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BackgroundNeonatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure can disrupt hormonal homeostasis and induce neuro- and immunotoxicity in children. In this exploratory study, we investigated associations between PFAS levels in neonatal dried blood spots and retinoblastoma risk.Materials and methodsThis study included 501 retinoblastoma cases born from 1983 to 2011 and 899 controls frequency-matched by birth year (20:1 matching ratio), born to 755 US-born and 366 Mexico-born mothers in California. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) feature intensities were identified from neonatal blood spots from California newborn Genetic Disease Screening Program. Using logistic regression, we assessed whether an interquartile range (IQR) increase of PFAS levels or having above-mean levels of PFAS in blood affects retinoblastoma risk overall or its subtypes (i.e., unilateral, bilateral). We assessed children of US-born and Mexico-born mothers, separately.Results and discussionAmong all children, above-mean PFOS levels at birth increased the odds of retinoblastoma overall by 29% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00, 1.67) and unilateral retinoblastoma by 42% (95% CI: 1.03, 1.97). For children of Mexico-born mothers, we estimated the highest odds of retinoblastoma overall (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.67; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.66) and bilateral retinoblastoma (aOR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.12, 3.92) with above-mean PFOS levels. Among children of US-born mothers, higher PFOS levels increased the odds of unilateral retinoblastoma by 15% (95% CI: 0.99, 1.35) for each IQR increase and by 71% among children with above-mean PFOS levels (95% CI: 1.04, 2.90). In addition, for children of US-born mothers, PFOA increased the odds of retinoblastoma overall (aOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.02 for above-mean levels, aOR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.16 per IQR increase). PFNA was not associated with retinoblastoma risk.ConclusionsOur results suggested that PFOS and PFOA might contribute to retinoblastoma risk in children born in California.

This study aims to determine the effect of financial performance and inflation rate on stock returns in infrastructure companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The samples used in this study were 31 companies with a research time of 2018-2022. This study uses secondary data, sampling in this study is purposive sampling, the method of managing or analyzing the data used is classical assumption testing, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis and hypothesis testing using the t test and F test, the data processing tool used is Eviews 12. Based on the results of this study, it is known that the variables CR, DER, PER, RE, and Inflation Rate have no effect and are not significant to stock returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm frequently exhibits a notable reduction in success rate when transferred to new environments after being trained in complex simulation settings. To address these issues, this paper adopts a Multi-Environment (Multi-Env) parallel training approach and integrates Multi-Head Attention (MHA) and Prioritized Experience Replay (PER) into the DDPG framework, optimizing the reward function to form the MAP-DDPG algorithm. This approach enhances the algorithm's generalization capability and execution efficiency. Through comparative training and testing of the DDPG and MAP-DDPG algorithms in both simulation and real-world environments, the experimental results demonstrate that MAP-DDPG significantly improves generalization and execution efficiency over the DDPG algorithm. Specifically, in simulation environment tests, the MAP-DDPG algorithm achieved an average 30% increase in success rate and reduced the average time to reach the target point by 23.7 s compared to the DDPG algorithm. These results indicate that the MAP-DDPG algorithm significantly enhances path planning generalization and execution efficiency, providing a more effective solution for path planning in complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensor assisted by primer exchange reaction (PER) and CRISPR/Cas9 system (PER-CRISPR/Cas9-E) was established for the sensitive detection of dual microRNAs (miRNAs). Two PER hairpin (HP) were designed to produce a lot of extended PER products, which could hybridize with two kinds of hairpin probes modified on the electrode and initiate the cleavage of two CRISPR/Cas9 systems guided by single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with different recognition sequences. The decrease of the two electrochemical redox signals indicated the presence of dual-target miRNAs. With the robustness and high specificity of PER amplification and CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage system, simultaneous detection of two targets was achieved and the detection limits for miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 were 0.43 fM and 0.12 fM, respectively. The developed biosensor has the advantages of low cost, easy operation, and in-situ detection, providing a promising platform for point-of-care detection of multiple miRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the economic challenges faced by traditional and small fish farmers due to the limited availability and rising costs of conventional fish feed protein sources. The focus is on exploring the potential of non-conventional plant protein sources to reduce the overall cost of fish feed. Specifically, Cassia tora leaf meal is investigated as an alternative protein source for the growth, feed utilization, and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Labeo rohita fingerlings were subjected to experimental diets with varying concentrations of Cassia tora leaf meal, while a control group received only the basal diet as a protein source. The study evaluated key parameters such as FCR, SGR, PER and weight gain. Results indicated that the effect of Cassia tora on the growth and survivability of Labeo rohita is concentration-dependent. While higher inclusion levels led to fluctuations in FCR and PER. The study indicates that incorporating Cassia tora leaf meal, with partial replacement of fish meal, holds promise for enhancing growth, size and weight gain in Rohu fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the future, intelligent transportation systems will rely heavily on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication-based cooperative vehicular networks since they can provide several applications for tackling traffic congestion and road safety. Future 6G and New Radio 5G (NR5G) technology will facilitate improving cellular vehicle to everything (CV2X) communication performance. Cellular-assisted V2V communications, in which cellular evolved Node base stations (eNBs) relay the transmission from one vehicle to another, have lately been proposed to overcome the performance restrictions of conventional dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) protocols (Kimura in IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(4): 3396–3411, 2021. 10.1109/TVT.2021.3063694). These cellular-aided communications have demonstrated the potential for more reliable V2V communications with a larger capacity and longer transmission distances. In this paper, we theoretically examine the effectiveness of cellular vehicle to everything communications, where a vehicle broadcasts a message to its nearby vehicles or user equipment (UEs). It happens in two ways, i.e., direct vehicle to vehicle and via the closest eNB through an uplink. Then the closest eNB forwards the message to the destination vehicle via downlink i.e., vehicle to network (V2N) or vehicle to infrastructure (V2I). To obtain a suitable model for estimating the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Packet Error Rate (PER), we consider the movement of three vehicles are in a straight line on the roadways with different velocities. Using numerical examples, we assess the analytical findings and show how different system factors affect the effectiveness of CV2X communications. A simulation has been carried out in the network (system) level context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACTCeftazidime-avibactam (CZA) resistance is a huge threat in the clinic; however, the underlying mechanism responsible for high-level CZA resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) isolates remains unknown. In this study, a total of 5,763 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from 2010 to 2022 to investigate the ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) high-level resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) isolates in China. Fifty-six PER-producing isolates were identified, including 50 isolates carrying blaPER-1 in PA, and 6 isolates carrying blaPER-4. Of these, 82.1% (46/56) were classified as DTR-PA isolates, and 76.79% (43/56) were resistant to CZA. Importantly, blaPER-1 and blaPER-4 overexpression led to 16-fold and >1024-fold increases in the MICs of CZA, respectively. WGS revealed that the blaPER-1 gene was located in two different transferable IncP-2-type plasmids and chromosomes, whereas blaPER-4 was found only on chromosomes and was carried by a class 1 integron embedded in a Tn6485-like transposon. Overexpression of efflux pumps may be associated with high-level CZA resistance in blaPER-1-positive strains. Kinetic parameter analysis revealed that PER-4 exhibited a similar kcat/Km with ceftazidime and a high (∼3359-fold) IC50 value with avibactam compared to PER-1. Our study found that overexpression of PER-1 combined with enhanced efflux pump expression and the low affinity of PER-4 for avibactam contributes to high-level resistance to CZA. Additionally, the Tn6485-like transposon plays a significant role in disseminating blaPER. Urgent active surveillance is required to prevent the further spread of high-level CZA resistance in DTR-PA isolates.

