39 results on '"Office du Niger"'
Search Results
2. Colonial Agricultural Development Schemes
- Author
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van Beusekom, Monica
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Une Approche Participative Pour Améliorer La Maintenance Du Reseau Et La Gestion De L'eau Dans Un Périmètre Irrigué Au mali.
- Author
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Dicko, Mohamed, Diawara, Bandiougou, Tangara, Bréhima, Jamin, Jean‐Yves, Rougier, Jean‐Emmanuel, and Bah, Sékou
- Subjects
MAINTENANCE ,WATER use ,COMMUNITIES of practice ,DECISION making ,IRRIGATION - Abstract
Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
4. Rice farmer’s poverty and its determinants: evidence from Dogofiri village of Office du Niger zone in Mali
- Author
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Brahima Coulibaly, Shixiang Li, and Zhanqi Wang
- Subjects
rice farmer ,poverty ,determinants ,Office du Niger ,Mali ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to contribute to a better understanding of rice farmer’s poverty of Office du Niger (ON) in Mali at village-level. Data were collected through survey with 110 head family farms in the village of Dogofiri. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the main determinants of poverty. Results indicated that the factors of physical capital and human capital as well as government policy have a significant influence on the poverty of family farms through production, age, family size, education and health support, agricultural credit and water fees. Policies aimed to improve the family farm’s income and boosting rice production to alleviate poverty ought to be based on these factors.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A Hybrid MultiLayer Perceptron Under-Sampling with Bagging Dealing with a Real-Life Imbalanced Rice Dataset
- Author
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Moussa Diallo, Shengwu Xiong, Eshete Derb Emiru, Awet Fesseha, Aminu Onimisi Abdulsalami, and Mohamed Abd Elaziz
- Subjects
classification algorithms ,imbalanced dataset ,climate change ,rice dataset ,office du Niger ,Information technology ,T58.5-58.64 - Abstract
Classification algorithms have shown exceptional prediction results in the supervised learning area. These classification algorithms are not always efficient when it comes to real-life datasets due to class distributions. As a result, datasets for real-life applications are generally imbalanced. Several methods have been proposed to solve the problem of class imbalance. In this paper, we propose a hybrid method combining the preprocessing techniques and those of ensemble learning. The original training set is undersampled by evaluating the samples by stochastic measurement (SM) and then training these samples selected by Multilayer Perceptron to return a balanced training set. The MLPUS (Multilayer perceptron undersampling) balanced training set is aggregated using the bagging ensemble method. We applied our method to the real-life Niger_Rice dataset and forty-four other imbalanced datasets from the KEEL repository in this study. We also compared our method with six other existing methods in the literature, such as the MLP classifier on the original imbalance dataset, MLPUS, UnderBagging (combining random under-sampling and bagging), RUSBoost, SMOTEBagging (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique and bagging), SMOTEBoost. The results show that our method is competitive compared to other methods. The Niger_Rice real-life dataset results are 75.6, 0.73, 0.76, and 0.86, respectively, for accuracy, F-measure, G-mean, and ROC with our proposed method. In contrast, the MLP classifier on the original imbalance Niger_Rice dataset gives results 72.44, 0.82, 0.59, and 0.76 respectively for accuracy, F-measure, G-mean, and ROC.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Ein ewiges Hin und Her Widerstand gegen Vertreibung durch „Entwicklung” im Bewässerungsprojekt Office du Niger, Mali.
- Author
-
Bendix, Daniel
- Abstract
This paper explores peasant resistance to displacement caused by the land grabbing activities of the Office du Niger in Mali, which was established during French colonial rule. The case under scrutiny is a decade-long dispute over agricultural land between small-scale farmers and a major Malian business operator. The paper identifies three strategies of peasant resistance (collective action, addressing the state, national and international alliances) and their potentials and restrictions. It argues that the struggle for restitution of the dispossessed land and/or for compensation for the dispossessed land has so far been unsuccessful because there is no unity between the resisting actors and because the Office du Niger's administration acts like a "cunning" state within the state. The resistance is successful in so far as it persists; here, transnational alliances and reaching out to "donors" has proven particularly effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL WATER ALLOCATION ON THE ECOSYSTEMS IN THE INNER NIGER RIVER DELTA.
- Author
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Kassambara, Barry, Homayoon Ganji, and Takamitsu Kajisa
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL water supply ,IRRIGATION water - Abstract
The Niger River is a lifeline for humans and biodiversity in Africa's Sahelian region. Owing to climate change and population increase over the past three decades, the inhabitants of the Sahel have witnessed that their ecosystem is under threat, and a significant reduction of its resources has occurred, particularly in the Inner Niger Delta. In the recent years, because of the Malian government's policy of developing large-scale irrigation, a sustained rate of expansion of around 5,000 ha of new reclamation area has been seen each year in Office du Niger located upstream of the Inner Delta. The expansion of annual rice double cropping and sugarcane cultivation constitute the main factors for the reduction of the water resources downstream in this Delta. This paper analyzes the hydrological impacts of this large-scale irrigation and crop pattern on the floodplain of the Inner Delta during high-flow and low-flow periods. The study results indicated that despite the rainfall and recent increases in upstream flows of the Niger River, the flooded area size has reduced. We could confirm that the annual average water-withdrawal proportion barely changed during the high-flow period but changed significantly during the low-flow period when the size of the paddy rice and sugarcane area increased. Therefore, changing the crop pattern toward vegetables instead of paddy rice and sugarcane during the low-flow period might be a solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Ostrich-Like Strategies in Sahelian Sands? Land and Water Grabbing in the Office du Niger, Mali
- Author
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Thomas Hertzog, Amandine Adamczewski, François Molle, Jean-Christophe Poussin, and Jean-Yves Jamin
- Subjects
Land grabbing ,water management ,irrigation scheme ,Office du Niger ,Mali ,Hydraulic engineering ,TC1-978 - Abstract
In recent years, large-scale agricultural investment projects have increased in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of the growing appetites of local and international investors for land resources. Research has so far mainly focused on land issues, but the water implications of these land deals are starting to surface. Taking the Office du Niger (ON), in Mali, as a case study, we show that while around 100,000 ha is currently being cultivated, mostly by smallholders, a total of 600,000 ha of land has been allocated in the past ten years to investors in large-scale farming. This process has largely bypassed the official procedure established by the ON at regional level. The allocation of new lands has shifted to the national level, with an attempt to recentralize the management of land deals and associated benefits at the highest level, despite contrary efforts by foreign donors to strengthen the ON. This article describes the complex allocation process based on 'behind-closed-doors' negotiations. It then analyses the implications of the land deals on water issues by focusing on the strategies of actors to limit the risk of future water shortages, the current and expected difficulties in water management and allocation, and the emerging spatial and social redistribution of benefits and risk that signals a process of water grabbing.
- Published
- 2012
9. Ein ewiges Hin und Her
- Author
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Daniel Bendix
- Subjects
Widerstand ,displacement ,Agricultural development ,050204 development studies ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0507 social and economic geography ,Westafrika ,Internationale Beziehungen ,Mali ,050701 cultural studies ,Sociology & anthropology ,irrigation ,Development policy ,West africa ,resistance ,land grabbing ,transnational activism ,Office du Niger ,Afrique-Europe-Interact ,African Development Bank ,BMZ ,Vertreibung ,agricultural development ,Entwicklung ,Political science ,West Africa ,0502 economics and business ,Sociology of Developing Countries, Developmental Sociology ,Bewässerung ,landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung ,development ,development policy ,Wirtschaftswachstum ,Entwicklungspolitik ,Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie ,05 social sciences ,Entwicklungshilfe ,development aid ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,economic growth ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,ddc:301 ,International relations ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,Humanities ,ddc:327 - Abstract
Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag untersucht bauerlichen Widerstand gegen Vertreibung durch Landgrabbing in dem zu Zeiten der franzosischen Kolonialherrschaft gegrundeten Entwicklungsprojekt Office du Niger in Mali. In dem analysierten Fall handelt es sich um eine fast zehn Jahre andauernde Auseinandersetzung zwischen Kleinbauerinnen und -bauern und einem malischen Grosunternehmer um landwirtschaftlich nutzbare Flachen. Es werden drei Strategien kleinbauerlichen Widerstands identifiziert (kollektives Vorgehen, Anrufung des Staates, nationale und internationale Allianzen) und deren Moglichkeiten und Beschrankungen diskutiert. Der Artikel argumentiert, dass der Kampf um Ruckgabe des entzogenen Landes bzw. fur umfassende Kompensation bislang erfolglos war, weil zum einen keine Einigkeit zwischen den Akteur*innen des Widerstands besteht und zum anderen die Verwaltungsbehorde Office du Niger wie ein „listiger“ Staat im Staat agiert. Erfolgreich ist der Widerstand hingegen insofern, als er immer noch andauert, wobei insbesondere transnationale Allianzbildung und die Adressierung von „Gebern“ wie der Afrikanischen Entwicklungsbank und dem BMZ Wirkung zeigt. Schlagworter: landgrabbing, Vertreibung durch Entwicklung, Widerstand, transnationaler Aktivismus, Mali, Office du Niger, Afrique-Europe-Interact, Afrikanische Entwicklungsbank, BMZ ----- An Everlasting Back and Forth. Resistance against Development-Induced Displacement in the Irrigation Scheme Office du Niger, Mali Abstract This paper explores peasant resistance to displacement caused by the land grabbing activities of the Office du Niger in Mali, which was established during French colonial rule. The case under scrutiny is a decade-long dispute over agricultural land between small-scale farmers and a major Malian business operator. The paper identifies three strategies of peasant resistance (collective action, addressing the state, national and international alliances) and their potentials and restrictions. It argues that the struggle for restitution of the dispossessed land and/or for compensation for the dispossessed land has so far been unsuccessful because there is no unity between the resisting actors and because the Office du Niger’s administration acts like a “cunning” state within the state. The resistance is successful in so far as it persists; here, transnational alliances and reaching out to “donors” has proven particularly effective. Keywords: land grabbing, development-induced displacement, resistance, transnational activism, Mali, Office du Niger, Afrique-Europe-Interact, African Development Bank, BMZ ----- Bibliographie: Bendix, Daniel: Ein ewiges Hin und Her. Widerstand gegen Vertreibung durch „Entwicklung“ im Bewasserungsprojekt Office du Niger, Mali, PERIPHERIE – Politik • Okonomie • Kultur, 2-2019, S.264-291. https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v39i2.07
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Ostrich-Like Strategies in Sahelian Sands? Land and Water Grabbing in the Office du Niger, Mali.
