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Objective: This study applied the Family Systems Illness Model to examine how child disorder severity influences mental health in mothers and fathers of children with chronic (mainly developmental) disorders (CD)., Methods: We measured parental mental health and perceived child disorder severity among 204 mothers and 125 fathers of 220 children with CD and compared the mental health scores with norms. We analyzed how much of the variance in parental mental health was explained by child disorder severity, including discrepancy between maternally and paternally perceived severity., Results: Compared to norms, we found elevated mental health problems in both mothers ( d  = 0.45) and fathers ( d  = 0.20) of children with CD. Mothers had higher scores than fathers on both mental health problems ( d  = 0.63) and severity ( d  = 0.43). Perceived disorder severity was similarly associated with mental health problems for mothers (β = 0.23) and fathers (β = 0.34). Discrepancy between maternal and paternal perceived disorder severity did not influence parental mental health., Conclusion: Findings suggest gender-specific challenges in parenting children with CD. Subjective perception of disorder severity plays a substantial role for parental mental health., Innovation: This comparative study of mothers and fathers contributes to a predominantly mother-focused field., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Erica Zahl reports financial support was provided by Norwegian Women's Public Health Association. Krister W. Fjermestad reports financial support was provided by Research Council of Norway. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Lay Abstract: In this study we have asked a group of autistic young adults to describe what is important for their quality of life. The 14 participants (aged 21-29 years) were recruited from a 10-year follow-up study of autistic people. During interviews, our participants described the importance of having relationships with family, friends and pets. Having meaningful activities and being able to immerse themselves in particular interests was also reported to be important for a good quality of life. Interests had also guided their choice of what to study and what to do for work. They also spoke of how communication problems with professionals, bullying and sensory and emotional overload could have a negative impact on quality of life. Future interventions should focus on how professionals can help autistic people to connect to people/animals and meaningful activities, as the participants described this as important for having a good quality of life. These findings may be helpful in enhancing how passions and interests can be seen as opportunities for both academic and work careers for autistic people. Future research and interventions should also look at the communication barriers between autistic people and professionals, and how two-way understanding can be improved., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Our objective was to examine the factor structure of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationships Structures (ECR-RS), an attachment-theory based relationship measure, in at-risk sample comprising siblings of children with chronic disorders. Psychometric studies with general populations have demonstrated that the ECR-RS comprises two factors, representing anxiety and avoidance in close relationships. The sample comprised 103 siblings (M age = 11.5 years, SD = 2.2, range 8 to 16 years) of children with chronic disorders and their parents. The siblings completed a 9-item version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationships Structures (ECR-RS) about their relations with mothers and fathers that was analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis. We examined construct validity using correlations between sibling social functioning, measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and parent mental health, measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The ECR-RS comprised two factors, anxiety and avoidance, in line with previous studies. Both factors demonstrated significant overlap with sibling social functioning, but not with parental mental health. We conclude that the ECR-RS comprises two factors, anxiety and avoidance, that are related to siblings' social functioning. The ECR-RS can be used as a psychometrically sound measure of relationship anxiety and avoidance in families of children with chronic disorders.