Current study aims to investigate the determinants that has impacted on non-life insurance companies’ profitability in Nepalese scenario. Four industries were selected as sample purposively. The data from 2011/12 to 2020/21 AD have been incorporated. The study has chosen to use a descriptive and correlational research design. The firm size, price earnings ratio, earnings per share, and claim paid are the predictors and profitability proxied by ROA was the predicted variable. The study found that the most prominent determinants for profitability in non-life insurance companies are EPS and company size. The PE ratio and claims paid have been found as less prioritized factors of the predicted variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work is to enhance the machining characteristics and geometrical tolerances of Si3N4–TiN ceramic composite using a copper electrode as the EDM tool. The investigation encompassed a comprehensive exploration of various machining parameters, including polarity, current (amp), pulse on time (µs), pulse off time (µs), dielectric pressure (Kg/cm2), gap voltage (v), spark gap (mm), and servo speed (m/s), utilizing a Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. Throughout the EDM process, meticulous scrutiny was applied to output characteristics such as Material Removal Rate (0.0354 gm/min), Tool Wear Rate (0.001035 gm/min), Wear Ratio (22.625), Surface Roughness (0.117 µm), Top Radial Overcut (0.043 mm), Bottom Radial Overcut (-0.214 mm), top diameter of the drilled hole (5.087 mm), bottom diameter of the drilled hole (4.572 mm), Taper Angle (0.458 deg), Circularity (0.039 mm), Cylindricity (0.034 mm), Perpendicularity (0.007 mm), and Run Out (0.036 mm). The higher pulse current promotes the formation of a stable plasma channel which results in increasing the material removal rate. The improved flushing action helps to minimize the recast layer, leading to a smoother surface finish and reduced surface roughness. The experimental results demonstrate that as the spark gap increases from 0.18 mm to 0.25 mm, the Runout, Electrode Wear Rate, ROC Bottom, ROC Top, and Taper Angle drastically reduce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main issues facing in the future wireless communications is ultra-reliable and low-latency communication. Polar codes are well-suited for such applications, and recent advancements in deep learning have shown promising results in enhancing polar code decoding performance. We propose a robust decoder based on a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network, which processes sequences in both forward and backward directions simultaneously. This approach leverages the strengths of bidirectional recurrent neural networks to improve the decoding of polar-coded short packets. Our study focuses on packet transmission over frequency-flat quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels, using a simple codebook originally designed for additive white Gaussian noise channels. We evaluate the packet error rate for various signal-to-noise ratio levels using different modulation schemes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed Bi-LSTM-based decoder closely approaches the theoretical outage performance and achieves significant coding gains in fading channels. Furthermore, the proposed decoder outperforms convolutional neural network and deep neural network-based decoders, validating its superiority in decoding polar codes for short packet transmission in challenging wireless environments.

Embedded with many advantages, the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) was created to facilitate communication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) and among vehicles (V2V). Its ability to preserve equipment and lives was one of its most important and anticipated benefits. However, the complete integration of this life-saving technology into contemporary automobiles still faces technological obstacles after more than 10 years of intensive work by scientists and academia. The success of the WAVE completely relies on the regular exchange of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENMs). Unfortunately, since CAMs and DENMs are broadcast by each mobile device in the network frequently, with the limited channel band of 10 MHz, communication resources quickly get exhausted due to broadcast storm issues, rendering further communication impossible. In any given scenario, if every mobile device involved could predict the Packet Error Rate (PER) based on factors such as mobility, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and available bandwidth, then controlling the rate at which messages are broadcast might be possible, thus preventing or reducing broadcast storms. Consequently, the current work focuses on designing, developing, and modeling the PER in the VANET environment using Neural Network (NN). Based on the type and complexity of the challenge, the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) was selected and used to develop the proposed system model. The response of the created and verified model demonstrated some efficacy and efficiency in predicting the PER based on the SNR and available bandwidth with up to 97% confidence.

Participants in biomonitoring studies who receive personal exposure reports seek information to reduce exposures. Many chemical exposures are driven by systems-level policies rather than individual actions; therefore, change requires engagement in collective action. Participants' perceptions of collective action and use of report-back to support engagement remain unclear. We conducted virtual focus groups during summer 2020 in a diverse group of peripartum people from cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program (N = 18). We assessed baseline exposure and collective action experience, and report-back preferences. Participants were motivated to protect the health of their families and communities despite significant time and cognitive burdens. They requested time-conscious tactics and accessible information to enable action to reduce individual and collective exposures. Participant input informed the design of digital report-back in the cohorts. This study highlights opportunities to shift responsibility from individuals to policymakers to reduce chemical exposures at the systems level.

