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Klebsiella variicola is generally known as endophyte as well as lignocellulose-degrading strain. However, their roles in goat omasum along with lignocellulolytic genetic repertoire are not yet explored. In this study, five different pectin-degrading bacteria were isolated from a healthy goat omasum. Among them, a new Klebsiella variicola strain HSTU-AAM51 was identified to degrade lignocellulose. The genome of the HSTU-AAM51 strain comprised 5,564,045 bp with a GC content of 57.2% and 5312 coding sequences. The comparison of housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, TonB, gyrase B, RecA) and whole-genome sequence (ANI, pangenome, synteny, DNA-DNA hybridization) revealed that the strain HSTU-AAM51 was clustered with Klebsiella variicola strains, but the HSTU-AAM51 strain was markedly deviated. It consisted of seventeen cellulases (GH1, GH3, GH4, GH5, GH13), fourteen beta-glucosidase (2GH3, 7GH4, 4GH1), two glucosidase, and one pullulanase genes. The strain secreted cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase, lignin peroxidase approximately 76–78 U/mL and 57–60 U/mL, respectively, when it was cultured on banana pseudostem for 96 h. The catalytically important residues of extracellular cellulase, xylanase, mannanase, pectinase, chitinase, and tannase proteins (validated 3D model) were bound to their specific ligands. Besides, genes involved in the benzoate and phenylacetate catabolic pathways as well as laccase and DiP-type peroxidase were annotated, which indicated the strain lignin-degrading potentiality. This study revealed a new K. variicola bacterium from goat omasum which harbored lignin and cellulolytic enzymes that could be utilized for the production of bioethanol from lignocelluloses. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42770-021-00660-7.

The unique structure of the stomach, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, indicates the differences between the ruminant and monogastric animals in the digestion of nutrients. This difference is reflected in the majority of dietary nutrients that may be fermented in the rumen. Significant proteins and a certain amount of starch can flow to the small intestine apart from rumen. The initial phase of small intestinal digestion requires pancreatic digestive enzymes. In theory, the enzymatic digestion and utilization efficiency of starch in the small intestine are considerably higher than that in the rumen, but the starch digestibility in the small intestine is quite low in ruminants. Therefore, improving the digestion of nutrients, especially starch in the small intestine is more urgent for high-yield ruminants. Although the pancreas plays a central role in nutrient digestion, the progress of research investigating pancreatic exocrine regulation in the ruminant is slow due to some factors, such as the complex structure of the pancreas, the selection of experimental model and duration, and internal (hormones or ages) and external (diet) influences. The present review is based on the research findings of pancreatic exocrine regulation of dairy animals and expounded from the physiological structure of the ruminant pancreas, the factors affecting the digestion and exocrine processing of carbohydrates, and the regulatory mechanism governing this process. The review aims to better understand the characteristics of enzymatic digestion, thereby advancing pancreatic exocrine research and improving the digestion and utilization of nutrients in ruminants. Additionally, this review provides the theoretical basis for improving nutrient utilization efficiency, reducing wastage of feed resources, and promoting the efficient development of the dairy industry.

This study was designed to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, ruminal digesta outflow, omasal flow of N constituents, and ruminal and total-tract digestibility in response to increasing dietary lipid content derived from high-lipid by-product-based pellets for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were iso-nitrogenous with increasing ether extract (EE) concentrations resulting in dietary concentrations of 3.5%, 4.2%, 4.7%, 5.1%, and 5.9% of dry matter. Periods were 28 d in duration with the first 19 d used for dietary adaptation and the last 9 d for sample and data collection. Dry matter intake, ruminal pH, omasal flow of N constituents, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were not affected by increasing dietary EE content (P ≥ 0.10). Increasing dietary EE content increased outflow of EE from the rumen (P

Sumba Ongole cattle (Bos indicus) is a superior livestock commodity in East Nusa Tenggara Province, especially on the island of Sumba. Cattle have a forestomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum. This forestomach plays an important role in carbohydrate fermentation. This study aims to determine the distribution of neutral carbohydrates in the forestomach of Sumba Ongole cattle. Six samples of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum were collected from East Sumba Slaughter House. The tissue was fixed in formalin 10 %, continued with processed histologically and PAS staining. The result showed that neutral carbohydrates distributed in the tunica mucosa and tunica muscularis rumen, reticulum, and omasum with a weak (+) to strong (+++) reaction intensity staining. The factors that influence the difference in color intensity in each tunica of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum are related to the function and mucus secretion of each cell.