Background: Adolescents with rare genetic disorders represent a population that can be at risk in psychosocial terms. Despite its importance, the association of autism traits and social withdrawal in behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents with rare genetic disorders remains understudied., Aim: The study aimed to empirically examine the clinical characteristics of adolescents with rare genetic disorders with a behavior theory-driven approach., Method: We investigated the behavioral and emotional problems and current and lifetime autistic traits in a sample of 93 Norwegian adolescents (M age = 13.2 years, SD age = 2.4, range age 10-17, 62.4% females, 37.6% males) with various rare genetic disorders. The adolescents were investigated cross-sectionally utilizing standardized psychometric questionnaires rated by their parents., Results: More current and lifetime autistic traits and social withdrawal were all associated with more internalizing problems. Further analyses demonstrated that social withdrawal partially mediated the positive association between current autistic traits and internalizing problems. In contrast, social withdrawal fully mediated the positive association between lifetime autistic traits and internalizing problems., Conclusion and Implications: Our results demonstrate important characteristics of adolescents with rare genetic disorders that may guide clinicians and future interventions. Social withdrawal may be prodromal to internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression. Thus, clinically addressing social withdrawal can represent a means to prevent internalizing problems in adolescents with rare genetic disorders and autistic traits., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this two-year longitudinal study was to investigate whether deficits in executive functions (EF) predict impaired everyday functioning after two years in children and adolescents with ADHD. A sample of 135 participants with and without ADHD were assessed with neuropsychological tests of EF and parent ratings of everyday functioning with the Child Behavior Checklist at baseline (M age = 11.6, SD = 2.0), and after two years (M age = 13.6, SD = 2.1). Results showed that ADHD symptoms and impaired EF at baseline predicted lower educational functioning when controlling for general cognitive ability (i.e. "IQ") at two-year follow-up. Furthermore, the results indicated that increased ADHD symptoms predicted problems both with social functioning and functioning in leisure activities (i.e. sport/hobbies/chores/jobs), whereas higher IQ predicted better functioning in leisure activities. The current study primarily highlights the importance of detecting and treating ADHD symptoms in order to prevent reduced functional outcomes, and that EF tests may contribute to identify children in need of educational interventions targeting EF deficits.

Background: This systematic review addresses how adolescent-rated parent-child communication (PCC) quality is related to adolescent mental health., Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in Medline and APA PsycInfo, including peer-reviewed quantitative studies examining associations between adolescent-rated dyadic PCC quality and general as well as specific measures of adolescent mental health. Qualitative and case studies were excluded, as were studies reporting only parent-rated communication quality or instruments assessing other constructs than dyadic PCC. We screened 5314 articles, of which 37 were included in the review. We assessed study quality with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool., Results: We synthesized the findings in a table and narratively, reporting the main outcomes organized according to mental health constructs. The included studies were mainly cross-sectional. The results showed that adolescent-rated PCC quality is negatively associated with mental health constructs, demonstrating small to large effects across different mental health constructs and populations. The associations were found for general mental health and specific domains, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and addictive internet use/gaming., Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that PCC is a relevant variable to consider in assessing adolescent mental health and preventive efforts. Limitations include the exclusive focus on adolescent-reported PCC questionnaires since parent- and observer-rated instruments may lead to different results. Also, PCC is related to other constructs, such as dyadic relationships, that were not included in this review. We conclude that PCC is a relevant variable to consider in mental health research. Our findings suggest that PCC may be considered in mental health practice, both in terms of assessing its quality and potentially by tailoring interventions to enhance PCC. These may represent a mean to promote adolescent mental health., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest., (© 2023 The Authors. JCPP Advances published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.)

Objective: Autistic traits are associated with mental health difficulties and risk of suicidal risk behaviors among adolescents. Little is known about how autistic traits affect the mental health of adolescents with rare neurodevelopmental disorders (RNDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between autistic traits, mental health difficulties, and suicidal risk behaviors in adolescents with RNDs., Methods: Parents (N = 93) completed the Child Behavior Checklist, Social Communication Questionnaire, and Social Responsiveness Scale about their adolescent (Mage = 13.1, SD = 2.3, 62.4% females) with an RND (e.g., sex chromosome aneuploidies, Fragile X syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome). The data were analyzed with hierarchical logistic regression analysis., Results: The prevalence of suicidal risk behaviors (16.1%) was similar to that reported among autistic youth and was higher among boys than girls. More autistic traits were associated with suicidal risk behaviors in bivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, more anxiety/depressive symptoms were associated with more suicidal risk behaviors and externalizing problems associated with suicidal risk behaviors beyond autistic traits and anxiety/depressive symptoms., Conclusion: Adolescents with RNDs are at risk of suicidal risk behaviors, especially those with higher levels of autistic traits, anxiety/depressive symptoms, and externalizing problems. Assessment of autistic traits, mental health difficulties, and suicide risk may be indicated for adolescents with RNDs to determine if corresponding intervention is needed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: TV-series and movies are important sources of knowledge about autism for the general public., Aims: This study's purpose was to elicit autistic adults' opinions on portrayals of autistic characters in film and television productions and how this can be improved., Methods and Procedure: In this study, we examined the recommendations of autistic adults (n = 798, M age = 30.3, 48% female) and non-autistic adults (n = 1463, M age = 35.0, 62% female) from 90 countries on how film and television productions can improve autistic portrayals., Outcomes and Results: Autistic adults rated three improvement factors as most important: (1) Appointing autistic writers, (2) Having an autistic consultant, and (3) Representing greater diversity in autistic characters. Compared to the non-autistic groups, autistic adults rated "Appointing autistic writers" as more important. Autistic participants also endorsed "Having an autism-expert consultant" and "Making the character display all relevant diagnostic criteria" significantly less than non-autistic groups., Conclusions and Implications: Participants strongly endorsed that autistic adults should to a much larger extent be included as writers, consultants and actors to enhance the making of autistic characters in film and TV., Competing Interests: Disclosure of conflicts of interest None of the authors have relevant conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing individuals were assessed on three neuropsychological tests of executive function (EF) and on scales of autism symptoms and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms at baseline (T1; N  = 88, M age  = 11.8 years, 73% males), 2-year (T2; 99% retention, M age  = 13.9 years), and 10-year follow-ups (T3; 75% retention, M age  = 21.4 years). An EF composite score from T1 significantly predicted internalizing symptoms at T2 (β = .228) and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at T3 (β = .431 and .478, respectively), when controlling for age and autism symptoms. OThe findings suggest that EF difficulties are a long-term risk factor for more co-occurring symptoms. .

