Search

We introduce Imagen 3, a latent diffusion model that generates high quality images from text prompts. We describe our quality and responsibility evaluations. Imagen 3 is preferred over other state-of-the-art (SOTA) models at the time of evaluation. In addition, we discuss issues around safety and representation, as well as methods we used to minimize the potential harm of our models.

Gravitational shockwaves are geometries where components of the transverse curvature have abrupt behaviour across null hypersurfaces, which are fronts of the waves. We develop a general approach to describe classical field theories on such geometries in a linearized approximation, by using free scalar fields as a model. Perturbations caused by shockwaves exist above the wave front and are solutions to a characteristic Cauchy problem with initial data on the wave front determined by a supertranslation of ingoing fields. A special attention is paid to perturbations of fields of pointlike sources generated by plane-fronted gravitational shockwaves. One has three effects: conversion of non-stationary perturbations into an outgoing radiation, a spherical scalar shockwave which appears when the gravitational wave hits the source, and a plane scalar shockwave accompanying the initial gravitational wave. Our analysis is applicable to gravitational shockwaves of a general class including geometries sourced by null particles and null branes., Comment: 29 pages, 4 figures, the published version with new references added

Null cosmic strings are shown to disturb gravitational fields of massive bodies and create outgoing gravitational waves (GW). Perturbations of the metric caused by a straight null string and a point-like massive source are found as solutions to linearized Einstein equations on a flat space-time. An analytic approximation for their asymptotic at future null infinity is derived. A space-time created by the source and the string is shown to have asymptotically polyhomogeneous form. We calculate GW flux in such space-times and demonstrate that the averaged intensity of the radiation is maximal in the direction of the string motion. Opportunities to detect null string generated gravity waves are briefly discussed., Comment: 30 paqes, 2 figures, v2, where a new section, comments and references are added

Null cosmic strings disturb electromagnetic (EM) fields of charged sources and sources with magnetic moments. As has been recently shown by the authors, these perturbations result in a self-force acting on the sources and create EM waves outgoing from the sources. We develop an analytic approximation for asymptotic of the EM waves at the future null infinity and calculate radiation fluxes for sources of the both types. For magnetic-dipole-like sources the radiation flux depends on orientation of the magnetic moment with respect to the string. Estimates show that the peak power of the radiation can be quite large for null strings moving near pulsars and considerably large in case of magnetars. The string generated variations of the luminosities of the stars can be used as a potential experimental signature of null cosmic strings., Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures, the version to be published, where the title is slightly changed and some equations are corrected

A method to study electromagnetic (EM) effects generated by a straight null cosmic string moving in classical EM fields is suggested. The string is shown to induce an additional EM field which can be described as a solution to homogeneous Maxwell equations with initial data set on a null surface, the string event horizon, where the string world-sheet belongs to. The initial data ensure the required holonomy of the string space-time caused by the gravity of the string. This characteristic initial value problem is used to study interaction of plane waves with null strings and perturbations by the strings of the Coulomb fields of electric charges. It is shown that parts of an incoming EM wave crossing the string horizon from different sides of the string are refracted with respect to each other and leave behind the string a wedge-like region of interference. A null string moving near an electric charge results in two effects: it creates a self-force of the charge and induces a pulse of EM radiation traveling away from the charge in the direction close to trajectory of the string., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, new figure added

We reconsider the composite string model introduced {30 years ago} to study the vacuum energy. The model consists of a scalar field, describing the transversal vibrations of a string consisting of piecewise constant sections with different tensions and mass densities, keeping the speed of light constant across the junctions. We consider the spectrum using transfer matrices and Chebyshev polynomials to get a closed formula for the eigenfrequencies. We calculate vacuum and free energy as well as the entropy of this system in two approaches, one using contour integration and another one using a Hurwitz zeta function. The latter results in a representation in terms of finite sums over polynomials. Several limiting cases are considered as well, for instance, the high-temperature expansion, which is expressed in terms of the heat kernel coefficients. The vacuum energy has no ultraviolet divergences, and the corresponding heat kernel coefficient $a_1$ is zero due to the constancy of the speed of light. This is in parallel to a similar situation in macroscopic electrodynamics with isorefractive boundary conditions., Comment: 12 pages