Background: This study aimed to explore genetic polymorphisms of the CCKAR gene and their relationship with the growth and development of Qinchuan cattle which could be used as molecular markers for the improvement of the breeding of Qinchuan cattle. Results: Here, we have identified seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at loci g. 1463 C>G; g. 1532 T>A; g. 1570 G>A; g. 1594 C>A; g. 1640 T>C; g. 1677 G>C; and g. 1735 C>T in the coding region of the bovine CCKAR gene. The frequencies identified on allelic and genotypic characteristics have shown that all seven SNPs diverged from the Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium. The SNP2, SNP3, SNP6 and SNP7 had the lowest polymorphism information content values, and remaining SNPs were found to be moderate (0.25 G had the greatest association with WH, HW, CD and CCF, while the genotype TA at the very same loci was associated with BFT, ULA and IMF content in Qinchuan cattle. The CCKAR gene expression level in adipose tissue, small intestine, liver and skeleton muscle was found to be higher, whereas, the expression level of mRNA in organs of other digestive system including reticulum, abomasum and omasum was moderate. Some expression of CCKAR mRNA was found in the large intestine, kidney and rumen. Conclusions: In summary, our finding suggested that the CCKAR gene could be used as a potential candidate for the improvement of carcass quality and body measurements of Qinchuan cattle. How to cite: Nurgulsim K, Raza SHA, Khan R, et al. Identification of genetic variants the CCKAR gene and based on body measurement and carcass quality characteristics in Qinchuan beef cattle (Bos taurus). Electron J Biotechnol 2021;51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.02.001

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) on slaughter performance, visceral organ and gastrointestinal tract coefficients, and meat quality in lambs. Sixty-six lambs from 120 Hu ewes were selected based on body weight and maternal diets and then assigned to six groups using a randomised block experimental design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was folic acid (FA) as RPFA in the maternal diet (0 mg/kg (M0F), 16 mg/kg (M16F) or 32 mg/kg (M32F) on DM basis). The second factor was FA in the lambs’ diet from weaning until slaughter (0 mg/kg (OC) or 4·0 mg/kg (OF)). The results indicated that the addition of 16 mg/kg FA to the maternal diet increased pre-slaughter weight (PSW), dressing and meat percentage, the reticulum and omasum coefficients, length of the jejunum and ileum, tail fat and perirenal fat coefficient and a* value of the meat colour. The addition of RPFA to the lambs’ diet increased PSW, dressing and meat percentage, eye muscle area, abomasum weight, weight and length of the small intestine, but reduced the coefficients of tail fat. An M × O interaction was observed for the weights of heart, lungs, rumen and total stomach, weight and coefficient of omental fat and the girth rib value. Collectively, RPFA in the maternal and lambs’ diet improved slaughter performance and meat quality by stimulating the morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract and the distribution of fat in the body.

Sumba ongole (Bos indicus) is one of the Indonesian local cattle breeds that has a high number of carcasses and good adaptability to the dry climate and low humidity on the island of Sumba. Cattle have a forestomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum, which functions to ferment and absorb nutrition. This study aims to determine the distribution of acid carbohydratesin the rumen, reticulum, and omasum of sumba ongole cattle. Six samples of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum were collected from East Sumba Slaughter House, fixed in formalin 10 %, processed histologically, and continued withalcian blue(AB) staining. The result showed the various/different intensity of acid carbohydratesin each of the tunica of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum. The distribution is mostly found in the stratum corneum lamina epithelium. The results of this study indicate that the stratum corneum is the layer that is more frequently exposed to food that requires acid carbohydrates in its function to protect the forestomach as well as to lubricate the food to make it easier to digest.

This is a report on an outbreak of cattle poisoning by Stryphnodendron rotundifolium var. villosum (Benth.) Scalon in the state of Goiás in Brazil. In a herd of 80 cattle that consumed the mature fruit of this plant that was present in their pasture, 12 animals fell ill and died. The clinical signs that they presented were apathy, progressive weight loss, reeling, bristling, and dry stools containing seeds. The main necropsy findings were jaundice, an increased lobular pattern and orange coloration in their liver, enlarged kidneys with yellowish medullae, and pre-stomachs containing fruit peels and seeds. A histopathological examination revealed vacuolar degeneration and necrosis in the liver and kidneys and vacuolar degeneration in the rumen, omasum, reticulum, and intestine. The diagnosis of poisoning by S. rotundifolium var. villosum was based on epidemiological data, clinical findings, and pathological changes. Our results can aid in the differentiation between poisoning by S. rotundifolium var. villosum and poisoning by other toxic plants that are of interest to lifestock.