- Author
-
Hertzog, Thomas, Amandine Adamczewski, François Molle, Jean-Christophe Poussin, and Jamin, Jean-Yves
- Abstract
In recent years, large-scale agricultural investment projects have increased in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of the growing appetites of local and international investors for land resources. Research has so far mainly focused on land issues, but the water implications of these land deals are starting to surface. Taking the Office du Niger (ON), in Mali, as a case study, we show that while around 100,000 ha is currently being cultivated, mostly by smallholders, a total of 600,000 ha of land has been allocated in the past ten years to investors in large-scale farming. This process has largely bypassed the official procedure established by the ON at regional level. The allocation of new lands has shifted to the national level, with an attempt to recentralize the management of land deals and associated benefits at the highest level, despite contrary efforts by foreign donors to strengthen the ON. This article describes the complex allocation process based on 'behind-closed-doors' negotiations. It then analyses the implications of the land deals on water issues by focusing on the strategies of actors to limit the risk of future water shortages, the current and expected difficulties in water management and allocation, and the emerging spatial and social redistribution of benefits and risk that signals a process of water grabbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
11. Select annotated bibliography.
- Author
-
Hart, Keith
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Notes.
- Author
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Hart, Keith
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The state in agricultural development.
- Author
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Hart, Keith
- Abstract
Under the domination of a patrimonial regime only certain kinds of capitalism are able to develop: capitalist trading; capitalist tax farming, lease and sale of offices; capitalist provision of supplies for the state and the financing of wars; under certain circumstances, capitalist plantations and other colonial enterprises. The revenue crisis in West Africa The development of agriculture in West Africa is illuminated greatly if we consider the principal local actors to be the rulers of preindustrial states. The economies of these states are backward, rural, undercapitalized, and decentralized. The problem faced by all modern regimes – precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial – has been how to extract from a largely agricultural population a reliable income sufficient to support the regime's expenditure needs. In this matter the successor states are somewhat at a disadvantage, because their standing in the world depends on levels and kinds of spending that were unthinkable twenty years ago, and they are not able to take some of the shortcuts in revenue collection that were available to their predecessors. Much has been made of outside pressure emanating from the centers of world capitalism; but I would like to consider here the internal pressures and options that have pushed all the successor states to base their strategies for independent government on control of agriculture in one form or another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The organization of agricultural production.
- Author
-
Hart, Keith
- Abstract
The population of a country in which commodity economy is poorly developed (or not developed at all) is almost exclusively agricultural. This, however, must not be understood as meaning that the population is engaged solely in agriculture: it only means that the population, while engaged in agriculture, itself processes the products of agriculture, and that exchange and the division of labor are almost non-existent. The traditional organization of farming Any discussion of modem developments in West African agriculture should begin and end with the rural division of labor that constitutes the social context of productive strategies. This chapter begins with a brief recapitulation of traditional economic structure in areas marked either by a complex structure of commodity production or by a simple division of labor. After a detailed examination of forest and savannah agriculture in the modern period and a more cursory look at the use of livestock, the chapter concludes with an assessment of the effects of these developments on the rural division of labor as a whole. As we have seen, traditional agriculture was carried out within the framework of a wider division of labor, which was developed to a high degree in some places, notably in the savannah civilizations around the Niger and Senegal rivers. The division of labor was less developed in the intermediate belt and in the forest away from the coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Rice farmer’s poverty and its determinants: evidence from Dogofiri village of Office du Niger zone in Mali
- Author
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Zhanqi Wang, Shixiang Li, and Brahima Coulibaly
- Subjects
General Veterinary ,Descriptive statistics ,Poverty ,business.industry ,poverty ,Agriculture (General) ,Farm income ,Public policy ,Agriculture ,determinants ,Mali ,Human capital ,S1-972 ,Office du Niger ,Geography ,Physical capital ,Family farm ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Socioeconomics ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,rice farmer - Abstract
The aim of this research was to contribute to a better understanding of rice farmer’s poverty of Office du Niger (ON) in Mali at village-level. Data were collected through survey with 110 head family farms in the village of Dogofiri. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the main determinants of poverty. Results indicated that the factors of physical capital and human capital as well as government policy have a significant influence on the poverty of family farms through production, age, family size, education and health support, agricultural credit and water fees. Policies aimed to improve the family farm’s income and boosting rice production to alleviate poverty ought to be based on these factors.
- Published
- 2020
16. Water management as a tool for malaria mosquito control?
- Author
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Klinkenberg, E., Huibers, F., Takken, W., and Toure, Y. T.
- Subjects
IRRIGATION water ,MALARIA prevention ,RICE field irrigation ,IRRIGATION ,WATER supply ,DRAINAGE ,AGRICULTURAL technology - Abstract
A field study was carried out in the rice irrigation scheme Office du Niger, Mali, to observe malaria mosquito larval development as related to differences in field irrigation practices, such as water level, irrigation application and irrigation frequency. The main aim was to find out to what extent field water management can be considered as a tool for vector control for this irrigation system. The results show that minor differences in water management do result in small differences in mosquito development, with respect to larval densities and species composition. The main malaria vector for the area, An. gambiae s.l., developed predominantly in the first six weeks after transplanting. Due to improper drainage after harvest An. gambiae s.l. breeding quickly re-established on fields where small water pools remained. Although further research is needed, suggestions for mosquito control in the Office du Niger would be a strict performance of the agricultural calendar in combination with a rotation of transplanting in large blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Perception by farmers of the determinants of irrigated rice yield in Mali
- Author
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Diawara, Bandiougou, Dicko, Mohamed, Coulibaly, Yacouba, N’Diaye, Mamadou Kabirou, Jamin, Jean-Yves, and Poussin, Jean-Christophe
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Entre agriculture familiale et agrobusiness : quel développement pour les territoires de l’Office du Niger au Mali ?