We study the spectrum of the 1D Dirac Hamiltonian encompassing the bound and scattering states of a fermion distorted by a static background built from $\delta$-function potentials. We distinguish between "mass-spike" and "electrostatic" $\delta$-potentials. Differences in the spectra arising depending on the type of $\delta$-potential studied are thoroughly explored., Comment: 18 pages and 4 figures. Submitted for publication; We have corrected some typos added one new figure and changed the plots for the charge density, as well as added 5 extra references

We consider the Casimir effect for a scalar field interacting with another scalar field that is confined to two half spaces. This model is aimed to mimic the interaction of the photon field with matter in two slabs. We use Dirichlet boundary conditions on the interfaces for the fields in the half spaces and calculate their one-loop contribution to the wave equation for the other field. We perform the ultraviolet renormalization and develop a convenient formalism for the calculation of the vacuum energy in this configuration., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures

We consider polarizable sheets, which recently received some attention, especially in context of the dispersion interaction of thin sheets like graphene. These sheets are modeled by a collection of delta function potentials and resemble "zero range potentials", known in quantum mechanics. We develop a theoretical description and apply the so-called "TGTG"-formula to calculate the interaction of two such lattices. Thereby we make use of the formulation of the scattering of waves off such sheets provided earlier. We consider all limiting cases, providing link to earlier results. Also, we discuss the relation to the pairwise summation method., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures

Using the recently developed polarization tensor in (2+1) dimensions for the electronic excitations of graphene, we investigate the influence of temperature on the surface plasmons on graphene. We consider non-zero mass gap, but zero chemical potential. Plasmons may exist for both polarizations, TE and TM, of the electromagnetic field. For TE, the momentum region, where the dispersion function is real, appears bounded from below, whereas for TM it is bounded from above. We discuss the similarities of these features with those found previously in the case with non-zero chemical potential, but zero temperature., Comment: 5 pages

Within the Dirac model for the electronic excitations of graphene, we calculate the full polarization tensor with finite mass and chemical potential. It has, besides the (00)-component, a second form factor, which must be accounted for. We obtain explicit formulas for both form factors and for the reflection coefficients. Using these, we discuss the regions in the momentum-frequency plane where plasmons may exist and give numeric solutions for the plasmon dispersion relations. It turns out that plasmons exist for both, TE and TM polarizations over the whole range of the ratio of mass to chemical potential, except for zero chemical potential, where only a TE plasmon exists., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, some misprints corrected

The Lifshitz formula is derived by making use of the spectral summation method which is a mathematically rigorous simultaneous application of both the mode-by-mode summation technique and scattering formalism. The contributions to the Casimir energy of electromagnetic excitations of different types (surface modes, waveguide modes, and photonic modes) are clearly retraced. A correct transition to imaginary frequencies is accomplished with allowance for all the peculiarities of the frequency equations and pertinent scattering data in the complex $\omega $ plane, including, in particular, the cuts connecting the branch points and complex roots of the frequency equations (quasi-normal modes). The principal novelty of our approach is a special choice of appropriate passes in the contour integrals, which are used for transition to imaginary frequencies. As a result, the long standing problem of cuts in the complex $\omega $ plane is solved completely. Inconsistencies of some previous derivations of the Lifshitz formula are traced briefly. For completeness of the presentation, the necessary mathematical facts are also stated, namely, solution of the Maxwell equations for configurations under consideration, scattering formalism for parallel plane interfaces, determination of the frequency equation roots, and others., Comment: The version published in Phys. Rev. A 86, 052503 (2012); criticism of some previous derivations of the Lifshitz formula is diminished (Introduction) and emphasizing the authors achievements (Conclusion) is moderated