Feedlot cattle is submitted to a diet rich in energy and reduced in fibres that induces the sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) with its lesions and clinical signs. Recent studies have demonstrated some amelioration of this condition by the use of isoquinolone alkaloids found in Macleaya cordata (Papaveraceae) such as Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine. These compounds have demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-in?ammatory and immune-modulatory effects in both humans and animals The aim on this study, using histopathology and a score system, was to evaluate the differences between a non-treated and a treated group feed with these alkaloids, present in trade preparation Sangrovit-RS® as a source of sanguinarine (SG), chelerythrine (CH) and protropine (PA) standardized to 0.15% w/w SG, using feedlot cattle under a high-grain diet as an inflammatory model for gastrointestinal system. The samples of forestomachs were evaluated and graded using scores ranging from zero (0) to three (3) obtained at light-microscopic fields of 400X. Parameters such as inflammation, hydropic degeneration, hyperkeratosis, and vesicle formation were accessed in the different layers of the tissues, considering the severity and dispersion of the microscopic lesions. The soft tissues such as the abomasum, small intestine, cecum and colon had their total amount of inflammatory cells counted at light-microscopic fields of 200X. The rumen of the SG-CH-PRO-treated group showed a significant reduction in the epithelial hydropic degeneration scores (p ? 0.001) and lamina propria inflammation (p ? 0.001).The reticulum had a similar reduction in scores of epithelial (p ? 0.002) and stratum corneum hydropic degeneration (p ? 0.001), hyperkeratosis (p ? 0.002) and inflammation in lamina propria (p ? 0.001) and epithelium (p ? 0.002). The omasum had no significant differences. All non-keratinized tissues, except for ileum, had a significant decrease (p ? 0.001) in the total counting of inflammatory cells. In this trial, the feedlot cattle feed with high grain diet and treated with isoquinolone alkaloids expressed lesions that indicate ameliorations and worsening’s. Ameliorating effects of the alkaloids were better demonstrated in tissues with reduced or no corneal layer in the mucosa and in the absence of a lipopolysaccharides rich acidic environment reinforcing the notion of the topic action, the dependence of the media pH and the time of exposure modulating the pharmacological mechanisms of these alkaloids. The observed cytolytic (oncolysis) effect in epithelial forestomachs cells under low pH values, worsening the osmotic status, should be considered before clinical applications.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an enzymatically hydrolyzed cottonseed protein (HCSP) as a peptide source on performance, blood metabolites, gastrointestinal development, and intestinal microbes. Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments including 0, 2, 4, and 6% of HCSP (dry matter basis). All calves received the same amount of pasteurized whole milk, weaned on d 56 of the experiment, and the study was concluded on d 70. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) as a randomized complete block design with linear and quadratic contrasts. Results showed that increased amount of HCSP linearly decreased the starter intake during the postweaning (d 57 to 70) and overall period (d 1 to 70). In addition, when dietary HCSP increased during the overall period, average daily gain tended to linearly decrease. All skeletal growth variables also linearly decreased as dietary HCSP increased at the end of the study, except for body length, which did not differ among the treatments. Serum cortisol concentration was higher in calves supplemented with 6% of HCSP at weaning and at the end of the study. This indicates that these calves may have experienced a stressful condition compared with calves in other treatments. Total antioxidant capacity was quadratically affected by HCSP supplementation; calves fed 2 and 4% of HCSP diets had the highest total antioxidant capacity, whereas calves fed 0 and 6% HCSP diets had lower total antioxidant capacity at weaning and at end of the study. Calves supplemented with 6% HCSP had lower empty reticulo-rumen and omasum weights and rumen wall thickness compared with calves in other treatments at the end of the study. In conclusion, supplementation of HCSP at the rate of 2% of starter diet enhanced antioxidant status without any detrimental effects on the performance and metabolic status of calves, whereas greater inclusion rates impaired starter intake and growth of calves, and exposed them to a stressful status.

The function of the omasum is incompletely understood; however, the omasum plays an important role in the transport of appropriately sized feed particles from the reticulorumen to the abomasum, oesophageal groove closure, fermentation of ingesta, and absorption of water, volatile fatty acids, and minerals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitable hyperelastic anisotropic model based on biomechanical properties of sheep omasum. The results show that all five (5) hyperelastic models may be suitable for the evaluation of sheep omasum. The average coefficient of determination (R2) of Fung, Polynomial (Anisotropic), Holzapfel (2000), Holzapfel (2005) and Four-Fiber-Family hyperelastic models were found to be 0.79 ± 0.19, 0.95 ± 0.05, 0.92 ± 0.07, 0.93 ± 0.05 and 0.94 ± 0.03, respectively. Also, it was found that the best hyperelastic model for fitting uniaxial data of the sheep omasum was Polynomial (Anisotropic) with EI of 100.0 followed by the Four-Fiber-Family model with EI of 96.18.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Visceral organs play an important role in animals' energy requirements, so their growth must be well understood. The objective of the current study was to fit and compare growth curves that best describe body and visceral organ growth over time in Saanen goats of different sexes. Data were synthesized from seven studies in which curves were fitted to visceral organ growth over time for female, intact male and castrated male Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg body weight. The liver, pancreas, spleen, rumen-reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) data were fitted to eight models: Simple linear regression, quadratic, monomolecular, Brody, Von Bertalanffy, logistic, Gompertz and Richards. The best-fit model was chosen based on the corrected Akaike information criterion and the concordance correlation coefficient. Model parameters for each sex were compared. Overall, the model that best described visceral organ growth was the logistic model. Sex did not influence the parameters that predicted organ growth (g), except for MAT, where females presented a lower tissue deposition rate and greater inflection point than males. Irrespective of sex, at the beginning of the growth curve, the liver accounted for 28 ± 1.1 g/kg of empty body weight, and the inflection point occurred at 1.7 months. The rumen-reticulum and large intestine presented higher growth rates in the first 2 months of life. Knowledge of the visceral organ growth curve is useful in improving the understanding of the effect of nutritional requirements for goats and must be used to optimize the nutritional plans. Department of Animal Science UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Department of Animal Science UFPel-Universidade Federal de Pelotas Department of Animal Science UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista

