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In the Global North, meat consumption is both an integral part of everyday diets and under increasing pressure to be reduced, owing to its various harmful effects. There has been much research on the issues that forestall less meat-dominated diets. Based on interview and participant observation data of consumers with a wide variety of meat relations in Finland, this article extends these discussions by framing the issue as navigating contentious relations of care. This enables a two-fold contribution. First, the article brings together previously disconnected research on these themes and makes explicit the benefits of studying meat consumption through care. Second, it demonstrates how this approach contributes an understanding of the persistence of meat on our plates, by showing how contentious care relations within meat consumption are navigated through moderation: varying degrees of engagement with care, defined by distances and realignments as well as disconnections in the processes of caring.

The affective turn has highlighted the need to study emotions, visceral reactions and embodied experiences within social sciences, and its importance has also been recognized within theories of practice. However, practice theoretical discussions of affects, especially empirically grounded ones, are still sparse and fragmented. This article seeks to further these nascent discussions by arguing that affective practices present one fruitful avenue forward. Originally introduced by Margaret Wetherell within social psychology, affective practices are theoretically developed further in this article within sociological research on consumption practices. This is done by suggesting that affective practices can be operationalized as meanings, materials and competences, following Shove, Pantzar and Watson’s work. To explore how these three interdependent elements fit within affective practices, the article utilizes examples of disgust as an affective practice from a research project on everyday meat consumption practices among Finnish consumers. This provides a rich area of enquiry, since meat consumption mobilizes many affects in these times of mounting sustainability, health and animal rights concerns, and disgust within it entangles with visceral reactions as well as moral aversion. Altogether, the article provides a conceptualization for studying how affects themselves are constituted practically (affects as practices), to compliment previous research that has considered affects or emotions as parts of certain practices (affects within practices). Approaching affects as practices makes it possible to see affects’ ontological variability and trajectories over time, as well as their relations to cultural and social values and feeling rules.

This article explores the ways through which care manifests in everyday food waste reduction practices. The article is positioned within a more-than-human approach, which emphasises blurred ontological and epistemological boundaries among and across (assemblages of) humans, nonhumans, things and issues (re)forming sociomaterial worlds. Drawing empirical insights from (n)ethnographic materials that have been generated in an ongoing research project focusing on consumers as active reducers of food waste, the article discusses three overlapping ways (labour/work, affect/affection and ethics/politics) through which we care for and live with food waste in both research and everyday life. Labour/work entails hands-on relations with food (waste), wherein food is understood as an active participant in the reduction practices. In affective practices, food waste reduction is closely attached to our bodies (and other bodies) as well as the senses of sight, touch and smell. Through ethico-political doings, food waste reduction becomes a collective issue, encompassing, for instance, gendered division of labour. The article argues for understanding food waste as a matter of care and maps out the consequences of such understanding for environmental-political agency.

Aims Clinical experience suggests that atherosclerotic disease is common in individuals with coeliac disease, but epidemiological studies have had contradicting findings. To summarise the currently available evidence, we systematically reviewed and analysed observational studies of the association of coeliac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis with coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke. Data synthesis We searched for studies comparing CHD or stroke outcomes with individuals with and without coeliac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis. Three investigators independently searched electronic databases, identified relevant studies and extracted data. Study-specific results were combined in random-effects meta-analyses, and heterogeneity was quantified using the I 2 statistic and meta-regression. Twenty-one studies were included in our systematic review and 18 in the meta-analyses. For CHD, the pooled hazard ratio for incident disease was 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93, 1.19) and the overall standardised mortality ratio was 1.21 (0.99, 1.49). For stroke and brain haemorrhage, the corresponding estimates were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.21) and 1.43 (0.97, 2.10), respectively. There was moderate to considerable heterogeneity among the study-specific estimates. In addition, many estimates were based on small numbers of outcomes and they had limitations in terms of adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusion Our meta-analyses lend some support to an association between coeliac disease and CHD or cerebrovascular disease, but the evidence base was heterogeneous and had limitations. Our systematic review highlighted a need in this area for adequately powered prospective studies with appropriate adjustment for potentially confounding factors.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an extraintestinal manifestation of coeliac disease. Untreated coeliac disease patients are known to have transglutaminase 2 (TG2)-targeted IgA deposits in the small bowel mucosa. To evaluate whether similar intestinal IgA deposits are also present in DH and whether the deposits disappear with gluten-free diet, 47 untreated and 27 treated DH patients were studied. Seventy-nine percent of untreated and 41% of the treated DH patients had TG2-specific IgA deposits in the small bowel, and the presence of the deposits showed a significant association with the degree of small bowel villous atrophy (p < 0.001). Other coeliac-disease related inflammatory markers were also investigated, and the density of small bowel mucosal intraepithelial γδ(+) T cells was increased in 91% of untreated and 73% of treated DH patients. The results show that the majority of untreated DH patients have similar gluten-dependent TG2-specific IgA deposits the small bowel mucosa as coeliac disease patients.