- Author
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Bertoncin, Marina, Pase, Andrea, and Quatrida, Daria
- Subjects
territoire ,Office du Niger ,agriculture familiale ,agriculture industrielle ,logiques d'action ,Office du Niger, agriculture familiale, agriculture industrielle, territoire, logiques d'action - Published
- 2019
19. Perception by farmers of the determinants of irrigated rice yield in Mali
- Author
-
Yacouba M. Coulibaly, Bandiougou Diawara, Jean-Christophe Poussin, Jean-Yves Jamin, Mamadou Kabirou N'Diaye, Mohamed Koulan Dicko, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Environmental Engineering ,Mains electricity ,Yield (finance) ,F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Participatory approach ,01 natural sciences ,Farmers' perceptions ,Agricultural science ,Yield indicators ,West Africa ,Production (economics) ,F06 - Irrigation ,Irrigation ,2. Zero hunger ,Sustainable development ,business.industry ,Crop yield ,Farmers’ perceptions ,Oryza ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Office du Niger ,Rendement des cultures ,Agriculture ,Scale (social sciences) ,Sustainability ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Système de culture ,Business ,Rice ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; AbstractRecommendations for crop management are based on agronomic diagnoses of yield determinants at plot scale usually without the farmers being involved in the evaluation process. Farmers may consequently not apply the recommendations that do not account for their own perception of yield determination. We assumed that (i) farmers have their own perceptions of yield determination; (ii) it is possible to access these perceptions through individual discussions with farmers; (iii) subsequent group discussions allow knowledge to be exchanged between farmers and a common viewpoint to be reached; (iv) agronomists can use this common viewpoint as a basis for building improved solutions in collaboration with the farmers. In this study, we used participatory methods to identify and discuss the visual references the farmers consider the crop growth as indicators to forecast the yield of their plot and the drivers they think affect these indicators. The study was conducted in two sites in the Office du Niger irrigated rice scheme in Mali and comprised three steps: (i) individual discussions with rice producers about their perception of how yield is determined, (ii) group discussions to share their individual perceptions and reach a common viewpoint, (iii) analysis of these perceptions. Seven production indicators and 29 factors that may affect these indicators were identified. The three mains indicators used by farmers were tiller abundance, hill density, and grain weight per panicle. Crop practices and constraints may prevent farmers from achieving high yields, such as a delay in the supply of fertilizers or in crop establishment. They had a complex perception of yield determination that was often close to agronomic knowledge. Here we demonstrate for the first time that farmers in the Office du Niger scheme have technical knowledge to which extension services could refer to provide relevant advice and tools for managing their constraints and improving yield.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A Hybrid MultiLayer Perceptron Under-Sampling with Bagging Dealing with a Real-Life Imbalanced Rice Dataset.
- Author
-
Diallo, Moussa, Xiong, Shengwu, Emiru, Eshete Derb, Fesseha, Awet, Abdulsalami, Aminu Onimisi, and Elaziz, Mohamed Abd
- Subjects
RICE ,SUPERVISED learning ,PROBLEM solving ,CLASSIFICATION algorithms ,HYBRID rice - Abstract
Classification algorithms have shown exceptional prediction results in the supervised learning area. These classification algorithms are not always efficient when it comes to real-life datasets due to class distributions. As a result, datasets for real-life applications are generally imbalanced. Several methods have been proposed to solve the problem of class imbalance. In this paper, we propose a hybrid method combining the preprocessing techniques and those of ensemble learning. The original training set is undersampled by evaluating the samples by stochastic measurement (SM) and then training these samples selected by Multilayer Perceptron to return a balanced training set. The MLPUS (Multilayer perceptron undersampling) balanced training set is aggregated using the bagging ensemble method. We applied our method to the real-life Niger_Rice dataset and forty-four other imbalanced datasets from the KEEL repository in this study. We also compared our method with six other existing methods in the literature, such as the MLP classifier on the original imbalance dataset, MLPUS, UnderBagging (combining random under-sampling and bagging), RUSBoost, SMOTEBagging (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique and bagging), SMOTEBoost. The results show that our method is competitive compared to other methods. The Niger_Rice real-life dataset results are 75.6, 0.73, 0.76, and 0.86, respectively, for accuracy, F-measure, G-mean, and ROC with our proposed method. In contrast, the MLP classifier on the original imbalance Niger_Rice dataset gives results 72.44, 0.82, 0.59, and 0.76 respectively for accuracy, F-measure, G-mean, and ROC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Office du Niger: an Agropole project for food security in Mali?
- Author
-
Florence Brondeau, Brondeau, Florence, Espaces, Nature et Culture (ENeC), and Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
famille ,Economic growth ,family ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Population ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,agricultural development ,Agricultural policy ,agricultural policy ,education ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,agriculture ,politique agricole ,2. Zero hunger ,Geography (General) ,education.field_of_study ,Food security ,business.industry ,The Office du Niger ,1. No poverty ,021107 urban & regional planning ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Office du Niger ,Agriculture ,Economic and monetary union ,G1-922 ,Business ,Water grabbing ,Green Revolution ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
In many African countries, food security is now more valued by agricultural policies than ever before. Since WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) regards the irrigated area of the Niger Office in Mali as the “rice bowl” of West Africa, this agricultural area has thus become at the heart of regional economy and politics. In this context, agricultural development programs are multiplying, leading to the “new green revolution” supported by international organizations, donors and a number of foundations. These development projects are usually managed by foreign private investors and benefit from large-scale land allocation. This model of agricultural and commercial development has been criticized as a form of land and water grabbing. It raises questions with regards to its role in securing the population’s food supply and the future of small family farms. The role of small farming in food security was recently reaffirmed during the “International Year of Family Farming” (2014). La sécurité alimentaire constitue plus que jamais une priorité dans les politiques agricoles de nombreux pays d'Afrique. Considéré par l’UEMOA (Union Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) comme " le grenier à riz" Z de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, la zone irriguée de l'Office du Niger au Mali, se trouve de ce fait au cœur d'enjeux économiques et politiques régionaux. Dans ce contexte, des programmes d'aménagement à vocation agricole se multiplient de façon à mener " la nouvelle révolution verte " prônée par les organismes internationaux et les bailleurs de fonds et soutenue par un certain nombre de fondations. Menés par des investisseurs privés, pour certains étrangers, ils bénéficient d'attributions foncières à grande échelle. Interprété comme une forme d'accaparement des ressources en terre et en eau, le développement de cet agrobusiness pose question quant à sa vocation à sécuriser l'approvisionnement alimentaire des populations et quant à l'avenir des agricultures familiales dont le rôle en matière de sécurité alimentaire a été réaffirmé à l'occasion de " l'Année Internationale des Agricultures Familiales " (2014). 在许多非洲国家,如今粮食安全比以往任何时候都更加受到农业政策的重视。由于WAEMU(西非经济和货币联盟)将驻马里的尼日尔办事处的灌溉区视为西非的“饭碗”,这一农业区因此成为区域经济和政治的核心问题。在这种背景下,农业发展计划正在成倍地增加,从而引领由国际组织,捐助者以及若干基金会鼎力支持的“新绿色革命”。这些发展项目通常由外国私人投资者管理,并从大规模的土地分配中受益。这种农业与商业发展模式被批评为一种对土地和水资源的攫取。因而有关这些发展项目的真实作用的问题格外显著,尤其在确保人口粮食供应和小型家庭农场的未来发展等方面。最近举行的“国际家庭农业年”(2014年)重申了小型农场在粮食安全方面的作用。
- Published
- 2018
22. Agro-business et développement dans la région de l’Office du Niger (Mali)
- Author
-
Florence Brondeau
- Subjects
agriculture familiale ,riegue ,office du Niger ,gestión del agua ,gestion de l’eau ,الزراعة الأسرية ,Oficina del Niger ,الري ,التجارة الزراعية ,irrigation ,agro-bisness ,acceso a los bienes raíces ,ديوان النيجر ,water management ,agricultura familiar ,accès au foncier ,agro-business ,family agriculture ,تسيير الموارد المائية ,Niger Office ,تحصيل الأراضي - Abstract
L’évolution du marché mondial des céréales et l’éclatement d’émeutes de la faim font plus que jamais de la sécurité alimentaire une des priorités des politiques agricoles dans les pays du Sud. Dans ce contexte, le Mali est considéré comme une puissance agricole macro,régionale potentielle. Des programmes d’aménagement colossaux sont entrepris dans les systèmes irrigués de l’Office du Niger et laissent augurer des mutations sans précédent. Le modèle de développement basé sur l’agriculture familiale semble donc être remis en question au profit de la promotion de l’agro,business dans un contexte de privatisation foncière. Cette région est à l’aube de recompositions socio,spatiales et de désajustements tant socio,économiques qu’environnementaux que l’on commence tout juste à pressentir, alors que la vocation de l’agro,business à sécuriser l’approvisionnement alimentaire du Mali et des pays voisins suscite bien des réserves. The world cereal market evolution and the hunger riot outbreaks make food product security more than ever a priority for agricultural polices in the countries of the South. In this context, Mali is considered as a powerful macro regional agricultural potential. Huge installation programs have been undertaken in the Niger Office irrigated land systems letting one foresee changes without precedent. The development model base on family agriculture thus seems to be questioned in favor of agro,business promotion within a real estate privatization context. This region is at the dawn of socio,spatial rearrangements and readjustments in so much as socio,economic as environmental that one is just starting to feel, however the agro,business vocation for safe food provisions for the Mali and its neighbors arouses a lot of reticence. La evolución del mercado mundial de las cereales y la explosión de motín del hambre hacen parte más que nunca, de la seguridad alimentaria una de las prioridades de los políticas agrícolas en los países del Sur. En este contexto, Mali es considerado como una potencia agrícola macro regional potencial. Se emprendieron importantes programas de organización en los sistemas de riegos de la Oficina de Niger y dejan augurar mutaciones sin precedentes. El modelo de desarrollo basado sobre la agricultura familiar parece volverse a poner en cuestión en beneficio de la promoción del agro bisness en el contexto de privatización territorial. Esta región está al borde de recomposiciones socio espaciales y de desajustes tanto socio,económicos como ambientales que sólo acabamos de presentir, mientras la vocación del agro bisness para asegurar el suministro alimentario de Mali y de los países vecinos suscitan muchas reservas. إن تطور سوق الحبوب العالمية و تفشي أعمال الشغب جعلت من الأمن الغذائي، أكثر من أي وقت مضى، إحدى أولويات السياسية الزراعية في بلدان الجنوب. و في هذا السياق، يعد المالي أحد أهم القوى الزراعية الجهوية الكبرى. و قد تم تسخير برامج ضخمة لتجهيز أنظمة الري بديوان النيجر مما أنجر عنه تغيير لم يسبق له مثيل، كما تم التشكيك في نموذج التنمية القائم على الزراعة الأسرية لمصلحة ترقية التجارة الزراعية في إطار خوصصة الأراضي.و يبدو أن هذه المنطقة التي هي على عتبة التكوين من جديد، على المستوى الاجتماعي و الفضائي، تعرف في الوقت ذاته تعديلا سوسيو إقتصاديا و بيئيا.هذا، في حين أن التوجه نحو التجارة الزراعية لتأمين الذخيرة الغذائية للمالي و البلدان المجاورة هو أمر يثير الكثير من التحفظات.