We examined the effects of 2 grass silage-based diets differing in forage:concentrate (FC) ratio and those of a red clover silage-based diet on intake, milk production, ruminal fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, milk FA composition, and milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows received the following treatments: grass silage-based diets containing high (70:30, HG) or low (30:70, LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet with an FC ratio of 50:50 (RC) on a dry matter basis. Determinations of MFG were performed from fresh milk samples without addition of EDTA so the results of fat globules >1 µm in diameter are emphasized instead of the entire globule population. Lower FC ratio in grass silage-based diets increased milk production with no effect on daily fat yield, leading to 13% lower milk fat concentration. The effect of FC ratio on MFG size was moderate. It did not affect the volume-weighted diameter in grass silage-based diets, although LG lowered the volume-surface diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm compared with HG. Compared with HG, feeding LG moderately decreased the biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6, leading to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Feeding RC lowered milk fat concentration and daily milk fat yield compared with grass silage-based diets. The volume-weighted diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm was smaller in RC milk compared with grass silage-based diets. Feeding RC increased the flow of 18:3n-3 at the omasum by 2.4-fold and decreased the apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation compared with grass silage-based diets despite similar intake of 18:3n-3. It also resulted in the lowest amount of saturated FA and the highest amounts of cis-9 18:1, 18:3n-3, and polyunsaturated FA in milk. In conclusion, LG decreased milk fat content and induced minor changes in MFG size distribution compared with HG, whereas RC lowered milk fat production, altered milk FA composition to nutritionally more beneficial direction, and led to smaller MFG compared with grass silage-based diets.

Feed supplements can enhance the health and productivity of livestock. The effects of butyric acid supplementation of acidified milk (AM) on the digestive function of calves and weaning stress were investigated. Thirty-six Holstein calves with a mean age of 5 ± 1 d were selected and divided into three groups (n = 12) and fed: (1) AM (CON); (2) AM + 0.3% butyric acid (BA0.3); or (3) AM + 0.6% butyric acid (BA0.6). Body weight (BW) and body size indicators were recorded during the preweaning stage. At 56 d, 18 calves were euthanized to determine the length and width of their ruminal papillae, duodenum villi, jejunum villi, and ileal villi; emptied rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum weight; and small intestinal mucosa thickness. Jugular blood samples were collected during preweaning and postweaning from the remaining 18 calves to analyze biochemical, immunological, and anti-oxidative stress indicators. Mean chest breadth at 30 d was greater for BA0.3 calves than CON calves. Heart girth at 55 d was greater in BA0.3 calves than in CON calves. Mean BW gain during preweaning was greater in BA0.3 and BA0.6 calves than in CON calves, and continued after weaning. Diarrhea rate dropped for BA0.3 and BA0.6 calves compared with CON calves. Compared to CON calves, BA0.3 calves had longer and wider duodenum villi and wider jejunum villi. Duodenum and jejunum mucosal thickness was greater in BA0.3 calves than in CON calves. Serum urea nitrogen content at 10 d was lesser for BA0.3 calves than for CON and BA0.6 calves. The serum Ca content of BA0.6 calves was greater than that of CON calves at 60 d Serum P content at 60 d was greater in BA0.6 calves than in BA0.3 calves. At 60 d, serum malondialdehyde content of BA0.3 and BA0.6 calves was lesser than that of CON calves, and decreased during postweaning compared with preweaning in BA0.3 and BA0.6 calves, while CON calves exhibited the opposite trend. At 65 d, serum catalase content of BA0.3 calves was greater than that of CON calves, whereas cortisol content was lesser in BA0.3 and BA0.6 calves than in CON calves at 65 d In conclusion, the addition of butyric acid to AM can reduce the rate of diarrhea, weaning stress and improve metabolic and physical development of the gastrointestinal tract.