Background It has been suggested that antibodies against transglutaminase (TG) 6 could serve as a biomarker to identify a subgroup of gluten-sensitive patients who may be at risk of developing neurological disease. We here investigated whether TG6-targeted autoantibodies are a characteristic feature of celiac patients, especially those with neurological symptoms, and further, whether such antibodies are gluten-dependent. Methods Serum IgA-class TG6 autoantibodies were measured in untreated and treated celiac patients with and without neurological manifestions and in non-celiac controls. The results were compared to TG2 autoantibody levels. Results During a gluten-containing diet the number of TG6 autoantibody-positive celiac patients with neurological problems (25%) did not significantly differ from that of TG6-seropositive patients without neurological impairment (16%) or from non-celiac controls (15%). This was in contrast to our finding in TG2 autoantibody-positive individuals, whose numbers differed significantly between all three study groups. On a gluten-free diet the levels of TG6 autoantibodies remained unchanged. Conclusions We conclude that the serum IgA-class TG6 autoantibody assay is not able to distinguish gluten-sensitive patients with neurological manifestations from celiac patients without neurological problems or from control subjects, and further, that TG6 autoantibodies are not gluten-dependent.

The autoantigen of celiac disease, transglutaminase 2 (TG2), adopts an open conformation during enzymatic activation. We studied diagnostic accuracy of serodiagnostic assays using TG2 in its open and closed conformation as antigens in patients with diagnostic difficulties. The open TG2 antibody (TG2ab) test identified 93% of untreated celiac patients in contrast to 44%, 27%, and 68% detected by closed and conventional TG2ab and endomysial antibody (EmA) tests, respectively. The assay was able to detect 60% of non-responding celiac patients seronegative for conventional TG2ab and EmA. The titers of the open TG2abs were higher than those of the closed TG2abs. The serological test utilizing TG2 in an open conformation was more accurate than the other assays in finding active celiac disease even in patients having negative or borderline conventional celiac autoantibodies and in revealing poor dietary response non-invasively. It thus offers a promising tool in the diagnostics and follow-up of celiac disease.

Background and aims The diagnosis of coeliac disease is problematic in individuals not responding to a gluten-free diet. Small-bowel villous atrophy occurs in other enteropathies and non-responsive patients are often seronegative. We investigated whether small-bowel mucosal transglutaminase-2 specific autoantibody deposits distinguish non-responsive coeliac disease from other enteropathies. Methods Small-bowel mucosal autoantibody deposits were determined in 27 non-responsive, 28 responsive coeliac patients and 10 controls with other enteropathies. Of the non-responsive coeliac patients six were adhering poorly and 21 strictly to the diet; six of the 21 had enteropathy-associated lymphoma, five refractory coeliac disease and 10 otherwise persistent villous atrophy. The presence of mucosal autoantibody deposits was compared to serology, villous morphology, densities of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and markers of refractory coeliac disease. Results Twenty out of 21 well-adhering, all six poorly adhering non-responsive and all 28 untreated responsive coeliac patients had small-bowel mucosal autoantibody deposits present, while controls with other enteropathies were negative. Small-bowel mucosal autoantibody deposits were more accurate in detecting coeliac disease than serology or IEL densities. Refractory coeliac markers revealed only cases with the most severe condition. Conclusions Small-bowel mucosal autoantibody deposits differentiate coeliac disease from other enteropathies, enabling the design of appropriate therapeutic strategies.