This paper introduces an ultra-wideband (UWB) reflective metasurface that exhibits the characteristics of a linear to circular (LTC) polarization conversion. The LTC polarization conversion is an orthotropic pattern comprising two equal axes, v and u, which are mutually orthogonal. Additionally, it possesses a 45 ° rotation with respect to the y-axis which extends vertically. The observed unit cell of the metasurface resembles a basic dipole shape. The converter has the capability to transform LP (linear polarized) waves into CP (circular polarized) waves within the frequency range 15.41–25.23 GHz. The band that contains its 3dB axial ratio lies within 15.41–25.23 GHz, which corresponds to an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 49.1%, and the resulting circular polarized wave is specifically a right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). Additionally, an LTC polarization conversion ratio (PCR) of over 98% is achieved within the frequency range between 15 and 24 GHz. A thorough theoretical investigation was performed to discover the underlying mechanism of the LTC polarization conversion. The phase difference Δ φ μ ν among the reflection coefficients of both the v- as well as the u-polarized incidences is approximately ±90 ° that is accurately predictive of the AR of the reflected wave. This study highlights that the reflective metasurfaces can be used as an efficient LTC polarization conversion when the Δ φ μ ν approaches ±90 ° . The performance of the proposed metasurface enables versatile applications, especially in antenna design and polarization devices, through LTC polarization conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the online teaching experiences and challenges faced by secondary school teachers in Chakwal district. From 154 selected secondary and higher secondary schools, a sample of 321 male teachers participated. Using a validated questionnaire with 17 closed-ended items, the research analyzed teachers' experiences, primarily focusing on IT skills and online teaching. Responses were gathered through zone meetings and personal school visits, later analyzed using SPSS and various statistical methods. The findings emphasized that IT-skilled teachers, whether through diplomas or training, effectively conducted online classes. Conversely, teachers lacking IT skills encountered difficulties transitioning to online teaching. A majority of these non-IT-skilled teachers advocated for frequent refresher courses and in-service training in new educational technologies to address these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and psychosocial stressors has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. Previous studies have suggested that joint exposure to environmental chemical and social stressors may be contributing to disparities observed in preterm birth. Elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) during mid-gestation may represent one biologic mechanism linking chemical and nonchemical stress exposures to preterm birth.MethodsUsing data from a prospective birth cohort (N = 497), we examined the cross-sectional associations between five individual PFAS (ng/mL; PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and Me-PFOSA-AcOH) and CRH (pg/mL) using linear regression. PFAS and CRH were measured during the second trimester in serum and plasma, respectively. Coefficients were standardized to reflect change in CRH associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in natural log-transformed PFAS. We additionally examined if the relationship between PFAS and CRH was modified by psychosocial stress using stratified models. Self-reported depression, stressful life events, perceived stress, food insecurity, and financial strain were assessed using validated questionnaires during the second trimester and included as binary indicators of psychosocial stress.ResultsAn IQR increase in PFNA was associated with elevated CRH (β = 5.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.79, 8.55). Increased concentrations of PFOA were also moderately associated with CRH (β = 3.62, 95% CI = -0.42, 7.66). The relationship between PFNA and CRH was stronger among women who experienced stressful life events, depression, food insecurity, and financial strain compared to women who did not experience these stressors.ConclusionsThis cross-sectional study is the first to examine the relationship between PFAS exposure and CRH levels in mid-gestation. We found that these associations were stronger among women who experienced stress, which aligns with previous findings that chemical and nonchemical stressor exposures can have joint effects on health outcomes.

Task scheduling (TS) in cloud computing is a complex problem that involves balancing workload distribution, resource allocation, and power consumption. Existing methods often fail to optimize these objectives simultaneously and efficiently. This paper introduces a novel technique for scheduling independent tasks in cloud computing using multi-objective optimization and deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The proposed technique, DMOTS-DRL, combines Dueling deep Q-networks and dynamic prioritized experience replay to optimize two critical objectives: scheduling completion time (makespan) and power consumption. The performance of DMOTS-DRL is evaluated using CloudSim and compared with several state-of-the-art TS algorithms. The experimental results show that DMOTS-DRL outperforms the other algorithms in reducing makespan, power consumption, and other metrics, demonstrating its effectiveness and reliability for cloud computing services. Specifically, DMOTS-DRL achieves percentage improvements ranging from − 44.04 to − 0.19% in makespan, from − 0.26 to − 27.90% in power consumption, as well as better performance on other metrics such as energy consumption, degree of imbalance, resource utilization, and average waiting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and psychosocial stressors has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. Previous studies have suggested that joint exposure to environmental chemical and social stressors may be contributing to disparities observed in preterm birth. Elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) during mid-gestation may represent one biologic mechanism linking chemical and nonchemical stress exposures to preterm birth.MethodsUsing data from a prospective birth cohort (N = 497), we examined the cross-sectional associations between five individual PFAS (ng/mL; PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and Me-PFOSA-AcOH) and CRH (pg/mL) using linear regression. PFAS and CRH were measured during the second trimester in serum and plasma, respectively. Coefficients were standardized to reflect change in CRH associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in natural log-transformed PFAS. We additionally examined if the relationship between PFAS and CRH was modified by psychosocial stress using stratified models. Self-reported depression, stressful life events, perceived stress, food insecurity, and financial strain were assessed using validated questionnaires during the second trimester and included as binary indicators of psychosocial stress.ResultsAn IQR increase in PFNA was associated with elevated CRH (β = 5.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.79, 8.55). Increased concentrations of PFOA were also moderately associated with CRH (β = 3.62, 95% CI = -0.42, 7.66). The relationship between PFNA and CRH was stronger among women who experienced stressful life events, depression, food insecurity, and financial strain compared to women who did not experience these stressors.ConclusionsThis cross-sectional study is the first to examine the relationship between PFAS exposure and CRH levels in mid-gestation. We found that these associations were stronger among women who experienced stress, which aligns with previous findings that chemical and nonchemical stressor exposures can have joint effects on health outcomes.