Recent development of novel techniques in systems biology have been used to improve and manipulate the rumen microbial ecosystem and gain a deeper understanding of its physiological and microbiological interactions and relationships. This provided a deeper insight and understanding of the relationship and interactions between the rumen microbiome and the host animal. New high-throughput techniques have revealed that the dominance of Proteobacteria in the neonatal gut might be derived from the maternal placenta through fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid in utero, which gradually decreases in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum with increasing age after birth. Multi "omics" technologies have also enhanced rumen fermentation and production efficiency of dairy goats using dietary interventions through greater knowledge of the links between nutrition, metabolism, and the rumen microbiome and their effect in the environment. For example, supplementation of dietary lipid, such as linseed, affects rumen fermentation by favoring the accumulation of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation with a high correlation to the relative abundance of Fibrobacteriaceae. This provides greater resolution of the interlinkages among nutritional strategies, rumen microbes, and metabolism of the host animal that can set the foundation for new advancements in ruminant nutrition using multi 'omics' technologies.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the partial replacement of barley starch with lactose (fed as dried whey permeate; DWP) affects N utilization, whole-body urea kinetics, and production in dairy cows. Eight lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Four cows in one Latin square were ruminally cannulated and used to determine dietary effects on whole-body urea kinetics and N utilization. Cows were fed a barley-based diet that contained 3.6% (dry matter basis) total sugar (TSG; designated control), or diets that contained 6.6, 9.6, or 12.6% TSG. Dietary TSG content was increased by the replacement of barley grain with DWP (83% lactose). Diets were isonitrogenous (∼17.3% crude protein), and starch contents of the control, 6.6, 9.6, and 12.6% TSG diets were 24.3, 22.2, 21.2, and 19.1%, respectively. Whole-body urea kinetics were measured using 4-d infusions of [15N15N]-urea with concurrent total collections of feces and urine. Dry matter intake (mean = 26.7 kg/d), milk yield (mean = 34.9 kg/d), and milk protein and fat contents were unaffected by diet. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration decreased linearly as TSG content increased, whereas ruminal butyrate concentration increased linearly as TSG content increased. Urinary excretion of total N and urea-N changed quadratically, whereas urinary excretion of total N (% of N intake) tended to change quadratically as TSG content increased. Fecal N excretion linearly increased as TSG content increased. A quadratic response was observed for total N excretion as TSG content increased. Milk N and retained N were not affected by diet. As TSG content increased, we observed quadratic responses in the omasal flow of fluid-associated and total bacterial nonammonia N, endogenous production of urea-N, urea-N recycled to the gastrointestinal tract, and urea-N returned to the ornithine cycle. Dietary TSG content did not affect the anabolic utilization of recycled urea-N or the proportion of recycled urea-N that was used for bacterial growth. Our results indicate that feeding DWP did not influence dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk composition. Feeding DWP decreased ruminal ammonia-N concentration, but this did not result in positive responses in milk protein secretion or N balance. The quadratic response in omasal flow of total bacterial nonammonia N indicated that including TSG beyond 9.6% of diet dry matter might depress ruminal microbial protein synthesis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a fermentation by-product on rumen function, microbial yield, and composition and flows of nutrients from the rumen in high-producing lactating dairy cattle. Eight ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 60 ± 10 d in milk and 637 ± 38 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences in a switchback design. Treatment diets contained (dry matter basis) 44% corn silage, 13% alfalfa silage, 12% ground corn, and 31% protein premix, containing either a control mix of urea and wheat middlings (CON) or a commercial fermentation by-product meal (Fermenten, Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ) at 3% diet inclusion rate (EXP). The trial consisted of three 28-d experimental periods, where each period consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection. A triple-marker technique and double-labeled 15N15N-urea were used to were used to measure protozoal, bacterial, and nonmicrobial omasal flow of AA. Rumen pool sizes and omasal flows were used to determine digestion parameters, including fractional rates of carbohydrate digestion, microbial growth, and yield of microbial biomass per gram of degraded substrate. Fermentation by-product inclusion in EXP diets increased microbial N and amino acid N content in microbes relative to microbes from CON cows fed the urea control. Microbial AA profile did not differ between diets. Daily omasal flows of AA were increased in EXP cows as a result of decreased degradation of feed protein. The inclusion of the fermentation by-product increased nonmicrobial AA flow in cows fed EXP versus CON. Average protozoal contribution to microbial N flow was 16.8%, yet protozoa accounted for 21% of the microbial AA flow, with a range of 8 to 46% for individual AA. Cows in this study maintained an average rumen pool size of 320 g of microbial N, and bacterial and protozoal pools were estimated at 4 different theoretical levels of selective protozoa retention. Fractional growth rate of all microbes was estimated to be 0.069 h-1, with a yield of 0.44 g of microbial biomass per gram of carbohydrate degraded. Results indicated that fermentation by-product can increase omasal flow of AA while maintaining adequate rumen N available for microbial growth and protein synthesis. Simulations from a developmental version of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System indicated strong agreement between predicted and observed values, with some areas key for improvement in AA flow and bacterial versus protozoal N partitioning.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a fermentation byproduct on rumen fermentation and microbial yield in high producing lactating dairy cattle. Eight ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 60 ± 10 d in milk and 637 ± 38 kg of body weight were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences in a switchback design. Treatment diets contained (dry matter basis) 44% corn silage, 13% alfalfa silage, 12% ground corn, and 31% premix containing either a control mix of urea and wheat middlings (CON) or a commercial fermentation byproduct meal (Fermenten, Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ) at 3% diet inclusion rate (EXP). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric, with similar levels of neutral detergent fiber and starch. The trial consisted of three 28-d experimental periods, where each period consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection. Omasal nutrient flows were determined using a triple-marker technique and double-labeled 15N15N-urea. The EXP diet provided 18 g/d more nonammonia N versus the CON diet, representing 3.0% of total N intake. Energy-corrected milk yield (41.7 and 43.1 kg/d for CON and EXP, respectively), milk fat, and protein yield and content did not differ between treatments. Total dry matter intake was similar between treatments (25.5 and 26.4 kg/d for CON and EXP, respectively). Ammonia N concentration and pool size in the rumen was greater in cows fed the EXP diet. No differences were observed in rumen or total-tract dry matter, organic matter, or neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Ruminal degradation of feed N was 15% lower in cows fed EXP diets, resulting in differences in omasal N flows. Results demonstrated the fermentation byproduct meal had a sparing effect on degradable feed protein, but did not increase microbial N flow from the rumen.