Background: Individuals with autism tend to have a reduced quality of life across their lifespan. This reduced quality of life may be a result of autism traits, mental distress, and poor person/environment fit. In this longitudinal study, we looked at the role of adolescence internalizing and externalizing problems in mediating the relationship between having an autism diagnosis from childhood and perceived quality of life as emerging adults., Methods: A total of 66 participants in a group of emerging adults with autism (mean age 22.2 years), and without autism (mean age 20.9 years) were assessed in three assessment waves (T1 at 12 years, T2 at 14 years, and T3 at 22 years of age). Parents filled out the Child Behavior Checklist at T2 and participants filled out the Perceived Quality of Life Questionnaire at T3. Total and indirect effects were tested in serial mediation analysis., Results: The results showed that internalizing problems fully mediated the association between childhood autism diagnosis and the quality of life in emerging adulthood, while externalizing problems did not., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that attention to adolescent internalizing problems is important to improve the later quality of life for emerging adults with autism., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Parent-child communication represents an important variable in clinical child and family psychology due to its association with a variety of psychosocial outcomes. To give an overview of instruments designed to measure the quality of parent-child communication from the child's (8-21 years) perspective and to assess the psychometric quality of these instruments, we performed a systematic literature search in Medline and PsycInfo (last: February 25, 2022). Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English with a child-rated instrument measuring the quality of parent-child communication were included. Initial screening for eligibility and inclusion, subsequent data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by couples of review team members. Based on the screening of 5115 articles, 106 studies reported in 126 papers were included. We identified 12 parent-child communication instruments across the studies. The Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) was used in 75% of the studies. On average, the evidence for psychometric quality of the instruments was low. Few instruments were used in clinical and at-risk samples. Several instruments are available to rate parent-child communication from the child's perspective. However, their psychometric evidence is limited and the theoretical foundation is largely undocumented. This review has limitations with regard to selection criteria and language bias.Registration PROSPERO: CRD42021255264., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: We tested the hypotheses that (1) a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood or adolescence is associated with reduced quality of life (QoL) and everyday functioning in emerging adulthood, and (2) executive function (EF) deficits, internalizing difficulties, and ADHD symptoms predict reduced QoL and more functional impairments., Method: We assessed 85 children and adolescents with ADHD and 50 typically developing (TD) peers at baseline ( M age = 11.6 years, 58% males), 2-year follow-up, and 10-year follow-up with neuropsychological tests of EF and self-reports., Results: Individuals with ADHD reported lower QoL and functional impairments in emerging adulthood compared to TD peers. More internalizing difficulties and ADHD symptoms at baseline and 2-year follow-up significantly predicted lower QoL and more functional impairments at the 10-year follow-up., Conclusion: ADHD and internalizing difficulties in childhood or adolescence have a negative impact on QoL and everyday functioning in emerging adulthood.

