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Libraries are different things to different people as well as different things to the same people. In the university environment, the library has an important function as an articulating symbol, as the tangible reference point of the value system of the "examined life." Nothing else so well symbolizes the broad cultural aims of education and research. The exclusive focus on the production-control functions of libraries has obscured some of the important latent functions of the library as a monument. There is an urgent need for a new definition of archive publication if the integrity of the research process is to be preserved. In view of what is known of the scholarly process, and the reward system which supports the dedication of the scholar to research, it is unlikely that scholars will willingly surrender their demand for a tangible and even somewhat idiosyncratic mode of physical substantiation of their research output. (Author)

Scott M Berry,1 Kristine Broglio,1 Mark Bunker,2 Amara Jayewardene,2 Bryan Olin,2 A John Rush31Berry Consultants, Austin, TX, USA; 2Cyberonics, Inc, Houston, TX, USA; 3Duke-NUS, Office of Clinical Sciences, SingaporeObjective: To compare response and remission rates in depressed patients with chronic treatment-resistant depression (TRD) treated with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Therapy® plus treatment as usual (VNS + TAU) or TAU alone in a meta-analysis using Bayesian hierarchical models.Data sources and study selection: Six outpatient, multicenter, clinical trials that have evaluated VNS + TAU or TAU in TRD, including two single-arm studies of VNS + TAU (n = 60 and n = 74), a randomized study of VNS + TAU versus TAU (n = 235), a randomized study of VNS + TAU comparing different VNS stimulation intensities (n = 331), a nonrandomized registry of VNS + TAU versus TAU (n = 636), and a single-arm study of TAU (n = 124) to provide longer-term, control data for comparison with VNS-treated patients.Data extraction: A systematic review of individual patient-level data based on the intent-to-treat principle, including all patients who contributed more than one post-baseline visit. Response was based on the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions scale's Improvement subscale (CGI-I), as these were the two clinician-rated measures common across all or most studies. Remission was based on the MADRS.Results: Outcomes were compared from baseline up to 96 weeks of treatment with VNS + TAU (n = 1035) versus TAU (n = 425). The MADRS response rate for VNS + TAU at 12, 24, 48, and 96 weeks were 12%, 18%, 28%, and 32% versus 4%, 7%, 12%, and 14% for TAU. The MADRS remission rate for VNS + TAU at 12, 24, 48, and 96 weeks were 3%, 5%, 10%, and 14% versus 1%, 1%, 2%, and 4%, for TAU. Adjunctive VNS Therapy was associated with a greater likelihood of response (odds ratio [OR] = 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12, 4.66) and remission (OR = 4.99, CI: 2.93, 7.76), compared with TAU. For patients who had responded to VNS + TAU at 24 weeks, sustained response was more likely at 48 weeks (OR = 1.98, CI: 1.34, 3.01) and at 96 weeks (OR = 3.42, CI: 1.78, 7.31). Similar results were observed for CGI-I response.Conclusion: For patients with chronic TRD, VNS + TAU has greater response and remission rates that are more likely to persist than TAU.Keywords: Bayesian meta-analysis, remission rate, response rate, treatment-resistant depression, vagus nerve stimulation, VNS Therapy

Glutathione is the most abundant low molecular mass thiol in human cells. It is involved in the inactivation of genotoxic electrophilic compounds, and a variety of glutathione-linked enzymes catalyze such detoxication reactions. Within this group, the enzymes occurring in highest intracellular concentrations are the glutathione transferases, which catalyze the detoxication of a broad spectrum of alkylating and oxidizing compounds such as epoxides, reactive alkenes and organic hydroperoxides. Multiple forms of glutathione transferase with distinct substrate specificities exist, and their differential expression in cells contributes to differences in detoxication capacities in tissues. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the inactivation of 2-oxoaldehydes and may also be considered as part of the cellular detoxication system. Characterization of the different enzymes and their differential expression in normal and tumor cells will help to clarify their cellular functions and their significance to human cancer. Clear differences in the occurrence of the various enzyme forms in normal and tumor cells have been demonstrated and variations between different tumors appear to be linked to their degree of resistance to alkylating cytostatic drugs. Modulation of catalytic activities in vitro by administration of enzyme inhibitors may help to overcome this resistance.

This is the edited transcript of the Brookhaven instrumentation workshop roundtable, the topics covered include cost of accelerator instrumentation, standarization, development by industry, and the USDOE Small Business Innovative Research program. (AIP)

Instrumentation and control (I&C) for the Los Alamos Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) main beam line is based upon central computer control through remote stations which provide input and output to most devices. Operating experience shows that the ability of the computer to give high-quality graphical presentation of the measurements enhances operator performance and instrument usefulness. Experience also shows that operator efficiency degrades rapidly with increasing instrument response time, that is, with increasing delay between the time a control is changed and the result can be observed. For this reason, instrumentation upgrade includes speeding up data acquisition and display times to under 10 s. Similarly, television-viewed phosphors are being retained where possible since their instantaneous response is very useful. Other upgrading of the instrumentation system is planned to improve data accuracy, reliability, redundancy, and instrument radiation tolerance. Past experience is being applied in adding or relocating devices to simplify tuning procedures.

The stability of H- beams passing through strong magnetic fields has been relevant to accelerator transport problems and, recently, to neutral beam preparation techniques. We have measured the H- electron detachment rate as a function of restframe electric field and provide parameters for a theoretical lifetime expression. We discuss the limitations imposed on H- transport by magnetic stripping, and neutral-beam preparation in emittance growth, magnetic fields, and beam energies. Application techniques are also briefly discussed.

The conditional equation f(x1, … , xs) = 0, where f is a polynomial in the x´s with coefficients in a finite field F(pn), is connected with many well-known developments in number theory and algebra, such as: Waring's problem, the arithmetical theory of quadratic forms, the Riemann hypothesis for function fields, Fermat's Last Theorem, cyclotomy, and the theory of congruences in commutative rings.

A new method is described for precessing the proton polarization axis of the incident H-polarized beam at LAMPF. The method uses a thin stripper to convert H-to Ho with ~50% efficiency at 800 MeV, and uses relatively small magnets to precess the HO spin. The large magnetic moment of the Ho relative to the charged ion (either H+ or H-) allows small magnets to produce any required spin orientation (with zero deflection of the neutral beam in the precession apparatus). Either Ho or H+ beam is delivered; for Ho, the magnitude of the proton polarization oscillates in proper time at the hyperfine frequency. The theory and test results will be summarized. Areas of possible application will be mentioned, including use for experiments and spin axis control where neutral beams can be used for injection of accelerated H-beams into storage rings or synchrotrons.