliefs, more research is needed to understand how these beliefs serve as aetiological or maintaining factors for obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Magical thinking may allow individuals to gain a sense of control when experiencing intrusive thoughts and corresponding obsessive beliefs, potentially accounting for why OC belief domains are often related to OC symptoms.Aims:This study examines magical thinking as a mediating variable in the relationship between OC belief domains and symptoms.Method:Undergraduate students (n = 284) reported their obsessive beliefs, magical thinking, and OC symptoms.Results:As expected, there were significant indirect effects for the belief domain of inflated responsibility and over-estimation of threat on OC symptoms via magical thinking. There was also an indirect effect for the belief domain of importance and control of thoughts on OC symptoms via magical thinking. Unexpectedly, there was no indirect effect involving the belief domain of perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty.Conclusions:Magical thinking may be one mechanism through which certain OC beliefs lead to OC symptoms. It may be that magical thinking serves as a coping mechanism in response to elevated beliefs. Future studies should extend these findings across time and clinical samples.

Antipsychotics with a prominent anti-serotoninergic profile have risks of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). These types of OCS are remain mostly intractable to existing treatments because of the dilemma between the antipsychotic effects and the OCS adverse effects, both of which brought by serotoninergic-blocking profile. This state forced us to seek non-serotonergic system pharmaceuticals. Memantine, as a glutamatergic drug, is the adjunctive agent most consistently showing an effective impact in primary OCD, however its benefit in antipsychotics-associated OCS has not been reported. Herein, we presented a case of a 34-year-old male schizophrenia patient who experienced antipsychotics-associated OCS which could not be relieved by routine managements. He had fallen into dilemma of either aggravated OCS or poorly controlled schizophrenia. Eventually his condition got significant relief by individualized utilization of antipsychotics to control psychosis and by memantine to deal with his OCS. This is the first case to report the benefit of memantine in SGAs-associated OCS. It suggests that memantine is a worth considering approach, especially when the OCS are resistant to routine managements. Moreover, this case would be helpful for clinicians to know the etiology of SGAs-associated OCS, as indicated by the interesting changes after every adjustment of antipsychotics in the whole therapeutic course.