Deficits in executive functions (EFs) are theorized to play an important role in causing functional impairment and associated psychopathology in individuals with ADHD. The objective of this study was to examine the role of EFs and ADHD symptoms as longitudinal predictors of psychopathology symptoms in individuals with ADHD and typically developing individuals. We assessed individuals with and without ADHD (N = 135) with neuropsychological tests of EFs and scales of ADHD symptoms and psychopathology symptoms at baseline (T1; M age = 11.59, 57.8% boys), 2-year follow-up (T2; M age = 13.63, 97% retention), and 10-year follow-up (M age = 21.18, 75% retention). Baseline EFs predicted psychopathology symptoms at the 2- and the 10-year follow-up, explaining 17% and 12% of the variance, respectively. Baseline EFs predicted both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and the predictive value of EFs on psychopathology symptoms at 10-year follow-up was accounted for by cognitive flexibility. Baseline ADHD symptoms were a significant predictor of all symptom domains at all time points. Thus, childhood EFs, in particular cognitive flexibility, can predict psychopathology symptoms in emerging adulthood beyond the effect of ADHD symptoms. This supports dominating theories of ADHD stating that executive dysfunction contributes to the observed phenotype, including associated psychopathology symptoms, and suggests that EFs are important targets of interventional efforts., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: This study aims to investigate self-perceived quality of life, daily functioning, and the use of compensatory strategies in emerging adults with autism., Methods and Analysis: Participants will be recruited from the Lillehammer Neurodevelopmental 10-year follow-up study (LINEUP), with the aim of 15 individual in-depth interviews. Subsequently, two focus groups with clinicians will be invited to reflect on the themes found in the individual interviews. All interviews will be recorded and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis., Ethics and Dissemination: The study is approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in South-East Norway. The findings will be disseminated to academic and clinical audiences through journal articles and conference presentations. To reach the broader autistic and autism communities, the findings will be shared with the Autism Society at national and local meetings, in their membership magazine, and on their social media channel., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Øverland, Hauge, Orm, Pellicano, Øie, Skogli and Andersen.)

In the last decade, there has been an increase in publications on technology-based interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Virtual reality based assessments and intervention tools are promising and have shown to be acceptable amongst individuals with ASD. This scoping review reports on 49 studies utilizing virtual reality and augmented reality technology in social skills interventions for individuals with ASD. The included studies mostly targeted children and adolescents, but few targeted very young children or adults. Our findings show that the mode number of participants with ASD is low, and that female participants are underrepresented. Our review suggests that there is need for studies that apply virtual and augmented realty with more rigorous designs involving established and evidenced-based intervention strategies., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to estimate ADHD persistence in a European clinical sample of children diagnosed with ADHD and followed prospectively for 10 years into young adulthood., Methods: We assessed 85 children with ADHD at baseline ( M age  = 11.6, SD = 2.1, 54% male) and re-assessed 59 at 10-year follow-up ( M age  = 21.4, SD = 2.3, 54% male). ADHD symptoms at baseline were assessed with a semi-structured clinical interview (Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia/Present and lifetime version) and parent rating scales (ADHD Rating Scale IV, Child Behavior Checklist). ADHD symptoms at 10-year follow-up were assessed with a semi-structured clinical interview (MINI-Plus) and self-report scales (ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 screener, Adult Self Report). Functional impairment at 10-year follow-up was assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning scale., Results: At 10-year follow-up, 39% met ADHD symptom thresholds based on clinical evaluation using MINI-Plus or the ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 screener or the Adult Self Report together with clinicians' rating of functional impairment., Conclusion: ADHD persistence rates in this European clinical sample match previous estimates and indicate that a significant proportion of those diagnosed with ADHD as children still exhibit clinical levels of ADHD symptoms in adulthood.