- Published
- 2015
23. Accès à la terre et à l’eau dans la zone de l’Office du Niger au Mali : les propositions de réforme du Syndicat des exploitants agricoles familiaux
- Author
-
Roudart, Laurence, Dave, Benoît, Department of Bio, Electro And Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Financement par l'ERC subvention CER n° 230400 (2009-2014), INIDA, Programme Lascaux - Droit, Aliments, terre (www.droit-aliments-terre.eu), European Project: 230400,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2008-AdG,LASCAUX(2009), Collart Dutilleul, François, and Analysis and assessment of the new European Agri-food Law in the contexts of food safety, sustainable development and international trade - LASCAUX - - EC:FP7:ERC2009-02-01 - 2014-01-31 - 230400 - VALID
- Subjects
Office du Niger ,[SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,[SHS.DROIT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,sécurité alimentaire ,accès à la terre ,investissement ,règlementation foncière ,Mali - Abstract
Chapitre de l’ouvrage collectif Penser une démocratie alimentaire Volume II – Proposition Lascaux entre ressources naturelles et besoins fondamentaux, F. Collart Dutilleul et T. Bréger (dir), Inida, San José, 2014, pp. 291-297.; International audience; En 2006, le gouvernement du Mali promulgua une Loi d’orientation agricole qui reconnaît l’existence et le savoir-faire des exploitations agricoles familiales, mais qui ouvre aussi la voie à des attributions de terres à de nouveaux acteurs. Depuis lors, de très nombreuses attributions de terres ont eu lieu dans la zone de l’Office du Niger, qui est située dans le delta intérieur du fleuve Niger, à plus de 200 km au nord-est de Bamako. Cet article présente une analyse des modalités actuelles d’accès à la terre pour les exploitants agricoles familiaux et pour les nouveaux acteurs. Il expose ensuite les propositions de réforme formulées par le Syndicat des exploitants agricoles de l’Office du Niger (SEXAGON), ainsi que les résultats des analyses de faisabilité économique et juridique de celles-ci.
- Published
- 2014
24. Un « grenier pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest » ?
- Author
-
Brondeau, Florence
- Subjects
Office du Niger ,agriculture familiale ,agri-business ,agro-business ,family agriculture ,water management schemes ,Niger Office ,Mali ,Sahelian zone ,aménagements hydrauliques ,irrigation ,zone sahélienne - Abstract
La sécurisation de l’approvisionnement alimentaire des pays les plus pauvres constitue plus que jamais une des priorités définies par les politiques agricoles. Le Mali, fort des succès de la « révolution verte » engagée à l’Office du Niger, se retrouve propulsé au cœur des enjeux politiques et économiques régionaux. L’UEMOA et la CEN-SAD souhaitent faire de cette zone irriguée qui « une plateforme d’intégration régionale », qui « un grenier pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest ». Des investissements colossaux affluent vers ces systèmes irrigués dont la surface devrait au moins doubler d’ici 2020. Ces programmes laissent augurer des mutations sans précédent : la promotion de l’agro-business condamne les exploitations familiales tandis que des recompositions socio-spatiales majeures se profilent. Des questions restent par ailleurs en suspens quant à la capacité de ce système à assurer la sécurisation de l’approvisionnement alimentaire des populations et quant à la durabilité d’une telle gestion des ressources. Securing food supplies for the poorest countries is more than ever a priority of agricultural policy. Mali has experienced a successful ‘Green Revolution’ but, as a result, finds itself at the centre of regional political and economic challenges. The UEMOA and CEN-SAD wanted to make this irrigated zone a basis for regional integration or a granary for West Africa. Massive investment has been directed towards these irrigated areas which should at least double in size by 2020. These programmes imply unprecedented changes: developing agri-business condemns family farms whilst major socio-spatial changes are emerging. Certain questions remain unanswered, however, concerning the capacity of this system to guarantee food supplies for the population and the sustainability of such a management of resources.
- Published
- 2012
25. Conséquences du développement des cultures de contre-saison sur l'irrigation et la dynamique de la nappe phréatique à l'Office du Niger (Mali)
- Author
-
Tangara, Bréhima and Jamin, Jean-Yves
- Subjects
riziculture ,nappe ,Isopiestic line ,rice cropping systems ,Dry season crops ,modeling ,water table dynamics ,Office du Niger ,[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,water management ,groundwater ,dynamique ,gestion de l'eau ,Culture de contre saison ,[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study ,Irrigation ,isopièze ,transect ,modélisation - Abstract
During the last 10 years, the surface area cropped during dry season has considerably increased in Office du Niger while new irrigated areas were equipped. It noticeably increased irrigation water requirement especially during low water period of Niger River. These new operational conditions combined with the poor network design and the weak irrigation management increased the amount of water losses that are percolating towards water table. That consequently contributes to produce the current shallow water table, which is endangering agriculture development. The research goal aims at better characterizing and quantifying conditions of dry season cropping system development which is commonly considered to create high water losses and soil degradation conditions. The scientific purpose of the research aim at modeling the hydraulic system in order to assess the inter-annual impact of dry season cropping system development on irrigation performance and ground water table behavior. The developed approach consisted in (i) collecting and analyzing available secondary data, (ii) conducting on site survey and, (iii) setting up a monitoring device so as to get data necessary to a modeling process able to assess irrigation performance and to predict the increase of the ground water table. The socio economic secondary data analysis shows a significant increase of surface areas cropped during dry season that led to remove the initially designed land use. It brings farmers by developing these new farming practices endeavor to improve their household food self sufficiency and incomes. The Water management monitoring data analysis shows that dry season cropping development has increased water withdrawal rate from Niger River but conversely has cut the gross water requirement of the irrigated area by half because of the improvement of water conveyance efficiency as the cropped surface area is increasing. The monitoring of a sample of irrigation canals supplying rice fields show that the soil type of the fields is the main explanatory factor of the variability of their water intake (mean value 15 000 m3/ha). During dry season the irrigation efficiency at irrigation and plot levels is higher than during rainy season although it remains weak (65%); it improves during the cropping period from 20 à 85% as rice transplanting is implemented. Water losses conveyed by the drainage network are commonly low during dry season. At irrigation canal/plot scale, the weak irrigation efficiency is mainly caused by an over irrigation of the field before transplanting. In case of an irrigation canal supplying rice fields, these water losses provide around 25% of the amount water (200 mm), which percolates towards the groundwater table. Improved irrigation practices should reduce the ground water recharge due to rice cropping during dry season. Irrigation performances of market gardening are much weaker: the mean volume of water supplied per hectare at tertiary canal intake (14 500 m3/ha). This value is not statistically dissimilar to the rice one although rice water requirement is twice as high. The monitoring data (Kala inférieur) of the regional ground water level between 1995 and 2006 confirm the connection between the surface water table and the alluvial/continental one. It also demonstrate significant relationships between the increase of the water table volume, the surface area cropped during dry and rainy season and, the groundwater level under the irrigated area in spite of it decreases outside the irrigated area. These observations have allowed to develop groundwater modeling based on water balance likely to predict the volume of the alluvial/continental water table in proportion to the combined effect of the surface area cropped during dry and rainy season. The outputs of the simulation show that dry season irrigation supplies only 25% of the increase of the regional groundwater table volume between 2001 and 2006; the major part of it has to be ascribed to the rainy season cropping. The increased volume of the regional groundwater table and its connection with the surface one decrease the natural drainability of the cropped areas mostly during the dry season. It causes the low fluctuation of the phreatic level and results in a quasi continuous water logging of the plot soil, which restrains agricultural potentialities and increases the risk of soil alkalinization. Considering the approach based on a simplified water balance of the water table and representativeness assumptions, the identified explanatory physical processes and trends require to be corroborated. It assumes to carry on new periodic surveys of the phreatic level, and improve the monitoring device, to refine characterization of aquifer properties. These supplementary data would permit to develop a comprehensive groundwater modeling likely to not only identify management modes to prevent the agricultural constraints and environmental risks caused by the water table rise but also to use the groundwater stored as an opportunity for the further development of dry season cropping., Ces 10 dernières