BackgroundInfants whose mothers experience greater psychosocial stress and environmental chemical exposures during pregnancy may face greater rates of preterm birth, lower birth weight, and impaired neurodevelopment.MethodsECHO.CA.IL is composed of two cohorts, Chemicals in Our Bodies (CIOB; n = 822 pregnant women and n = 286 infants) and Illinois Kids Development Study (IKIDS; n = 565 mother-infant pairs), which recruit pregnant women from San Francisco, CA and Urbana-Champaign, IL, respectively. We examined associations between demographic characteristics and gestational age, birth weight z-scores, and cognition at 7.5 months across these two cohorts using linear models. We also examined differences in biomarkers of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), measured in second-trimester serum, and psychosocial stressors by cohort and participant demographics.ResultsTo date, these cohorts have recruited over 1300 pregnant women combined. IKIDS has mothers who are majority white (80%), whereas CIOB mothers are racially and ethnically diverse (38% white, 34% Hispanic, 17% Asian/Pacific Islander). Compared to CIOB, median levels of PFOS, a specific PFAS congener, are higher in IKIDS (2.45 ng/mL versus 1.94 ng/mL), while psychosocial stressors are higher among CIOB. Across both cohorts, women who were non-white and single had lower birth weight z-scores relative to white women and married women, respectively. Demographic characteristics are not associated with cognitive outcomes at 7.5 months.ConclusionsThis profile of the ECHO.CA.IL cohort found that mothers and their infants who vary in terms of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and geographic location are similar in many of our measures of exposures and cognitive outcomes. Similar to past work, we found that non-white and single women had lower birth weight infants than white and married women. We also found differences in levels of PFOS and psychosocial stressors based on geographic location.

Utilization of gas engine-driven heat pumps (GEHP) can reduce the heavy loads on the power grid when electric heat pumps operate during the heating season. This study is to examine the performance of GEHP as a water heater with different engine speeds and water flow rates providing space-heating and sanitary hot water. When the engine speed rises from 1400 rpm to 1900 rpm, the temperature rise of water increases by 37% from 25.7 °C to 35.3 °C. Moreover, the system heat capacity rises from 71.8 kW to 97.7 kW with an increase of 36%, while the COP decreases from 3.6 to 3.0. As the inlet water flow rate an increase from 2.5 m3/h to 4.0 m3/h, the temperature rise decreases from 44.3 °C to 24.1 °C, with decreasing heat capacity from 128.8 kW to 112.1 kW. Additionally, the primary energy ratio (PER) initially increases from 1.46 to 1.50 at the engine speed of 1800 rpm, followed by a slight decrease to 1.48 when the engine speed reaches 1900 rpm. With an increasing water flow rate, the PER achieves its highest value of 1.64 at 3 m3/h and its lowest value of 1.49 at 3.5 m3/h.