The violation of the third law of thermodynamics for metals described by the Drude model and for dielectrics with finite \DC conductivity is one of the most interesting problems in the field of the Casimir effect. It manifests itself as a non-vanishing of the entropy for vanishing temperature. We review the relevant calculations for plane surfaces and calculate the corresponding contributions for a ball in front of a plane. In this geometry, these appear in much the same way as for parallel planes. We conclude that the violation of the 3rd law is not related to the infinite size of the planes., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, references added, submitted to Phys.Rev.D

We calculate the low temperature corrections to the free energy for a sphere in front of a plane. First, the scalar field obeying Dirichet or Neumann boundary conditions is considered. Second, the electromagnetic field is studied, the sphere being perfectly conducting and being a dielectric ball with both, constant permittivity and permittivity of the plasma model., Comment: Submitted to the proceedings of the Workshop "Cosmology, Quantum Vacuum and Zeta Functions", Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, 8-10th March, 2010; 12 pages, 5 figures

Total vacuum energy of some quantized fields in conical space with additional boundary conditions is calculated. These conditions are imposed on a cylindrical surface which is coaxial with the symmetry axis of conical space. The explicit form of the matching conditions depends on the field under consideration. In the case of electromagnetic field, the perfectly conducting boundary conditions or isorefractive matching conditions are imposed on the cylindrical surface. For a massless scalar field, the semi-transparent conditions ($\delta$-potential) on the cylindrical shell are investigated. As a result, the total Casimir energy of electromagnetic field and scalar field, per a unit length along the symmetry axis, proves to be finite unlike the case of an infinitely thin cosmic string. In these studies the spectral zeta functions are widely used. It is shown briefly how to apply this technique for obtaining the asymptotics of the relevant thermodynamical functions in the high temperature limit., Comment: 29 pages, 2 figures, the title was changed for a more adequate one, the abstract was rewritten, a few typos and minor grammar mistakes were corrected

We consider the Casimir effect for a sphere in front of a plane at finite temperature for scalar and electromagnetic fields and calculate the limiting cases. For small separation we compare the exact results with the corresponding ones obtained in proximity force approximation. For the scalar field with Dirichlet boundary conditions, the low temperature correction is of order $T^2$ like for parallel planes. For the electromagnetic field it is of order $T^4$. For high temperature we observe the usual picture that the leading order is given by the zeroth Matsubara frequency. The non-zero frequencies are exponentially suppressed except for the case of close separation., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, revised version with several improvements

We investigate the Casimir force between two dissimilar plane mirrors the material properties of which are described by Drude or Lorentz models. We calculate analytically the short and long distance asymptote of the force and relate its behavior to the influence of interacting surface plasmons. In particular we discuss conditions under which Casimir repulsion could be achieved., Comment: 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. A

The spectral analysis of the electromagnetic field on the background of a infinitely thin flat plasma layer is carried out. This model is loosely imitating a single base plane from graphite and it is of interest for theoretical studies of fullerenes. The model is naturally split into the TE-sector and TM-sector. Both the sectors have positive continuous spectra, but the TM-modes have in addition a bound state, namely, the surface plasmon. This analysis relies on the consideration of the scattering problem in the TE- and TM-sectors. The spectral zeta function and integrated heat kernel are constructed for different branches of the spectrum in an explicit form. As a preliminary, the rigorous procedure of integration over the continuous spectra is formulated by introducing the spectral densityin terms of the scattering phase shifts. The asymptotic expansion of the integrated heat kernel at small values of the evolution parameter is derived. By making use of the technique of integral equations, developed earlier by the same authors, the local heat kernel (Green's function or fundamental solution) is constructed also. As a by-product, a new method is demonstrated for deriving the fundamental solution to the heat conduction equation (or to the Schr\"odinger equation) on an infinite line with the $\delta $-like source. In particular, for the heat conduction equation on an infinite line with the $\delta$-source a nontrivial counterpart is found, namely, a spectral problem with point interaction, that possesses the same integrated heat kernel while the local heat kernels (fundamental solutions) in these spectral problems are different., Comment: 19 pages, REVTeX4, one reference is added, the version published in J. Phys. A: Math. Gen