années ont été marquée à l'Office du Niger par une augmentation spectaculaire des superficies aménagées et cultivées en contre-saison qui ont engendré un accroissement de la demande en eau en période d'étiage du fleuve. Du fait des caractéristiques structurelles du réseau et de pratiques de gestion peu performantes induisant des pertes substantielles d'eau par infiltration, la nappe phréatique est aujourd'hui quasi sub-affleurante avec toutes ses conséquences néfastes sur les facteurs de productions. L'objectif de ce travail est de mieux comprendre et de quantifier les dynamiques engendrées par les cultures de contre-saison, auxquelles il est communément reproché d'être surconsommatrices de la ressource en eau et de favoriser des conditions favorables à la dégradation de sols par alcalinisation. Traduit en termes scientifiques, l'objectif est de développer un modèle permettant d'évaluer l'impact des modes de gestion des cultures de contre-saison sur les performances de l'irrigation et sur la dynamique de la nappe phréatique. La démarche a consisté à collecter et analyser les données secondaires disponibles, mettre en place un dispositif d'enquête et de suivis de terrain sur la base desquels a été développée une modélisation des performances de l'irrigation et de la dynamique d'évolution des caractéristiques la nappe phréatique. L'analyse des données secondaires descriptives de l'évolution des systèmes de culture de contre saison à l'Office du Niger montre un accroissement notoire des superficies cultivées en contre-saison induisant une disparition du schéma de mise en valeur initialement prévu lors de la conception des aménagements. La recherche d'amélioration de leur autosuffisance alimentaire et de leurs revenus, sont les principaux déterminants de cette évolution des pratiques. Les données secondaires descriptives de la gestion de l'eau montrent que si cette dynamique a eu pour conséquence une augmentation importante du taux de prélèvement des eaux du fleuve Niger, elle a induit une réduction de moitié des vii apports par hectare cultivés en contre saison sous l'effet d'une amélioration de l'efficience de transport qui structurellement tend à s'améliorer en fonction de l'accroissement des superficies irriguées. Les résultats des études de terrain montrent qu'à l'échelle d'un arroseur cultivé en riz, le type de sol est le principal facteur explicatif de la variabilité des apports d'eau (en moyenne 15 000 m3/ha). L'efficience moyenne de l'irrigation de l'arroseur à la parcelle, bien que meilleure qu'en hivernage, reste faible (65%) ; elle croit au cours du cycle de 20 à 85% avec le taux de repiquage. Si les pertes dans le réseau de drainage restent généralement faibles (12%), les épandages systématiques d'eau sur les surfaces non encore repiquées en début de campagne sont la principale cause explicative de la valeur de l'efficience de l'irrigation et représentent de l'ordre 25% de la lame d'eau contribuant à la recharge de la nappe phréatique par hectare rizicultivé (200 mm). Leur réduction par une meilleure maîtrise de l'irrigation diminuerait d'autant contribution de la riziculture de contre-saison au soutien de la nappe. La situation du maraîchage est beaucoup plus critique : les apports par hectares en tête de partiteur (14 500 m3/ha) ne sont pas statistiquement différents de ceux du riz alors que les besoins en eau sont deux fois plus faibles. L'analyse des données du suivi de la nappe entre 1995 et 2006 à l'échelle du Kala inférieur confirme la continuité entre nappe de surface, alluviale et continentale et montre que le niveau moyen piézométrique de la nappe à l'aplomb des périmètres du Kala inférieur, augmentation de son volume et sommes des surfaces cultivées en saison des pluies et saison sèche sont significativement corrélés malgré la décroissance graduelle du niveau piézométrique de la nappe à mesure qu'on s'éloigne des périmètres. Ces constatations ont permis de modéliser, sur la base d'un bilan en eau, l'impact combiné des cultures de contre-saison et d'hivernage sur la dynamique de la nappe phréatique. Cette modélisation tend à montrer que les cultures de contre saison n'expliqueraient que de l'ordre de 25% de l'augmentation du volume de la nappe entre 2001 et 2006; le reste est à attribuer à l'irrigation des cultures d'hivernage. Cette remontée de la nappe et la continuité entre nappe de surface et nappe régionale confirmée tendent à diminuer la drainabilité naturelle des zones cultivées particulièrement en contre saison et contribuent à expliquer le faible battement de la nappe dans ces zones entrainant un engorgement pratiquement continu des sols qui contraint les conditions d'exploitation et augmente les risques d'apparition de phénomène d'alcalinisation. Compte tenu des approches utilisées basées sur des bilans d'eau et des hypothèses de représentativité supposées, les processus biophysiques des tendances que cette étude a permis d'identifier, mériteraient d'être confirmés. La poursuite de campagnes périodiques de suivi de la nappe, une caractérisation de ses propriétés hydrodynamiques ainsi que le développement de la modélisation hydrogéologique de son fonctionnement devraient être envisagés face aux enjeux qu'elle représente en termes de contraintes à la mise en valeur agricole et de risques environnementaux mais aussi de possible exploitation des ressources en eau souterraines pour la double culture.
- Published
- 2011
26. Consequences of dry-season crops development on irrigation and groundwater dynamics in the Office du Niger area (Mali)
- Author
-
Tangara, Bréhima and Jamin, Jean-Yves
- Subjects
riziculture ,nappe ,Isopiestic line ,rice cropping systems ,Dry season crops ,modeling ,water table dynamics ,Office du Niger ,[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,water management ,groundwater ,dynamique ,gestion de l'eau ,Culture de contre saison ,[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study ,Irrigation ,isopièze ,transect ,modélisation - Abstract
During the last 10 years, the surface area cropped during dry season has considerably increased in Office du Niger while new irrigated areas were equipped. It noticeably increased irrigation water requirement especially during low water period of Niger River. These new operational conditions combined with the poor network design and the weak irrigation management increased the amount of water losses that are percolating towards water table. That consequently contributes to produce the current shallow water table, which is endangering agriculture development. The research goal aims at better characterizing and quantifying conditions of dry season cropping system development which is commonly considered to create high water losses and soil degradation conditions. The scientific purpose of the research aim at modeling the hydraulic system in order to assess the inter-annual impact of dry season cropping system development on irrigation performance and ground water table behavior. The developed approach consisted in (i) collecting and analyzing available secondary data, (ii) conducting on site survey and, (iii) setting up a monitoring device so as to get data necessary to a modeling process able to assess irrigation performance and to predict the increase of the ground water table. The socio economic secondary data analysis shows a significant increase of surface areas cropped during dry season that led to remove the initially designed land use. It brings farmers by developing these new farming practices endeavor to improve their household food self sufficiency and incomes. The Water management monitoring data analysis shows that dry season cropping development has increased water withdrawal rate from Niger River but conversely has cut the gross water requirement of the irrigated area by half because of the improvement of water conveyance efficiency as the cropped surface area is increasing. The monitoring of a sample of irrigation canals supplying rice fields show that the soil type of the fields is the main explanatory factor of the variability of their water intake (mean value 15 000 m3/ha). During dry season the irrigation efficiency at irrigation and plot levels is higher than during rainy season although it remains weak (65%); it improves during the cropping period from 20 à 85% as rice transplanting is implemented. Water losses conveyed by the drainage network are commonly low during dry season. At irrigation canal/plot scale, the weak irrigation efficiency is mainly caused by an over irrigation of the field before transplanting. In case of an irrigation canal supplying rice fields, these water losses provide around 25% of the amount water (200 mm), which percolates towards the groundwater table. Improved irrigation practices should reduce the ground water recharge due to rice cropping during dry season. Irrigation performances of market gardening are much weaker: the mean volume of water supplied per hectare at tertiary canal intake (14 500 m3/ha). This value is not statistically dissimilar to the rice one although rice water requirement is twice as high. The monitoring data (Kala inférieur) of the regional ground water level between 1995 and 2006 confirm the connection between the surface water table and the alluvial/continental one. It also demonstrate significant relationships between the increase of the water table volume, the surface area cropped during dry and rainy season and, the groundwater level under the irrigated area in spite of it decreases outside the irrigated area. These observations have allowed to develop groundwater modeling based on water balance likely to predict the volume of the alluvial/continental water table in proportion to the combined effect of the surface area cropped during dry and rainy season. The outputs of the simulation show that dry season irrigation supplies only 25% of the increase of the regional groundwater table volume between 2001 and 2006; the major part of it has to be ascribed to the