During the past 20 years the diagnosis of coeliac disease has improved significantly. However, at the same time the true prevalence of the condition has doubled, involving more than 2% of the population in some countries. Due to mild or atypical symptoms, the diagnosis remains a challenge for the health care system. Highly sensitive and specific serum endomysial and transglutaminase-2 antibody tests are helpful in identifying patients for diagnostic endoscopy and small-bowel biopsy. The diagnosis of the disease is still based on the demonstration of gluten-induced small-bowel mucosal villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia. However, coeliac disease may manifest itself before the development of the overt small-intestinal lesion. Positive endomysial and transglutaminase antibodies in patients with normal small-bowel mucosal villous architecture may indicate early stage coeliac disease. Currently, the only effective treatment for the condition is a life-long strict gluten-free diet. Long-term regular follow-up of patients is recommended in order to maintain good adherence to the diet. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1205–16.

Background: The seasonality of suicide rates and methods of suicide may be related to changes in weather and conditions of employment. Particularly the amount of occupational outdoor exposure could show differences in the distribution of suicides by season and the selection of suicide method, in addition to age at the time of death. Methods: The data consisted of all death certificates ( n =1359) of completed suicides in the province of Oulu, Finland, during the years 1988–1999. For male subjects included in this study, four occupational groups were identified according to decreasing occupational outdoor exposure. The mean ages, the distribution of suicide methods and the seasonal variation in suicides for each occupational group were analyzed. Results: Farmers were significantly older at the time of suicide than construction or indoor workers, and farmers employed significantly more violent methods than the other occupational groups. In the spring, farmers had a significant peak in the rate of suicides. In the winter, forest workers had a significant trough in the rate of suicides. In the summer, indoor workers had a significant peak in the rate of suicides. Limitations: The analyses were restricted to males due to the low number of females in the study population. Conclusions: The novel finding in this study was that the seasonality of violent suicides was most strongly seen as a spring peak and a winter trough among outdoor workers. The recognition of typical risk factors of different occupations, such as outdoor exposure, and occupational-related susceptibility towards certain suicide methods could benefit in the prevention of suicides.

Typical features of celiac disease are small-bowel villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and inflammation which develop gradually concomitant with ingestion of gluten. In addition, patients have anti-transglutaminase 2 (TG2) autoantibodies in their serum and tissues. The aim of this study was to establish whether celiac disease can be passively transferred to mice by serum or immunoglobulins. Serum aliquots or purified immunoglobulins (Ig) were intraperitoneally injected into Hsd:Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu mice for 8 or 27 days. As mice do not have proper IgA transport from peritoneum to blood, sera with a high content of IgG class anti-TG2 antibodies from untreated IgA-deficient celiac patients were used. Mouse sera were tested for celiac disease-specific autoantibodies, and several tissues were analyzed for autoantibody deposits targeted to TG2. Morphological assessment was made of the murine small intestinal mucosa. Injection of celiac disease patient sera or total IgG led to a significant delay in weight gain and mild diarrhea in a subset of mice. The mice injected with celiac patient sera or IgG had significantly decreased villus height crypt depth (Vh/CrD) ratios and celiac disease-specific autoantibody deposits targeted to TG2 in several tissues, including the small intestine. None of these features were observed in control mice. We conclude that administration of IgA-deficient celiac disease patient serum or total IgG induces both deterioration of the intestinal mucosa and clinical features of celiac disease in mice. The experimentally induced condition in the mice injected with patient serum or IgG resembles early developing celiac disease in humans.Celiac disease patient sera or total IgG was injected into athymic mice. A significant delay in weight gain and mild diarrhea was observed. Mice evinced significantly decreased villus height crypt depth ratios. Celiac disease-specific autoantibody deposits were present in several tissues. The condition in mice resembles early stage celiac disease in humans.