The contributions to the heat kernel coefficients generated by the corners of the boundary are studied. For this purpose the internal and external sectors of a wedge and a cone are considered. These sectors are obtained by introducing, inside the wedge, a cylindrical boundary. Transition to a cone is accomplished by identification of the wedge sides. The basic result of the paper is the calculation of the individual contributions to the heat kernel coefficients generated by the boundary singularities. In the course of this analysis certain patterns, that are followed by these contributions, are revealed. The implications of the obtained results in calculations of the vacuum energy for regions with nonsmooth boundary are discussed. The rules for obtaining all the heat kernel coefficients for the minus Laplace operator defined on a polygon or in its cylindrical generalization are formulated., Comment: 30 pages, LaTeX2e using iopart.cls, 1 figure in eps format, 3 tables; substantial changes are introduced in calculations concerning external sector

The high temperature asymptotics of thermodynamic functions of electromagnetic field subjected to boundary conditions with spherical and cylindrical symmetries are constructed by making use of a general expansion in terms of heat kernel coefficients and the related determinant. For this, some new heat kernel coefficients and determinants had to be calculated for the boundary conditions under consideration. The obtained results reproduce all the asymptotics derived by other methods in the problems at hand and involve a few new terms in the high temperature expansions. An obvious merit of this approach is its universality and applicability to any boundary value problem correctly formulated., Comment: 27 pages, REVTeX, no figures, no tables, presentations is improved, a few references are added

The high temperature asymptotics of the Helmholtz free energy of electromagnetic field subjected to boundary conditions with spherical and cylindrical symmetries are constructed by making use of a general expansion in terms of heat kernel coefficients and the related determinant. For this, some new heat kernel coefficients and determinants had to be calculated for the boundary conditions under consideration. The obtained results reproduce all the asymptotics derived by other methods in the problems at hand and involve a few new terms in the high temperature expansions. An obvious merit of this approach is its universality and applicability to any boundary value problem correctly formulated., Comment: LaTEX, 4 pages, Contribution to the Proceedings of the International Meeting "Quantum Gravity and Spectral Geometry" (Naples, Italy, July 2-7, 2001), mistakes and misprints corrected, references revised

We calculate the \hkks for the \elm field in the background of a dielectric cylinder with non equal speeds of light inside and outside. The coefficient $a_{2}$ whose vanishing makes the vacuum energy of a massless field unique, turns out to be zero in dilute order, i.e., in order $(\ep-1)^{2}$, and nonzero beyond. As a consequence, the vanishing of the vacuum energy in the presence of a dielectric cylinder found by Casimir-Polder summation must take place irrespectively of the methods by which it might be calculated., Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure

Spectral zeta functions $\zeta(s)$ for the massless scalar fields obeying the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on a surface of an infinite cylinder are constructed. These functions are defined explicitly in a finite domain of the complex plane s containing the closed interval of real axis $-1\le$ Re $s \le 0$. Proceeding from this the spectral zeta functions for the boundary conditions given on a circle (boundary value problem on a plane) are obtained without any additional calculations. The Casimir energy for the relevant field configurations is deduced., Comment: REVTeX4, 13 pages, no tables and figures; v2 some misprints are corrected