rainy season cropping. The increased volume of the regional groundwater table and its connection with the surface one decrease the natural drainability of the cropped areas mostly during the dry season. It causes the low fluctuation of the phreatic level and results in a quasi continuous water logging of the plot soil, which restrains agricultural potentialities and increases the risk of soil alkalinization. Considering the approach based on a simplified water balance of the water table and representativeness assumptions, the identified explanatory physical processes and trends require to be corroborated. It assumes to carry on new periodic surveys of the phreatic level, and improve the monitoring device, to refine characterization of aquifer properties. These supplementary data would permit to develop a comprehensive groundwater modeling likely to not only identify management modes to prevent the agricultural constraints and environmental risks caused by the water table rise but also to use the groundwater stored as an opportunity for the further development of dry season cropping., Ces 10 dernières années ont été marquée à l'Office du Niger par une augmentation spectaculaire des superficies aménagées et cultivées en contre-saison qui ont engendré un accroissement de la demande en eau en période d'étiage du fleuve. Du fait des caractéristiques structurelles du réseau et de pratiques de gestion peu performantes induisant des pertes substantielles d'eau par infiltration, la nappe phréatique est aujourd'hui quasi sub-affleurante avec toutes ses conséquences néfastes sur les facteurs de productions. L'objectif de ce travail est de mieux comprendre et de quantifier les dynamiques engendrées par les cultures de contre-saison, auxquelles il est communément reproché d'être surconsommatrices de la ressource en eau et de favoriser des conditions favorables à la dégradation de sols par alcalinisation. Traduit en termes scientifiques, l'objectif est de développer un modèle permettant d'évaluer l'impact des modes de gestion des cultures de contre-saison sur les performances de l'irrigation et sur la dynamique de la nappe phréatique. La démarche a consisté à collecter et analyser les données secondaires disponibles, mettre en place un dispositif d'enquête et de suivis de terrain sur la base desquels a été développée une modélisation des performances de l'irrigation et de la dynamique d'évolution des caractéristiques la nappe phréatique. L'analyse des données secondaires descriptives de l'évolution des systèmes de culture de contre saison à l'Office du Niger montre un accroissement notoire des superficies cultivées en contre-saison induisant une disparition du schéma de mise en valeur initialement prévu lors de la conception des aménagements. La recherche d'amélioration de leur autosuffisance alimentaire et de leurs revenus, sont les principaux déterminants de cette évolution des pratiques. Les données secondaires descriptives de la gestion de l'eau montrent que si cette dynamique a eu pour conséquence une augmentation importante du taux de prélèvement des eaux du fleuve Niger, elle a induit une réduction de moitié des vii apports par hectare cultivés en contre saison sous l'effet d'une amélioration de l'efficience de transport qui structurellement tend à s'améliorer en fonction de l'accroissement des superficies irriguées. Les résultats des études de terrain montrent qu'à l'échelle d'un arroseur cultivé en riz, le type de sol est le principal facteur explicatif de la variabilité des apports d'eau (en moyenne 15 000 m3/ha). L'efficience moyenne de l'irrigation de l'arroseur à la parcelle, bien que meilleure qu'en hivernage, reste faible (65%) ; elle croit au cours du cycle de 20 à 85% avec le taux de repiquage. Si les pertes dans le réseau de drainage restent généralement faibles (12%), les épandages systématiques d'eau sur les surfaces non encore repiquées en début de campagne sont la principale cause explicative de la valeur de l'efficience de l'irrigation et représentent de l'ordre 25% de la lame d'eau contribuant à la recharge de la nappe phréatique par hectare rizicultivé (200 mm). Leur réduction par une meilleure maîtrise de l'irrigation diminuerait d'autant contribution de la riziculture de contre-saison au soutien de la nappe. La situation du maraîchage est beaucoup plus critique : les apports par hectares en tête de partiteur (14 500 m3/ha) ne sont pas statistiquement différents de ceux du riz alors que les besoins en eau sont deux fois plus faibles. L'analyse des données du suivi de la nappe entre 1995 et 2006 à l'échelle du Kala inférieur confirme la continuité entre nappe de surface, alluviale et continentale et montre que le niveau moyen piézométrique de la nappe à l'aplomb des périmètres du Kala inférieur, augmentation de son volume et sommes des surfaces cultivées en saison des pluies et saison sèche sont significativement corrélés malgré la décroissance graduelle du niveau piézométrique de la nappe à mesure qu'on s'éloigne des périmètres. Ces constatations ont permis de modéliser, sur la base d'un bilan en eau, l'impact combiné des cultures de contre-saison et d'hivernage sur la dynamique de la nappe phréatique. Cette modélisation tend à montrer que les cultures de contre saison n'expliqueraient que de l'ordre de 25% de l'augmentation du volume de la nappe entre 2001 et 2006; le reste est à attribuer à l'irrigation des cultures d'hivernage. Cette remontée de la nappe et la continuité entre nappe de surface et nappe régionale confirmée tendent à diminuer la drainabilité naturelle des zones cultivées particulièrement en contre saison et contribuent à expliquer le faible battement de la nappe dans ces zones entrainant un engorgement pratiquement continu des sols qui contraint les conditions d'exploitation et augmente les risques d'apparition de phénomène d'alcalinisation. Compte tenu des approches utilisées basées sur des bilans d'eau et des hypothèses de représentativité supposées, les processus biophysiques des tendances que cette étude a permis d'identifier, mériteraient d'être confirmés. La poursuite de campagnes périodiques de suivi de la nappe, une caractérisation de ses propriétés hydrodynamiques ainsi que le développement de la modélisation hydrogéologique de son fonctionnement devraient être envisagés face aux enjeux qu'elle représente en termes de contraintes à la mise en valeur agricole et de risques environnementaux mais aussi de possible exploitation des ressources en eau souterraines pour la double culture.
- Published
- 2011
27. Al margine del campo
- Author
-
Bertoncin, Marina, Pase, Andrea, and Quatrida, Daria
- Subjects
Niger river ,Office du Niger ,Irrigation ,Territoriality ,Mali - Published
- 2010
28. Contribution des institutions de micro financement à l'agriculture familiale dans la zone de l'Office du Niger au Mali. (Contribution of microcredit institutions to family farming in the Niger office area of Mali)
- Author
-
Jean-François Bélières, Yénizié Koné, and Betty Wampfler
- Subjects
exploitations agricoles ,micro-crédit ,Mali ,Office du Niger ,Geography, Planning and Development ,farms ,microcredit ,Niger Office ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
In Mali as in most developing countries, farm credit which used to be offered by public development companies is now in the hands of private actors, among them microcredit institutions. However, the durability of these institutions still remains a major challenge, to be fulfilled with the production systems on which they rest. In the irrigated area of the Niger office, located 350 kilometers north of Bamako, the national capital of Mali, microcredit organisms as well as farm househoulds are severely impacted by the perverse effects of risks linked with agricultural activities and the consequences of a widespread deterioration of the production conditions in recent years. Mediocre harvests have contributed to a decline in the loan reimbursement capacity of many farming households. This situation creates vivid tensions between credit providers and recipients during the repayment period. The financing system remains very fragile and does not offer yet security to loan providers and borrowers alike, even though it is vital to sustain the policy of extension of farmland initiated by the governement of Mali., Au Mali comme dans la plupart des pays en développement, le crédit agricole autrefois assuré par les sociétés publiques de développement est désormais confié à des acteurs privés parmi lesquels les institutions de micro finance. Cependant, la pérennisation de ces institutions reste encore un défi majeur à relever en liaison avec celle des systèmes de production sur lesquels elles reposent. Dans la zone irriguée de l 'Office du Niger, située à 350 km au Nord est de Bamako la capitale du Mali, les institutions de micro finance comme les ménages agricoles, subissent de plein fouet les effets pervers des risques liés à l'activité agricole et les conséquences d'une dégradation générale des conditions de production au cours des dernières années. Les mauvaises récoltes ont contribué à une dégradation de la capacité de remboursement des ménages agricoles. Cette situation crée d'énormes tensions entre les offreurs et demandeurs de crédit pendant la période de remboursement. Le système de financement reste très fragile et ne sécurise pas encore ni les offreurs ni les demandeurs de crédit, alors qu 'il est vital pour soutenir la politique d'extension des terres aménagées initiée par le gouvernement malien., Koné Yénizié, Wampfler Betty, Bélières Jean-François. Contribution des institutions de micro financement à l'agriculture familiale dans la zone de l'Office du Niger au Mali. (Contribution of microcredit institutions to family farming in the Niger office area of Mali). In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, 86e année, 2009-2 ( juin). Regards croisés sur l'Ethiopie / Systèmes de production et durabilité dans les pays du Sud. pp. 258-270.