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses. RESUMO: Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.

Dairy cattle are a vitally important ruminant in meeting the demands for high-quality animal protein production worldwide. The complicated biological process of converting human indigestible biomass into highly digestible and nutritious milk is orchestrated by various tissues. However, poorly understanding of the cellular composition and function of the key metabolic tissues hinders the improvement of health and performance of domestic ruminants.The cellular heterogeneity, metabolic features, interactions across ten tissue types of lactating dairy cattle were studied at single-cell resolution in the current study.Unbiased single-cell RNA-sequencing and analysis were performed on the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, ileum, rectum, liver, salivary gland, mammary gland, and peripheral blood of lactating dairy cattle. Immunofluorescences and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to verify cell identity.In this study, we constructed a single-cell landscape covering 88,013 high-quality (500 genes 4,000, UMI 50, 000, and mitochondrial gene ratio 40% or 15%) single cells and identified 55 major cell types in lactating dairy cattle. Our systematic survey of the gene expression profiles and metabolic features of epithelial cells related to nutrient transport revealed cell subtypes that have preferential absorption of different nutrients. Importantly, we found that T helper type 17 (Th17) cells (highly expressingThe findings enhance our understanding of the cellular biology of ruminants and open new avenues for improved animal production of dairy cattle.

Rumen content stratification and the degree of dissociation of particle and fluid retention in the reticulorumen differ between ‘moose-type’ and ‘cattle-type’ ruminant species. These differences are not strictly linked to diet, except for a seeming limitation of ‘moose-type’ ruminants to a browsing niche. Nevertheless, these differences can be plausibly linked to other observed differences in ruminants, such as the intraruminal papillation pattern, or the size of the omasum. However, many of the corresponding measures are still only available for a restricted number of species. Here, we investigated the dry matter (i.e., the inverse of the moisture) concentration in forestomach contents of 10 blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and 7 Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and quantified the rumen papillation pattern. The blackbucks had distinct rumen contents stratification, with more moisture in ventral than in dorsal contents (difference 3.6% units, P < 0.001), whereas this difference was much less pronounced in the sand gazelles (0.6% units, P = 0.227). While reticulum contents were particularly moist in both species, omasum contents were particularly dry in sand gazelles, but did not differ in moisture from rumen contents in the blackbuck. This species is an outlier among ruminants due to its extremely small omasum. The intraruminal papillation pattern did not differ between blackbucks and sand gazelles and showed a surface enlargement factor (SEF) in the dorsal rumen of 27–28% of the SEF in the Atrium ruminis. Compared to data on digesta retention in the same species, the findings are in line with the overall concept of a high fluid throughput causing a distinct stratification of rumen contents and intraruminal papillation, and necessitating a large omasum for fluid re-absorption. However, the data also show that individual species may not correspond to all the assumptions of the concept, suggesting taxon-specific differences between species. Reasons for these differences cannot be linked to a dietary grass-browse spectrum, but may lie in evolutionary contingency.