The honeybee is not only the most used pollinator but an insect model for behavioral studies. With the purpose of facilitating and encouraging behavioral research in honeybees in Colombia, an experimental apparatus for using the Proboscis Extension Response methodology-PER was built. That apparatus allows the evaluation of numerous learning phenomena, mainly related to classical conditioning. The design is based on the Smith and Burden (2014) conditioning apparatus, modifying electronics, controls, and air supply systems. Three experiments were performed to test different configurations of the apparatus and acquisition of conditioned response, specific odor learning, and retention test. The results showed that both small modifications on different parts of the apparatus, as well as different steps not described in the most widespread protocols, may have important implications for the performance of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2014 - 2018, cable companies in Indonesia showed an 8.52% average annual revenue growth. Unfortunately, analysts are responding to this growth negatively. Hence, In this study, we will conduct a valuation of six cable companies in Indonesia that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). We evaluate using two methods, namely Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) to get the Intrinsic Value of shares, Relative Valuation using Price to Book Value ( PBV), and Price to Earnings Ratio (PER) to validate the intrinsic value. The valuation results consider three scenarios: optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic. In the optimistic scenario, the Intrinsic Value of JECC, KBLI, and VOKS shares are overvalued in all scenarios, while IKBI, KBLM, and SCCO are undervalued throughout the scenario. Validation using PBV for the optimistic scenario, all companies are considered overvalued. For the moderate scenario, the PBV of IKBI, KBLI, and VOKS are overvalued, while JECC, KBLM, and SCCO are undervalued. As for the pessimistic scenario, only the PBV of IKBI is overvalued. Validation using PER for the optimistic scenario, the PER of IKBI, JECC, KBLM, and SCCO are overvalued, while the PER of KBLI and VOKS are undervalued. For the moderate scenarios, the PER of IKBI and SCCO are overvalued, while the PER of JECC, KBLI, KBLM, and VOKS are undervalued. Whereas for the pessimistic scenario, only the PER of IKBI is overvalued, while JECC, KBLI, KBLM, SCCO, and VOKS are undervalued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental characterization of the proposed radio link model for an underground mine sensor network. Power efficiency and range are critical factors to consider when designing a wireless sensor network, particularly for low data rate applications where the goal is to have a long-lasting, low-maintenance network. A 'deploy and forget' strategy is desirable because it allows the network to operate autonomously without requiring frequent maintenance or intervention from network operators. DASH7 and IEEE 802.15.4f are both excellent choices for low-power, long-range wireless sensor networking applications. The proposed radio link model was developed and evaluated for 433 MHz DASH7 in underground mines, considering the practical electromagnetic properties of mine walls and the propagation medium, which helps in calculating accurate signal characteristics. Radio wave propagation is a critical factor that needs to be considered when designing a wireless sensor network for complex mine structures. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet error rate (PER) are two key parameters that are used to measure wave propagation and assess the quality of the radio link between sensor nodes. The radio link design has been optimized for complex mine structures by utilizing these parameters in a model, leading to improved performance and reliability. The measurements were carried out in the world's second largest salt mine at Khewra, Pakistan, with representative irregular mine structures. The RSSI and PER were measured at different node positions and with variable separation between the nodes. The proposed model allows for the easy placement of nodes on either the rooftop or near the side walls of the mine corridors, with an average variation of 6% in RSSI and 1.9% in PER. The proposed model was validated using off-the-shelf wizzi sensor nodes received from Wizzi Lab, France, and was programmed to measure RSSI and PER while operating under the 433 MHz DASH7 protocol. An agreement between modeled and measured parameters has been noted, making the proposed model a decent method for efficient node deployment in underground mine sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As countries increase their standard of living and individual income levels rise, there is a concomitant increase in the demand for animal-based protein. However, there are alternative sources. One of the alternatives available is that of increased direct human consumption of plant proteins. The quality of a dietary protein is an important consideration when discussing the merits of one protein source over another. The three most commonly used methods to express protein quality are the protein efficiency ratio (PER), a weight gain measurement; protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS); and the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). The possibility that alterations in the quality and quantity of protein in the diet could generate specific health outcomes is one being actively researched. Plant-based proteins may have additional beneficial properties for human health when compared to animal protein sources, including reductions in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and contributions to increased satiety. In this paper, the methods for the determination of protein quality and the potential beneficial qualities of plant proteins to human health will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in the Fish Feeding laboratory at the