- Published
- 2009
29. Polarisation des flux de bétail par les marchés dans les régions de Ségou et Niono au Mali
- Author
-
Gautier, Denis, Corniaux, Christian, Dicko, Mohamed, Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Action Thématique Programmée ICARE, CIRAD, and Gautier, Denis
- Subjects
Office du Niger ,Livestock systems ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Flux commerciaux de bétail ,Systèmes d'élevage ,Marchés à bétail ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Livestock commercial fluxes ,Mali ,Livestock markets - Abstract
The spatial organization of cattle fluxes in the Malian region of Ségou - Niono features two main facts corresponding to two territorial scales: 1. At first glance the main livestock markets (Ségou and Niono) seem to have a large supply area in common that may be defined relatively to the neighboring regions that do not provide livestock to market; however, back at second reading, this supply basin may be divided in two systems of commercial flux that are well defined, even if they are interdependent: the cattle attractiveness basins of Niono and Ségou. Niono is the big regional cattle market for nomadic or semi-nomadic people coming from the left bank of the Niger River; Ségou is the main cattle market for farmer-herders living in its large periphery in conjunction with the 'Office du Niger'. This distinction clearly appears when considering the length and the orientation of livestock fluxes. The cattle markets attractiveness is still more determined by the livestock systems (pastoralist or agro-herding) than by commercial opportunities., L'organisation spatiale des flux de bovins dans la région de Ségou - Niono présente deux faits majeurs, correspondant à deux échelles territoriales : 1. En première analyse, les marchés principaux, Ségou et Niono, semblent avoir un grand bassin d'approvisionnement en bétail commun qui se définit quasiment en creux des régions pourtant voisines mais non pourvoyeuses de bétail ; 2. en deuxième analyse cependant, ce bassin d'attractivité peut être divisé en deux systèmes de flux commerciaux bien individualisés, même s'ils sont interdépendants : le bassin d'attractivité de Niono et celui de Ségou. Niono est le grand marché régional des éleveurs nomades ou semi-nomades venant des régions pastorales de la rive gauche du fleuve Niger ; tandis que Ségou est le grand marché des agro-éleveurs, vivant dans sa grande périphérie, en lien avec la zone Office du Niger. Cette distinction apparait clairement si on considère la longueur et l'orientation des flux de bétail. Ainsi, l'attractivité des marchés au bétail est toujours davantage déterminée par des systèmes d'élevage (transhumants ou agro-élevage) que par des opportunités d'exporter les animaux vers les marchés de Bamako et ou de l'étranger.
- Published
- 2007
30. Efficiency of the rice market channel in the Office du Niger
- Author
-
Ödén, Linnéa and Ödén, Linnéa
- Abstract
The Office du Niger is the most important rice production area in Mali. It plays an important role in ensuring food security for the country‟s rapidly growing population. In order for the Office du Niger rice sector to keep supplying consumers with sufficient amounts of rice, an efficient market channel (i.e. the chain through which the rice must pass from producer to final consumer) is needed. In an attempt to meet the growing demand for rice the Government of Mali in 2008 launched the “Rice Initiative” program, which principally consists of heavy subsidization of fertilizer and improved access to input credit. This thesis evaluates the efficiency of the market channel of the Office du Niger. It also briefly evaluates how it has been affected by the Government‟s “Rice Initiative” program. Evaluation is done through analysis of the structure and reforms of the Office du Niger rice market channel, with a main focus on efficiency in terms of competition, concentration and vertical coordination between market channel participants. Lastly, it assesses the effect of the “Rice Initiative” program on this level of efficiency. The thesis concludes that the level of competition in the market channel is very high, but that coordination is lacking. Efficiency could be improved if vertical coordination were to be encouraged, at the cost of higher market concentration and decreased competition. This should be considered when further developing the “Rice Initiative” program.
- Published
- 2011
31. Les désajustements environnementaux dans la région de l’Office du Niger : évaluation et perspectives
- Author
-
Florence Brondeau
- Subjects
dégradation environnementale ,gestion de l’eau ,lcsh:G1-922 ,élevage ,irrigation ,périmètre irrigué ,Office du Niger ,bois-énergie ,fuel wood ,water management ,breeding ,environment degradation ,office of Niger ,lcsh:Geography (General) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Les périmètres irrigués de l’Office du Niger bénéficient depuis le milieu des années 1980, de réformes et de travaux de réaménagements qui ont permis des progrès sans précédent. Il faut toutefois nuancer le bilan et souligner les désajustements environnementaux générés directement ou indirectement, à l’échelle de la région par le développement rapide des aménagements hydro-agricoles. Un certain nombre d’initiatives semblent toutefois aller dans le bon sens : tentatives d’intensification de l’élevage, adoption des Schémas Directeurs d’Aménagement des villes… Néanmoins, il apparaît indispensable d’élargir la réflexion à l’ensemble de la région, en tenant compte des relations complexes entretenues entre ces périmètres irrigués et les zones sèches voisines. Alors que les potentialités de cette région sahélienne sont exceptionnelles et que de nouveaux aménagements se profilent, il serait bon de tenir compte des erreurs commises de manière à poursuivre un processus de développement plus cohérent et plus équilibré à l’échelle régionale. The irrigated perimeters of the Office of Niger seem to take a new start as the programs of rehabilitation succeed. Nevertheless, in spite of real progresses, we have to insist on the absence of any regional conception of development in those agricultural programs. Especially, the deficiency of management of the natural resorts while the drought is persisting, leads to environmental degradations. Despite an improvement of water management, wastes are still enormous. Soils suffer diverse forms of degradation. The needs of wood for fuel are increasing rapidly, so, the supply of irrigated perimeters particularly the five urban centres is complex: the nearer wood reserves are exhausted and prices are increasing. The Office of Niger cattle count is around 300 000 animals and its management is becoming difficult. Cultures of rice and vegetables are spreading in the irrigated zone and surroundings while rain cultures are developing in the dry zone, even in the pastoral area. The degradations of the cultures and of the hydraulic network are increasing, leading to conflicts between shepherds and farmers.However, some enterprises seem to be able to stop this evolution and to preserve the resorts. The intensification of breeding is beginning in some sectors of the Office (Niono and N’Débougou), the creation of a transformation unit in Niono is inciting the production of milk. Nevertheless, these progresses stand embryonic and divided. So, it is necessary to widen the reflection to the whole region, and to consider the complicated relations which exist between the dry regions and the irrigated perimeters and the plural functions of resorts and lands. While new adjustments will be undertaken soon, it should be urgent to envisage an assessment of the errors which have been made, to be able to reflect about how to protect the ecological development of the rural societies in this region. A Regional Schema of Development is being elaborated with lots of difficulties. Negotiations have provisionally stopped because of discords between the Malian state, the Office of Niger and the AFD (French Agency of Development).