This study was aimed to determine the effect of advanced pregnancy on the topography and size of the omasum in 22 healthy Murrah buffaloes. The omasum was scanned 15-20 days before and after parturition, as per the standard procedure. The dorsal and ventral margins of the omasum were identified and marked at each intercostal space (ICS). The dorsal and ventral limits up to the dorsal midline were measured. The omasum was scanned in 6th to 11th ICS during advanced pregnancy and 7th to 11th ICS after the parturition. Irrespective of the pregnancy, the dorsal and ventral margins of the omasum were located farther dorsal and close to the spine in the 6th, 7th and 11th ICS. Except in one buffalo, the omasum was scanned in four consecutive ICS during the advanced pregnancy. After parturition the omasum was scanned in four and five consecutive ICS in 17 and five buffaloes, respectively. The mean dorsal and ventral limits of the omasum increased significantly (P .Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkung einer fortgeschrittenen Trächtigkeit auf die Topographie und Größe des Blättermagens bei 22 gesunden Murrah Büffeln zu bestimmen. Der Blättermagen wurde 15 bis 20 Tage vor und nach Geburt ultrasonographisch untersucht. Die dorsalen und ventralen Ränder des Blättermagens wurden in jedem Interkostalraum (ICS) des zu untersuchenden Tieres identifiziert und markiert. Die dorsalen und ventralen Grenzen bis zur dorsalen Mittellinie wurden ausgemessen. Der Blättermagen wurde im 6. bis 11. ICS während der fortgeschrittenen Trächtigkeit und im 7. bis 11. ICS nach der Geburt ultrasonographisch untersucht. Unabhängig von der Trächtigkeit befanden sich die dorsalen und ventralen Ränder des Blättermagens im 6., 7. und 11. ICS weiter entfernt von der Wirbelsäule. Mit Ausnahme eines Büffels wurde der Blättermagen während der fortgeschrittenen Trächtigkeit in vier aufeinanderfolgenden ICS lokalisiert. Nach der Geburt wurde der Blättermagen in vier und fünf aufeinanderfolgenden ICS in 17 bzw. fünf Büffeln lokalisiert. In jedem ICS stiegen die mittleren dorsalen und ventralen Grenzen des Blättermagens signifikant in der postpartalen Periode im Vergleich zur fortgeschrittenen Trächtigkeit an (P .Cette étude visait à déterminer l’effet d’une gestation avancée sur la topographie et la taille de l’omasum chez 22 buffles de Murrah en bonne santé. L’omasum a été scanné 15 à 20 jours avant et après la parturition, selon la procédure standard. Les marges dorsale et ventrale de l’omasum ont été identifiées et marquées au niveau de chaque espace intercostal (EIC). Les limites dorsale et ventrale jusqu’à la ligne médiane dorsale ont été mesurées. L’omasum a été scanné du 6ème au 11ème EIC pendant la gestation avancée et du 7ème au 11ème EIC après la mise-bas. Indépendamment de la gestation, les marges dorsale et ventrale de l’omasum étaient situées plus loin dorsalement et plus près de la colonne vertébrale dans les 6ème, 7ème et 11ème EIC. Sauf chez un buffle, l’omasum a été scanné dans quatre EIC consécutifs au cours de la gestation avancée. Après la mise-bas, l’omasum a été scanné dans quatre et cinq EIC consécutifs chez 17 respectivement 5 buffles. Les limites dorsales et ventrales moyennes de l’omasum ont augmenté de manière significative (P.Lo scopo di questo studio è di determinare l’effetto della gravidanza avanzata nella topografia e le dimensioni dell’omaso in 22 bufale Murrah sane. L’omaso è stato scansionato 15–20 giorni prima e dopo il parto, come procedura standard. I margini dorsali e ventrali dell’omaso sono stati identificati e marcati su ogni spazio intercostale (ICS). Sono stati misurati i limiti dorsali e ventrali fino alla linea mediana. L’omaso è stato sottoposto a ecografia dal 6º all’11º ICS durante la gravidanza avanzata e dal 7º all’11º ICS dopo il parto. Indipendentemente dalla gravidanza, i margini dorsali e ventrali dell’omaso sono stati localizzato più verso il dorso e vicini alla spina dorsale nel 6º, 7º e 11º ICS. L’omaso è stato scansionato in quattro ICS consecutivi durante la gravidanza avanzata eccetto per un bufalo. Dopo il parto, l’omaso è stato sottoposto a ecografia in quattro e cinque ICS consecutivi in 17 risp. 5 bufali. I limiti medi dorsali e ventrali dell’omaso sono aumentati in modo significativo (P.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different traditional or alternative energy and protein sources, associated or not, on feeding behavior, ruminal kinetics, and post-ruminal flow of nutrients. Besides, it was assessed diets' effects on different sites (reticulum and omasum) of buffaloes. Four ruminally cannulated male Murrah buffaloes (average initial weight of 637 ± 66.37 kg) were randomly distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor evaluated was the inclusion of energy sources (ground corn and crude glycerin), and the second factor was the inclusion of protein sources (soybean meal and cottonseed cake). Buffaloes fed cottonseed cake had a higher content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and potentially digestible detergent fiber (pdNDF) in the rumen environment than buffaloes fed soybean meal. There was a sampling site effect on rumen digestion rates of pdNDF, passage rates of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and pdNDF, and flow of iNDF. In this study, omasal collections were more representative. Total replacement of ground corn by crude glycerin promoted less NDF ruminal digestibility, and care should be taken to include this energy source. The cottonseed cake does not cause a difference in rumen dynamics and can totally replace soybean meal in feedlot buffaloes' diet.