Background: Social support is a protective factor for siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders., Aims: We reviewed studies on social support received by siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders., Methods and Procedures: We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (CRD42020207686), searching PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus., Outcomes and Results: Fifteen articles were eligible for the review, 13 of which used cross-sectional designs. Two studies investigated sibling social support after an intervention. Multiple variables were negatively related to social support (e.g., sibling depression, loneliness, stress). Variables that were positively related to social support included prosocial behavior, competence (academic, social, and activity-related), problem-focused coping, and family quality of life. Potential moderators of the relationship between social support and psychosocial adjustment included the type of disorder of the affected sibling and the type of social support provider. We conclude with an overview of the reliability and validity of the seven social support measurements used across the studies., Conclusions and Implications: Lower levels of social support are associated with more negative psychosocial adjustment among siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. We encourage future researchers to further investigate ways to increase social support for siblings to improve outcomes., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

We assessed 85 children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 50 typically developing children (TD) (M age  = 11.59, 57.8% boys) with the Hungry Donkey Task (HDT) at baseline and 2-year follow-up, and the Iowa Gambling Task at 10-year follow-up (75% retention). Improvement in the proportion of advantageous choices was observed from two- to 10-year follow-up, but the ADHD group improved less and was outperformed by the TD group at the 10-year follow-up. More advantageous choices on the HDT at baseline predicted less risky behavior at 10-year follow-up. Male sex and more inattentive or externalizing symptoms at baseline predicted more risky behavior.

Background: For adults with rare disorders, COVID-19 can be more severe and deadlier. This may lead to anxiety about COVID-19 among adults with rare disorders, including worries about being infected. COVID-19 anxiety is linked with mental health problems in the general population., Aims: To examine the levels of mental health problems and COVID-19 anxiety, and their association, among adults with rare disorders., Methods and Procedures: Adults with rare disorders (N = 58, M age = 45.2 years, SD = 12.7, 69.0 % females, 31.0 % males) answered standardized mental health and COVID-19 anxiety questionnaires online. Their scores were compared with samples without rare disorders., Outcomes and Results: Mental health problems were higher than in a sample without rare disorders (effect size d = 1.14), as was COVID-19 anxiety (effect size d = 0.53). COVID-19 anxiety correlated significantly with mental health problems (r = 0.46). Controlling for age, gender, and work status, COVID-19 anxiety explained 16.1 % of the variance in mental health problems (ΔR 2  = 0.161, p = 0.001)., Conclusions and Implications: COVID-19 anxiety is higher than norms and associated with mental health problems for adults with rare disorders. During the pandemic, clinicians are recommended to assess COVID-19 anxiety for patients with rare disorders., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Children with developmental disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are at high risk of school-refusal behavior (SRB) compared with their peers. One of the most used scales to assess SRB is the school refusal behavior scale - revised (SRAS-R). The SRAS-R has demonstrated good psychometric properties when used with the general population of children, but, recently, its validity has been questioned when used with children with developmental disorders. We tested the psychometric properties of the SRAS-R parental reports in 96 children with ADHD (M age = 12.4; SD = 1.7, 61.5% boys). Results showed good model fit and internal consistency for the original four-factor structure. Three of the factors were strongly correlated, suggesting that SRB among children with ADHD is caused by several factors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Orm, Orm, Mebostad, Dechsling and Nordahl-Hansen.)