Parental lack or loss during childhood may increase the risk of later behavioural problems in the offspring. Westudied the association between violent recidivism and types of single-parent family of origin by using a prospectively collected general population birth cohort database (N = 5,589 males), 'the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort'. The results showed that the risk of repeated violent offending was nearly eightfold if the male child was born to a single mother who remained unmarried up to the child's 14th birthday. The corresponding probability was fivefold if the male subject was born to a single mother who married later during the offspring's childhood and twofold if the parents were separated. Parental death was not significantly associated with violent recidivism.

In celiac disease, highly sensitive and specific serum endomysial and transglutaminase 2 antibody tests are widely used in identifying patients for diagnostic endoscopy and small-bowel biopsy. In addition, the recently developed deamidated gliadin peptide antibody tests show promise in celiac disease diagnostics. In view of these apparent problems attending the diagnostic gold standard, gluten-induced small-bowel mucosal villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia, other diagnostic approaches beyond conventional histology have been introduced. Furthermore, the diagnostic criteria for celiac disease are currently under revision with an eye also to noninvasive diagnostic strategies.

Background Diagnosis of celiac disease may be problematic in that small-bowel villous atrophy sometimes occurs in conjunction with other enteropathies, develops gradually and may be patchy. Furthermore, as the often compromised quality of biopsy specimens renders diagnosis difficult, new diagnostic tools are warranted. Goals As the celiac disease-specific autoantibodies are found deposited at their production site, in the small-bowel mucosa, they may be useful in diagnostics, especially in problematic cases. We therefore systematically assessed the occurrence of celiac-specific autoantibody deposits in a large cohort of celiac patients, and established how IgA deposits decline after initiation of a gluten-free diet. Methods Transglutaminase-2 specific mucosal IgA autoantibody deposits were determined from small-bowel mucosal biopsies in 261 untreated, 71 short-term (1 y), and 105 long-term (2 to 41 y) treated celiac disease patients and in 78 nonceliac controls. The presence of the deposits was compared with celiac serology, mucosal villous morphology and density of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Results All untreated celiac disease patients had mucosal autoantibody deposits and their intensity was moderate or strong in 90% of cases. In contrast, 18% of the controls had weak depositions. During a gluten-free diet the intensity of the deposits diminished, but was still faintly positive in 56% of long-term treated celiac patients. The efficiency of the test in determining mucosal autoantibody deposits was superior to serology and inflammatory markers. Conclusions Mucosal transglutaminase-2 specific autoantibody deposits proved to be accurate gluten-dependent markers of celiac disease and would thus be of value in the diagnostics and dietary monitoring of this disorder.

Objectives: A gluten-free diet omitting wheat, rye, and barley is the only effective treatment for coeliac disease. The necessity of excluding oats from the diet has remained controversial. We studied the toxicity of oats in children with coeliac disease during a 2-year follow-up by investigating jejunal transglutaminase 2 (TG2)-targeted IgA-class autoantibody deposits, a potentially more sensitive disease marker than serum antibodies or conventional histology. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three coeliac children in remission were randomized to undergo oat or gluten challenge with wheat, rye, barley, and oats. When jejunal histological relapse was evident after gluten challenge, patients excluded wheat, rye, and barley but continued with oats. Mucosal morphology and TG2-targeted autoantibody deposits were studied in jejunal biopsies taken at baseline and after 6 and 24 months. Furthermore, serum IgA-class TG2 antibodies were measured. Results: At baseline, serum TG2 antibodies were negative in all 23 patients, but 7 of them had minor mucosal deposits. In the oats group, there was no significant change in the intensity of the deposits within 2 years. In contrast, during the gluten challenge, the intensity of the deposits clearly increased and decreased again when wheat, rye, and barley were excluded but consumption of oats was continued; this was in line with serum autoantibodies. The intensity of the mucosal deposits correlated well with both villous morphology and serum autoantibody levels. Conclusions: Consumption of oats does not induce TG2 autoantibody production at mucosal level in children with coeliac disease. Measurement of small-intestinal mucosal autoantibody deposits is suitable for monitoring treatment in coeliac patients.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder wherein the ingestion of gluten causes villous atrophy of the small intestinal mucosa with crypt hyperplasia in genetically susceptible individuals. The classic symptoms are malabsorption, steatorrhea, weight loss, growth retardation, and failure to thrive (1,2). Dermatitis herpetiformis is a well-known extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease, characterized by granular immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits in uninvolved skin (3). Approximately 17% of celiac patients have dermatitis herpetiformis (4). Celiac disease can appear at any age after gluten has been introduced into the diet, whereas dermatitis herpetiformis usually manifests in adulthood, the median age of diagnosis being about 40 years (4). It remains obscure why some patients experience celiac disease, overt enteropathy, and no skin involvement, whereas some experience dermatitis herpetiformis with often only mild enteropathy. The following 3 case reports indicate that periods of gluten intake and gluten withdrawal may have an impact on disease expression, and the phenotype may vary in the same person over time.