The Casimir energy of an infinite compact cylinder placed in a uniform unbounded medium is investigated under the continuity condition for the light velocity when crossing the interface. As a characteristic parameter in the problem the ratio $\xi^2=(\epsilon_1-\epsilon_2)^2/ (\epsilon_1+\epsilon_2)^-2 = (\mu_1-\mu_2)^2/(\mu_1+ \mu_2)^2 \le 1$ is used, where $\epsilon_1$ and $\mu_1$ are, respectively, the permittivity and permeability of the material making up the cylinder and $\epsilon_2$ and $\mu_2$ are those for the surrounding medium. It is shown that the expansion of the Casimir energy in powers of this parameter begins with the term proportional to $\xi^4$. The explicit formulas permitting us to find numerically the Casimir energy for any fixed value of $\xi^2$ are obtained. Unlike a compact ball with the same properties of the materials, the Casimir forces in the problem under consideration are attractive. The implication of the calculated Casimir energy in the flux tube model of confinement is briefly discussed., Comment: REVTeX, 12 pages, 1 figure in a separate fig1.eps file, 1 table; minor corrections in English and misprints; version to be published in Phys. Rev. D15

The effect of the Gaussian curvature in the rigid string action on the interquark potential is investigated. The linearized equations of motion and boundary conditions, following from the modified string action, are obtained. The equation, defining the eigenfrequency spectrum of the string oscillations is derived. On this basis, the interquark potential, generated by the string is calculated in one-loop approximation. A substantial influence of the topological term in the string action on the interquark potential at the distances of hadronic size order or less is revealed., Comment: REVTeX, 7 pages, 2 figures in separate PostScript files, no tables

The Casimir energy of a solid ball (or cavity in an infinite medium) is calculated by a direct frequency summation using the contour integration. The dispersion is taken into account, and the divergences are removed by making use of the zeta function technique. The Casimir energy of a dielectric ball (or cavity) turns out to be positive, it being increased when the radius of the ball decreases. The latter eliminates completely the possibility of explaining, via the Casimir effect, the sonoluminescence for bubbles in a liquid. Besides, the Casimir energy of the air bubbles in water proves to be immensely smaller than the amount of the energy emitted in a sonoluminescent flash. The dispersive effect is shown to be inessential for the final result., Comment: 4 pages, REVTeX, one Postscript figure (separate file), no tables

The Casimir energy of a solid ball placed in an infinite medium is calculated by a direct frequency summation using the contour integration. It is assumed that the permittivity and permeability of the ball and medium satisfy the condition $\epsilon_1 \mu_1=\epsilon_2\mu_2$. Upon deriving the general expression for the Casimir energy, a dilute compact ball is considered $(\epsilon_1 -\epsilon_2)^2/(\epsilon_1+\epsilon_2)^2\ll 1$. In this case the calculations are carried out which are of the first order in $\xi ^2$ and take account of the five terms in the Debye expansion of the Bessel functions involved. The implication of the obtained results to the attempts of explaining the sonoluminescence via the Casimir effect is shortly discussed., Comment: REVTeX, 7 pages, no figures and tables, treatment of a dilute dielectric ball is revised, new references are added

A simple method for calculating the Casimir energy for a sphere is developed which is based on a direct mode summation and counter integration in a complex plane of eigenfrequencies. The method uses only classical equations determining the eigenfrequencies of the quantum field under consideration. Efficiency of this approach is demonstrated by calculation of the Casimir energy for a perfectly conducting spherical shell and for a massless scalar field obeying the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on sphere. The possibility of rationalizing the removal of divergences in this problem as a renormalization of both the energy and the radius of the sphere is discussed., Comment: 14 pages, 2 tables

A consistent procedure for regularization of divergences and for the subsequent renormalization of the string tension is proposed in the framework of the one-loop calculation of the interquark potential generated by the Polyakov-Kleinert string. In this way, a justification of the formal treatment of divergences by analytic continuation of the Riemann and Epstein-Hurwitz zeta functions is given. A spectral representation for the renormalized string energy at zero temperature is derived, which enables one to find the Casimir energy in this string model at nonzero temperature very easy., Comment: 18 pages, LaTex file and 3 figure files in Postscript format; some misprints are corrected and figure files are included