Purpose: Communication quality is an essential indicator of family functioning and represents an important outcome after pediatric nursing interventions. However, few well-documented child-report questionnaires for family communication exist. We aimed to document the psychometric properties of a previously developed child-rated family communication scale for use in pediatric nursing., Design and Methods: We examined the Parent-Child Communication Scale - Child Report (PCCS-CR) in terms of factor structure, convergent validity against the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures scale (ECR-RS), and known-groups validity between a sample of siblings of children with pediatric health conditions and controls. The sample comprised 101 siblings of children with a pediatric health condition and 44 controls (M age = 11.5 years, SD = 2.2)., Results: We confirmed a two-factor structure of the PCCS-CR. One factor is communication from the child to the parent, labelled child communication (e.g., "I discuss problems with my parents") and the other is communication from the parent to the child, labelled parent communication (e.g., "My parent is a good listener"). Convergent validity of the PCCS-CR was demonstrated through correlations with ECR-RS (r = -0.73 to -0.22, p ≤ .05). Further, construct validity through differences between families with and without a child with a pediatric health condition was demonstrated (g = 0.36-0.83, p ≤ .052)., Conclusion: The PCCS-CR appears to be a psychometrically sound measure of parent-child communication from the child's point of view., Practical Implications: The PCCS-CR can be administered in pediatric nursing care and can be used to target and measure the outcomes of interventions aimed at enhancing family functioning., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Our objective was to examine developmental trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms from childhood to young adulthood in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and typically developing (TD) individuals. Method: We assessed co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in 61 individuals with ADHD, 26 with ASD, and 40 TD individuals at baseline (T1; M age = 11.72, 64% boys), 2-year follow up (T2; M age = 13.77), and 10-year follow up (T3; M age = 21.35). We analyzed trajectories of internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and total problems with linear mixed models. Results: From T1 to T3, the ADHD group displayed a small decline in internalizing behaviors ( d = -0.49) and large declines in externalizing behaviors ( d = -0.78) and total problems ( d = -0.71). The ASD group displayed large declines in internalizing behaviors ( d = -0.79), externalizing behaviors ( d = -0.80), and total problems ( d = -0.89). From T1 to T2, the decline in externalizing behaviors and total problems were significantly smaller in the ADHD group compared with the ASD group. The ADHD and the ASD group displayed more co-occurring symptoms compared with the TD group at T3. Conclusion: Individuals with ADHD and ASD, respectively, displayed declines in co-occurring symptoms from childhood to young adulthood. Individuals with ASD displayed an earlier decline compared with individuals with ADHD. Compared with TD individuals, individuals with ADHD and ASD, respectively, continued to display elevated levels of co-occurring symptoms in young adulthood., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Orm, Øie, Fossum, Andersen and Skogli.)

Background : Few questionnaires are tailored for siblings of children with disabilities. The Negative Adjustment Scale (NAS) was developed to measure siblings' adjustment, but has not yet been validated. Objective : To investigate the factor structure and convergent validity of the NAS. Method:  We examined the validity of the NAS in terms of factor structure and convergent validity against a general mental health measure. The sample comprised 107 siblings ( M age = 11.5 years, SD  = 2.1, 53.8% boys) of children with disabilities. Results : We confirmed a one-factor structure for the NAS. Convergent validity was demonstrated through significant correlations ( r =.29-.44) with sibling externalizing and internalizing mental health difficulties. Conclusion : The NAS holds promise as a measure tailored for the assessment of sibling's adjustment.

Background: Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBI) have been evaluated as the most promising interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. In recent years, a growing body of literature suggests that technological advancements such as Virtual Reality (VR) are promising intervention tools. However, to the best of our knowledge no studies have combined evidence-based practice with such tools., Aim: This article aims to review the current literature combining NDBI and VR, and provide suggestions on merging NDBI-approaches with VR., Methods: This article is divided into two parts, where we first conduct a review mapping the research applying NDBI-approaches in VR. In the second part we argue how to apply the common features of NDBI into VR-technology., Results: Our findings show that no VR-studies explicitly rely on NDBI-approaches, but some utilize elements in their interventions that are considered to be common features to NDBI., Conclusions and Implications: As the results show, to date, no VR-based studies have utilized NDBI in their intervention. We therefore, in the second part of this article, suggests ways to merge VR and NDBI and introduce the term Virtual Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (VNDBI). VNDBI is an innovative way of implementing NDBI which will contribute in making interventions more accessible in central as well as remote locations, while reducing unwanted variation between service sites. VNDBI will advance the possibilities of individually tailoring and widen the area of interventions. In addition, VNDBI can provide the field with new knowledge on effective components enhancing the accuracy in the intervention packages and thus move forward the research field and clinical practice., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To illuminate this difficult clinical situation and assist and improve in its diagnosis and management. METHODS AND STUDY: Record Review. All 4 patients had a unilateral DEP and increased hyperdeviation upon tilting the head to the contralateral shoulder. Two patients had surgery to the eye with the presumed diagnosis of DEP, consisting of recession of the inferior rectus muscle in one patient and a Knapp procedure in the second patient. The other two patients had weakening surgery of the superior rectus muscle of the contralateral eye., Results: The marked limitation of elevation in the eye with pseudo- DEP was either restored to normal or very satisfactorily improved. Bilateral DVD appeared in all four patients immediately after surgery., Conclusion: Bilateral asymmetric DVD can masquerade as unilateral DEP due to inhibitional palsy of the elevators. Meticulous diagnostic tests can reveal the DVDs.