In coeliac disease, immunoglobulin (Ig)A-class autoantibodies against transglutaminase-2 are produced in the small intestinal mucosa, where they are deposited extracellularly. It remains unclear whether positive intestinal transglutaminase-2-targeted IgA deposits in subjects having normal small bowel mucosal morphology are signs of early-stage coeliac disease. We evaluated the gluten dependency of these deposits in overt and mild enteropathy coeliac disease.All together 48 subjects suspected of coeliac disease but having normal small bowel mucosal villi were enrolled; 28 of them had latent coeliac disease. The remaining 20 having positive intestinal IgA deposits adopted a gluten-free diet before villous atrophy had developed. For comparison, 13 patients with overt coeliac disease and 42 noncoeliac controls were studied. Small bowel mucosal transglutaminase-2-specific autoantibodies were compared with villous morphology, intraepithelial lymphocyte densities, and serum coeliac autoantibodies.Intestinal IgA deposits were seen in all but 1 of the patients with latent coeliac disease, when the morphology was still intact; the intensity of these deposits increased as villous atrophy developed and decreased again on a gluten-free diet. In 20 patients with intestinal IgA deposits in normal villi, the intensity of the deposits decreased with the diet similarly to that seen in patients with overt coeliac disease. Mucosal IgA deposits were seen initially only in 5% of noncoeliac controls and in 8% after extended gluten consumption.The response of small bowel mucosal transglutaminase-2-specific IgA deposits for dietary intervention was similar in overt and mild enteropathy coeliac disease. Detection of such IgA deposits thus offers a good diagnostic tool to uncover early-stage coeliac disease.

Background: Unstable family environment during childhood is known to predispose to juvenile delinquency. Aims: This study explored whether childhood family structure is associated with violent behaviour of adult offspring. Methods: We used a large, unselected general population birth cohort ( n = 5589 males) linked with the national crime registers (up to the age of 32 years). The Ministry of Justice provided information on registered offences for all subjects. A logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between family type and criminality (violent and non-violent crimes). Results: We found that single-parent family “at birth” (adj. OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8-7.0) and “all time” (up to the age of 14 years) (adj. OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.5-10.6) were risk factors for violent offences of an adult offspring. Also parental death (adj. OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.6) and divorce (adj. OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-3.7) doubled the risk for violence. Non-violent offences were associated only with parental death and divorce. Conclusions: A single-parent family of origin is strongly associated with later violent criminality of male offspring. Further studies are needed to explore the psychosocial aspects of single-parent family environment which may promote the vulnerability to violent offending in adulthood.