Various plant species such as Opuntia stricta have developed defensive measures, namely, spines, thorns, and other sharp pointed structures to protect themselves from herbivores and other animals feeding on them. Opuntia stricta has invaded the northern part of Laikipia County, Kenya, and its fruits are protected by small spines called glochids. This study determined the pathology in goats feeding on this plant in Laikipia County. Eighteen goats that had eaten the plant and six others that were raised in a ranch without O. stricta were purchased for the study. All study animals were clinically examined for lesions and euthanized for necropsy examination. Clinically, goats affected by O. stricta had poor body condition, wounds on various body parts, and diarrhea. Variable numbers of O. stricta spines occurred externally on the skin throughout the body and elicited pain, swelling, and ulcerative wounds on affected parts. Internal lesions were observed in subcutaneous tissues (100%), together with stomatitis, cheilitis, gingivitis, glossitis, abomasitis (100%), rumen, reticulum, omasum thinning and loss of papillae (72.2%), esophagitis, and duodenitis (5.6%). Carcasses had gelatinous fat and muscular atrophy. Other gross lesions were generalized viscera atrophy, edema, subcutaneous emphysema, lymphadenopathy, abscesses, ascites, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium. The abomasum wall and its mucosal folds were swollen with edema, haemorrhages, and scattered foci of abscesses. Histopathology confirmed the main lesions in all affected goats were foreign-body granulomas which were located in all organs with gross lesions. Goats from O. stricta-free ranches had no spines or lesions. The pathological effects caused by O. stricta resulted in emaciated goats due to pain, inability to masticate and assimilate food, and stress, resulting in poor carcass and organs quality and possible condemnation and death. This could affect the socioeconomics and livelihoods of communities in the study area, and therefore, the spread of this plant needs to be controlled.

The case of a 2.5-year-old sheep sent for diagnostic evaluation is presented. At the necropsy, mucoid degeneration of coronary fat, pleural adhesions, hypostatic congestion, hemoperitoneum, reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum distention were found. The most significant finding was the whitish, hard-to-touch appearance of the right atrium. The atrial sample was decalcified for sectioning and histopathology study. The histology of the section performed revealed: extensive areas of cartilaginous metaplasia, swelling, and undulation of cardiac muscle fibers, fatty infiltration between cardiac fibers, as well as figures compatible with Sarcocystis. The clinical chemistry indicated hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia. According to the process for the sheep diagnostic evaluation, cartilaginous metaplasia of the right atrium, associated with the ingestion of Trisetum flavescens was found. In the different animal species, the probability of progressive poisoning from the consumption of toxic plants is a risk that can occur in any animal production system.

Objective: Omasum is an important site for the absorption of short chain fatty acids. The major route for the transport of acetate is via sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE). However, a discrepancy in the symmetry of sodium and acetate transport has been previously reported, the mechanism of which is unclear. In this study, we investigated the possible role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) for this asymmetry.Methods: Omasal tissues were isolated from healthy sheep (N = 3) and divided into four groups; pH 7.4 and 6.4 alone and in combination with Ethoxzolamide. Electrophysiological measurements were made using Ussing chamber and the electrical measurements were made using computer controlled voltage clamp apparatus. Effect(s) of CA inhibitor on acetate and sodium transport flux rate of Na22 and 14C-acetate was measured in three different flux time periods. Data were presented as mean±standard deviation and level of significance was ascertained at p≤0.05.Results: Mucosal to serosal flux of Na (JmsNa) was greater than mucosal to serosal flux of acetate (JmsAc) when the pH was decreased from 7.4 to 6.4. However, the addition of CA inhibitor almost completely abolished this discrepancy (JmsNa ≈ JmsAc).Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the additional protons required to drive the NHE were provided by the CA enzyme in the isolated omasal epithelium. The findings of this study also suggest that the functions of CA may be exploited for better absorption in omasum.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oscillating crude protein (CP) concentration diet on the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of calves and determine its mechanism. Twelve Holstein calves were assigned randomly into static protein diet (SP, 149 g/kg CP) and oscillating protein diet (OP, 125 and 173 g/kg CP diets oscillated at 2-d intervals) groups. After 60 days of feeding, the weights of total stomach, rumen and omasum tended to increase in calves fed OP. The apparent crude fat digestibility, NUE and energy metabolism also increased. In terms of urea-N kinetics evaluated by urea-15N15N isotope labeling method, the urea-N production and that entry to gastrointestinal tended to increase, and urea-N reused for anabolism increased significantly in calves fed OP during the low protein phase. These data indicate that urea-N recycling contributed to improving NUE when dietary protein concentration was low. In addition, the differentially expressed genes in rumen epithelium and the rumen bacteria involved in protein and energy metabolism promoted the utilization of dietary protein in calves fed OP.