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. De la norme à la diversité : L'intensification rizicole face à la diversité paysanne dans les périmètres irrigués de l'Office du Niger (Mali)
- Author
-
Jamin, Jean-Yves, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, Michel Sebillotte(michel.sebillotte@wanadoo.fr), Projet Retail - Office du Niger, and Jamin, Jean-Yves
- Subjects
périmètres irrigués ,diversification ,riziculture ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,rice production ,recommendation domains ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,agricultural extension ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Farm ,Mali ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,irrigation ,diversity ,Office du Niger ,Sahel ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Exploitation agricole ,farming system ,typology ,irrigated schemes ,[SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,typologie ,conseil agricole ,diversité - Abstract
For historical and technical reasons, Sahelian irrigated schemes have constituted very regulated and very standardized entities, in which there is little room for individual initiative. In spite of this, proposed technologies, solely oriented towards rice production, have faced much difficulty being accepted by farmers. The intensive model proposed by Projet Retail in the Office du Niger irrigated scheme is effective and well adapted to the biophysical conditions of the environment. It has nevertheless been adopted by farmers to varying degrees in a variety of ways. This diversity of responses led to further investigation into the diversity of farm strategies. The issue has been studied using a farming systems approach, taking into account both rice and non-rice activities, as well as a research-development approach closely associating extension agents to the research.The typology developed clearly shows the importance of non-rice components within the overall operation of farming systems, as well as the sensitivity of Office du Niger farms to external risks. Surveys of farmers' fields indicate that the diversity of farm strategies has consequences for the management of paddy fields, as evidenced by the substantial variability in cultural practices observed. Based on these findings, technical research was initiated to address the problems identified, with care being taken to develop a set of guidelines appropriate for the various existing farming systems and easily applied by extension agents.The typology has not been limited to a description of the existing situation; it was also used to define actions that take into account the diverse farming systems.. For technical research, it has led to increased emphasis on the development of differentiated intensification models with enhanced flexibility. For rice extension work, it has permitted tailoring extension messages to the objectives and constraints of different farming systems. Also, by showing the importance of non-rice activities within certain farming systems, it has permitted the development of recommenda¬tions regarding gardening and livestock activities, neglected until now. Finally, it provides political and financial decision makers information about measures to take regarding rehabilitation of the scheme, land reallocation, land use planning, social integration, and organizing producers., Pour des raisons techniques et historiques, les périmètres irrigués sahéliens constituent des entités très normatives, au sein desquelles il y a peu de place pour l'initiative individuelle. Malgré cela, les modèles techniques proposés, uniquement orientés vers la riziculture, ont eu beaucoup de mal à s'imposer. Le modèle intensif conseillé dans le cadre de l'Office du Niger par le projet Retail est performant et bien adapté aux conditions physiques du milieu. Il a pourtant été adopté par les paysans selon des modalités variées.Cette diversité des réponses nous a conduit à nous interroger sur la diversité des fonctionnements des exploitations agricoles. Celle-ci a été analysée dans une démarche "systèmes de production" prenant en compte aussi bien le riz que les activités non-rizicoles, mais aussi dans une démarche de "recherche-développement" associant étroitement les cadres du développement aux travaux entrepris.La typologie élaborée met en évidence l'importance des composantes non rizicoles des systèmes de production dans le fonctionnement global de ceux-ci, mais aussi la sensibilité des exploitations de l'Office du Niger aux aléas extérieurs. Les suivis de parcelles effectués montrent que cette diversité des fonctionnements a des conséquences sur la conduite des rizières, puisque l'on retrouve à ce niveau une assez forte variabilité des pratiques culturales. A partir de là, des recherches plus techniques ont été entreprises pour répondre aux problèmes identifiés, avec le souci d'élaborer des références susceptibles de valoriser la diversité des exploitations agricoles et utilisables facilement par des conseillers agricoles.La typologie n'est pas restée un outil de description de la réalité, elle a pu être utilisée pour définir des actions prenant en compte la diversité des exploitations. Pour les recherches techniques, elle a conduit à mettre l'accent sur la mise au point de modèles d'intensification différenciés, plus souples. Pour le conseil technique rizicole, elle a permis de moduler les conseils en fonction des objectifs et des contraintes des différents types d'exploitations. Elle a aussi permis, en montrant l'importance des activités non-rizicoles dans le fonctionnement de certains types d'exploitations, de développer un conseil sur le maraîchage et l'élevage, auparavant négligés. Enfin, elle fournit aux décideurs politiques et financiers des éléments sur les mesures à prendre en matière de réhabilitation des casiers, de réattribution foncière, d'aménagement de l'espace, d'intégration sociale et d'organisation des producteurs.
- Published
- 1994
33. L'Office du Niger : îlot de prospérité paysanne ou pôle de production agricole ?
- Author
-
Jean-Yves Marchal
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,OFFICE DU NIGER ,History ,Sociology and Political Science ,MINIANKI ,MAIN D'OEUVRE ,Opposition (politics) ,BAMBARA ,Development ,COLONISATION AGRICOLE ,MOSSI ,Economy ,INTEGRATION SOCIALE ,Anthropology ,Political science ,Ethnology ,SOCIETE DE DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL ,Agricultural productivity ,DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL ,CULTURE IRRIGUEE ,RECRUTEMENT ,Demography - Abstract
Bibliography abounds in details about natural, technical and economical conditions of the development of the « Office du Niger » lands. This article aims to show the human aspects of this enterprise and insists on the opposition between the wish of constituting a modern countrymen center and that of creating an area of intensive agricultural production. After a brief introduction in order to retrace the Office program since the twenties and progression of the main hydraulic works and steps together with the settlement of more than thirty thousand inhabitants, the author analyses the conditions leading up to the conflict opposing the tillers to the Office representatives.It's not the planning scheme which determined the creation of a new farmer's type, but the aspects of the colonization itself which ordered a reconsideration of the land reclaiming programs.
- Published
- 1974
34. Notes sociologiques sur les colons mosi de Kolongotomo et sur la collectivisation de la production de 1960 à 1968 (Office du Niger)
- Author
-
Kohler, Jean-Marie
- Subjects
OFFICE DU NIGER ,ORGANISATION SOCIALE ,INTEGRATION SOCIALE ,DEMOGRAPHIE ,COLLECTIVISME ,COLONISATION AGRICOLE ,AMENAGEMENT HYDROAGRICOLE ,SOCIETE TRADITIONNELLE ,POLITIQUE AGRICOLE ,MOSSI ,COLONAT - Published
- 1973
35. L'alimentation des populations rurales du delta vif du Niger et de l'Office du Niger : mission socio-économique du Soudan 1956-1958
- Author
-
Cantrelle, Pierre (réd.), Serré, A. (collab.), and Delanoue, A. (collab.)
- Subjects
CONSOMMATION ALIMENTAIRE ,BESOIN NUTRITIONNEL ,OFFICE DU NIGER ,ALIMENTATION HUMAINE ,SANTE ,NUTRITION ,RATION ALIMENTAIRE ,POPULATION RURALE ,MILIEU RURAL - Published
- 1961
36. Colons africains au Soudan
- Author
-
Hauser, André
- Subjects
OFFICE DU NIGER ,SOCIOLOGIE RURALE ,POPULATION RURALE ,PRATIQUE SOCIALE ,COMPORTEMENT ,COLONISATION AGRICOLE ,COLONAT - Published
- 1956
37. Rapport annuel 1950
- Author
-
Dabin, Bernard
- Subjects
OFFICE DU NIGER ,CARACTERISTIQUE PHYSIQUE ,SOL ,PEDOLOGIE ,RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ,PROJET DE RECHERCHE - Published
- 1951
38. Ostrich-like strategies in Sahelian sands? Land and water grabbing in the Office du Niger, Mali
- Author
-
Hertzog, T., Adamczewski, A., Molle, F., Poussin, J. -C, and Jean-Yves Jamin
- Subjects
investissement étranger ,BESOIN EN EAU ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,Réseau d'irrigation ,Périmètre irrigué ,Développement agricole ,RESSOURCES EN EAU ,FONCIER RURAL ,Mali ,irrigation ,POLITIQUE DE L'EAU ,E14 - Économie et politique du développement ,irrigation scheme ,water management ,PLANTATION INDUSTRIELLE ,DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL ,Utilisation des terres ,INVESTISSEMENT PRIVE ,SECHERESSE ,Water Resource & Irrigation ,CONFLIT FONCIER ,ACCES A L'EAU ,E11 - Économie et politique foncières ,Office du Niger ,Gestion des eaux ,Ressource en eau ,Land Tenure & Use ,INVESTISSEMENT ETRANGER ,Propriété foncière ,gestion des ressources naturelles ,accès à la terre ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion ,CULTURE IRRIGUEE ,land tenure and use ,GESTION DE L'EAU ,Étude de cas ,Culture irriguée ,POLITIQUE FONCIERE ,GOUVERNANCE ,EXPLOITATION ECONOMIQUE ,Gestion foncière ,Politique foncière ,ACCES A LA TERRE ,Land grabbing - Abstract
"In recent years, large-scale agricultural investment projects have increased in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of the growing appetites of local and international investors for land resources. Research has so far mainly focused on land issues, but the water implications of these land deals are starting to surface. Taking the Office du Niger (ON), in Mali, as a case study, we show that while around 100,000 ha is currently being cultivated, mostly by smallholders, a total of 600,000 ha of land has been allocated in the past ten years to investors in large-scale farming. This process has largely bypassed the official procedure established by the ON at regional level. The allocation of new lands has shifted to the national level, with an attempt to recentralize the management of land deals and associated benefits at the highest level, despite contrary efforts by foreign donors to strengthen the ON. This article describes the complex allocation process based on 'behind-closed-doors' negotiations. It then analyses the implications of the land deals on water issues by focusing on the strategies of actors to limit the risk of future water shortages, the current and expected difficulties in water management and allocation, and the emerging spatial and social redistribution of benefits and risk that signals a process of water grabbing."
39. The Unraveling of a Neglected Source: A Report on Women in Francophone West Africa in the 1930s (La re-découverte d'une source négligée: un rapport sur la condition des femmes en AOF dans les années 1930)
- Author
-
Lydon, Ghislaine
- Published
- 1997
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