College of Agriculture, University of Basra, to estimate the thermal unit growth coefficient of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at different temperatures. The experiment extended from December 16 till the 1st of June 2022. Three temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C were determined, and the average values of initial fish weight were assessed with 18.49 ± 2.50, 24.13 ± 3.38, and 19.02 ± 4.72g, respectively. The experiment included three different temperatures, and each treatment was repeated in three replicates. Fish samples were fed on a commercially manufactured diet, with a feed rate of 3% of body weight. The initial weight, final weight, weight gain, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, thermal unit growth coefficient and feed conversion rate were calculated. For the specific growth rate, the thermal unit growth coefficient and the feed conversion ratio, the highest values were obtained at a low temperature of 20°C; the values of these parameters were 0.73%/day, 0.37 and 3.94, respectively. It was concluded that in temperatures between 20 and 30°C, no effect was detected on the growth of common carp. This temperature range was considered optimal for growth, achieving good growth rates for common carp fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPerfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products for their water repellent and flame retardant properties, respectively. However, there is widespread prenatal exposure and concern about their potential harm to the developing fetus. Here, we utilized data from a demographically diverse cohort of women in San Francisco, CA to examine associations between prenatal exposure to PFAS and PBDEs with gestational age and birth weight for gestational age z-scores.MethodsWomen included in this analysis were enrolled in the Chemicals in our Bodies (CIOB) cohort study (N = 506). PFAS and PBDEs were measured in serum obtained during the second trimester of pregnancy. Linear regression models were used to calculate crude and adjusted β coefficients for the association between PFAS and PBDE concentrations in tertiles and gestational age and birth weight z-scores. Individual PFAS and PBDE concentrations, as well as their sums, were examined in separate models.ResultsThe highest compared to lowest tertile of BDE-47 was associated with shorter gestational age (β = - 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = - 0.95, - 0.02). Additionally, exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-99 in the middle tertile was also associated with a reduction in birth weight z-scores (β = - 0.26, 95% CI = -0.48, - 0.04; β = - 0.25, 95% CI = -0.47, - 0.04, respectively) compared to those in the lowest tertile of exposure. No consistent associations were observed between increasing PFAS concentrations and gestational age or birth weight z-scores.DiscussionAmong a diverse group of pregnant women in the San Francisco Bay Area, we found non-linear associations between prenatal exposure to PBDEs during the second trimester of pregnancy and birth weight z-scores. However, most PFAS congeners were not associated with adverse birth outcomes. PFAS and PBDE concentrations were lower in our cohort relative to other studies. Future research should assess the effects of emerging and persistent PFAS and PBDEs on birth outcomes, as some congeners are being phased out and replaced by chemically similar structures.

An Investor can potentially expose to a risk of loss in an investment when the capital was invested with no knowledge-based decision theory. This can be avoided by analyzing the stock price valuation. The purpose of this study is to examine investor decision-making in Islamic stocks using the Price to Earnings Ratio to analyze the valuation of stock price. This study uses a quantitative approach by collecting secondary data from the Indonesian Stock Exchange in the form of financial statements or company annual reports of healthcare shares from 2018 to 2021. The technique of descriptive statistics is used in this research. The finding of this study indicates that, based on the PER method analysis, there is an inconsequential market value in the stock price for the shares of PT Kalbe Farma Tbk (KLBF), PT Kimia Farma Tbk (KAEF), and PT Mitra Keluarga Karya Sehat Tbk (MIKA) thus, the investors suggested to sell. On the contrary, the investor should buy the shares of PT Industri Jamu Dan Pharmacy Sido Muncul Tbk (SIDO), since the company’s ratios of ROE, DPS, and DPR are the highest among the three other companies, followed by a lower persistence rate of PER value. Risiko kerugian dalam berinvestasi dapat terjadi pada seorang investor jika pengambilan keputusan investasi tanpa didasari oleh pengetahun sehingga menimbulkan kerugian terhadap modal. Upaya untuk mengurangi kerugian dapat diatasi dengan menganalisis valuasi harga saham. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengambilan keputusan investor dalam mempertimbangkan investasi pada saham syariah melalui metode Price to Earnings Ratio (PER) terhadap valuasi harga saham. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik stastistik deskriptif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa laporan keuangan atau laporan perusahaan sektor healthcare per tahun yang diakses dari laman website Bursa Efek Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian melalui metode PER terhadap nilai fundamental perusahaan dan valuasi harga saham pada perusahaan sektor healthcare di indeks JII70 periode 2018-2021 ditemukan bahwa saham PT Kalbe Farma Tbk (KLBF), PT Kimia Farma Tbk (KAEF), dan PT Mitra Keluarga Karyasehat Tbk (MIKA) menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang kurang baik, sehingga investor dianjurkan menjualnya. Sebaliknya, investor dianjurkan membeli saham PT Industri Jamu Dan Farmasi Sido Muncul Tbk (SIDO), yang memiliki rasio ROE, DPS, dan DPR tertinggi dibandingkan tiga perusahaan lainnya dan nilai PER terendah terhadap perusahaan yang lain.