Background Assessment of the gluten-induced small-intestinal mucosal injury remains the cornerstone of celiac disease diagnosis. Usually the injury is evaluated using grouped classifications (e.g. Marsh groups), but this is often too imprecise and ignores minor but significant changes in the mucosa. Consequently, there is a need for validated continuous variables in everyday practice and in academic and pharmacological research. Methods We studied the performance of our standard operating procedure (SOP) on 93 selected biopsy specimens from adult celiac disease patients and non-celiac disease controls. The specimens, which comprised different grades of gluten-induced mucosal injury, were evaluated by morphometric measurements. Specimens with tangential cutting resulting from poorly oriented biopsies were included. Two accredited evaluators performed the measurements in blinded fashion. The intraobserver and interobserver variations for villus height and crypt depth ratio (VH:CrD) and densities of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were analyzed by the Bland-Altman method and intraclass correlation. Results Unevaluable biopsies according to our SOP were correctly identified. The intraobserver analysis of VH:CrD showed a mean difference of 0.087 with limits of agreement from −0.398 to 0.224; the standard deviation (SD) was 0.159. The mean difference in interobserver analysis was 0.070, limits of agreement −0.516 to 0.375, and SD 0.227. The intraclass correlation coefficient in intraobserver variation was 0.983 and that in interobserver variation 0.978. CD3+ IEL density countings in the paraffin-embedded and frozen biopsies showed SDs of 17.1% and 16.5%; the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.961 and 0.956, respectively. Conclusions Using our SOP, quantitative, reliable and reproducible morphometric results can be obtained on duodenal biopsy specimens with different grades of gluten-induced injury. Clinically significant changes were defined according to the error margins (2SD) of the analyses in VH:CrD as 0.4 and in CD3+-stained IELs as 30%. Public Library of Science open access

Objective To establish whether children who are endomysial antibody (EmA) positive and have normal small-bowel mucosal villous morphology are truly gluten-sensitive and may benefit from early treatment with a gluten-free diet. Study design Children who were EmA positive with normal small-bowel mucosal villi were compared with children who were seropositive with villous atrophy by using several markers of untreated celiac disease. Thereafter, children with normal villous structure either continued on a normal diet or were placed on a gluten-free diet and re-investigated after 1 year. Seventeen children who were seronegative served as control subjects for baseline investigations. Results Normal villous morphology was noted in 17 children who were EmA positive, and villous atrophy was noted in 42 children who were EmA positive. These children were comparable in all measured variables regardless of the degree of enteropathy, but differed significantly from the seronegative control subjects. During the dietary intervention, in children who were EmA positive with normal villi, the disease was exacerbated in children who continued gluten consumption, whereas in all children who started the gluten-free diet, both the gastrointestinal symptoms and abnormal antibodies disappeared. Conclusions The study provided evidence that children who are EmA positive have a celiac-type disorder and benefit from early treatment despite normal mucosal structure, indicating that the diagnostic criteria for celiac disease should be re-evaluated.

LÄHTÖKOHDAT EKG:n käytöstä perusterveydenhuollon kiireettömillä vastaanotoilla ei ole selkeää valtakunnallista suositusta, vaikka kustannukset ovat suuret. MENETELMÄT Kyselylomakkeella kerättiin tiedot EKG-tutkimusten määrästä ja niitä koskevista ohjeista 20:stä Sisä-Suomen terveyskeskuksesta marraskuulta 2016. TULOKSET Kiireettömien EKG-tutkimusten määrä suhteessa lääkärilläkäynteihin vaihteli yksiköittäin välillä 6–60 %. Suhteessa kaikkiin käynteihin vaihtelu oli pienempää, 3−20 %. Tutkimuksia tehtiin enemmän terveyskeskuksissa, joissa kävi paljon iäkkäitä potilaita, hoitajilla oli oikeus määrätä EKG ja hoitajan vastaanotolla käyntien osuus oli suurempi. PÄÄTELMÄT EKG:n kiireettömässä käytössä on jopa kymmenkertaista vaihtelua terveyskeskusten välillä. Eroihin voivat vaikuttaa potilaskunnan ikärakenne ja terveyskeskusten sisäinen työjako.

Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin suomalaisissa yliopistoissa työskentelevien ulkomaalaistaustaisten tutkijoiden ja opettajien profiilia sekä julkaisuaktiivisuutta suhteessa suomalaiseen opetus- ja tutkimushenkilökuntaan vuosina 2012–2014. Tutkimusaineistoina käytettiin opetushallinnon tilastopalvelu Vipusesta koottuja tilastoja sekä opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön julkaisu- ja henkilöstötiedonkeruuaineistoa. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että ulkomaisten tutkijoiden ja opettajien osuus suomalaisten yliopistojen opetus- ja tutkimushenkilökunnan henkilötyövuosista muodosti vajaan viidenneksen (18 %) vuosina 2012–2014. Ulkomaisten tutkijoiden ja opettajien työpanos painottui erityisesti tutkijanuran alkuvaiheisiin. Professorien, tutkimusjohtajien ja vastaavien (uraporras IV) osuus henkilötyövuosista oli huomattavasti pienempi. Uraportaan IV ulkomaiset tutkijat ja opettajat olivat kotoisin tyypillisimmin ns. tieteen keskusmaista: Iso-Britanniasta, Saksasta ja Yhdysvalloista. Sen sijaan I uraportaalla eniten henkilötyövuosia tekivät ulkomaalaisista venäläiset, kiinalaiset ja intialaiset tutkijat ja opettajat. Julkaisuaktiivisuutta tarkasteltiin kolmen indikaattorin avulla: 1) julkaisut/henkilötyövuodet, 2) julkaisupisteet/julkaisut ja 3) kansainväliset yhteisjulkaisut/julkaisut. Ulkomaisten ja suomalaisten tutkijoiden ja opettajien julkaisuaktiivisuudessa ei ollut suuria eroja, mutta julkaisuaktiivisuus painottui hieman eri osa-alueille ja näyttäytyi eri tavoin tutkijanuran eri vaiheissa, eri tieteenaloilla ja sukupuolten välillä. Suomalaiset tutkijat ja opettajat tuottivat ulkomaalaisia enemmän julkaisuja suhteessa henkilötyövuosiin uraportailla I ja II, mutta tutkijanuran vakiintuneimmassa vaiheessa (IV uraporras) toimivat ulkomaiset miehet olivat keskimäärin suomalaisia tuottavampia kaikilla kolmella julkaisuaktiivisuuden osa-alueella. Ulkomaisten tutkijoiden julkaisuista suurempi osuus oli myös kansainvälisiä yhteisjulkaisuja kaikilla uraportailla. The study analysed the profiles and publishing productivity of teachers and researchers with foreign backgrounds in comparison with native Finnish teaching and research staff, between 2012 and 2014. Statistics compiled from the Vipunen statistics service provided by the Finnish National Board of Education, as well as publication and staff information data from the Ministry of Education and Culture were used as the research data. The research showed that foreign teachers and researchers accounted for slightly under one-fifth (18 %) of the total person-years of the teaching and research staff in Finnish universities between 2012 and 2014. The contribution of foreign researchers and teachers was particularly high during the early stages of a researcher’s career. The proportion of person-years contributed by professors, research managers, and similar (career path stage IV) was significantly lower. Foreign researchers and teachers at this level were usually from the so-called central countries of science: the UK, Germany, and the USA. Of foreign doctoral students (career path stage I), Russian, Chinese, and Indian researchers and teachers accounted for the largest proportion of person-years. Publishing productivity was studied using three indicators: 1) publications/person-years; 2) publication points/publications; and 3) international joint publications/publications. There were no significant differences between the publishing activity of Finnish and foreign researchers and teachers, but the activities were focused on slightly different areas, manifesting differently according to the stage of the researchers’ careers, the discipline, and the researcher’s gender. During the early stages of their research careers (career path stages I and II), Finnish researchers and teachers produced more publications relative to person-years, but as the career becomes more stabilised (career path stage IV), foreign male researchers were on average more productive in all three areas of publishing activity. Foreign researchers also produced a higher proportion of international joint publications than their Finnish counterparts, regardless of career stage. http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Julkaisut/2016/tutkijat.html?lang=fi