Premise: Many flowering plants depend on insects for pollination and thus attract pollinators by offering rewards, mostly nectar and pollen. Bee pollinators rely on pollen as their main nutrient source. Pollen provides all essential micro‐ and macronutrients including substances that cannot be synthesized by bees themselves, such as sterols, which bees need for processes such as hormone production. Variations in sterol concentrations may consequently affect bee health and reproductive fitness. We therefore hypothesized that (1) these variations in pollen sterols affect longevity and reproduction in bumble bees and (2) can thus be perceived via the bees' antennae before consumption. Methods: We studied the effect of sterols on longevity and reproduction of Bombus terrestris workers in feeding experiments and investigated sterol perception using chemotactile proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning. Results: Workers could perceive several sterols (cholesterol, cholestenone, desmosterol, stigmasterol, β‐sitosterol) via their antennae but not differentiate between them. However, when sterols were presented in pollen, and not as a single compound, the bees were unable to differentiate between pollen differing in sterol content. Additionally, different sterol concentrations in pollen neither affected pollen consumption nor brood development or worker longevity. Conclusions: Since we used both natural concentrations and concentrations higher than those found in pollen, our results indicate that bumble bees may not need to pay specific attention to pollen sterol content beyond a specific threshold. Naturally encountered concentrations might fully support their sterol requirements and higher concentrations do not seem to have negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vehicular ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is envisioned to ensure wireless transmission with ultra-high reliability. In the presence of fading and mobility of vehicles, error-free information between Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) requires extensive investigation. The current literature lacks in designing an ultra-reliable comprehensive tractable model for VANET using millimeter wave. Ultra-reliable communication is needed to support autonomous vehicular communication. This article aims to provide a comprehensive tractable model for VANET over millimeter waves using Space-Time-Block-Coding (STBC) concatenated with Reed Solomon (RS) coding. The designed model provides the fastest way of designing and analyzing VANET networks on 60 GHz. By using the derived BER expressions and Reed Solomon coded doppler expression ultra-reliable vehicular networks can be build meeting the demands of massive growing volume of traffic. The performance of the model is compared with previous BER computational techniques and existing VANET communication systems, i.e., IEEE 802.11bd and 3rd generation partnership project vehicle to everything (3GPP V2X). The findings show that our proposed approach outperforms IEEE 802.11bd and the results are comparable with V2X NR. Packet Error Rate (PER), Packet Reception Ratio (PRR) and throughput are used as performance metrics. We have also evaluated the model on higher velocities of vehicles. Further, the simulation and numerical findings show that the proposed system surpass the existing BER results comprising of various modulation and coding techniques. The simulation results are verified by the numerical results there-by, showing the accuracy of our derived expressions.

Background and Objectives: Soy, wheat, and oats are widely consumed crops globally, but variation between cultivars and processing methods can produce products of varying protein quality. This study cooked two different cultivars of wheat, oats, and soy and compared indices of protein quality as well as quantified differences in antinutritional factors. Findings: Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was highest in cooked soy cultivars and lowest in wheat samples, with cooking having the most impact on soy PER. Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of soy was greater than oats which was greater than wheat. Antinutritional factors differed significantly between crops and cultivars, with processing having the greatest impact on soy. In vitro measurements of PDCAAS correlated well with in vivo assessment. Conclusions: Thermal processing has variable effects on protein quality depending on crop and cultivar selected, primarily due to differences in amino acid composition. In vitro measurement of protein quality can be used as a rapid screening tool. Significance and Novelty: Direct comparison in protein quality between wheat, oat, and soy is rarely reported. Measuring the protein quality of different cultivars and crops pre and postprocessing provides essential data for product development and dietary formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Grapevine shoot growth and light utilization are typically adjusted through the use of canopy management strategies that are adapted to the local climate. In this study, we analyze the effects of a pergola (PER) and single-curtain training system (SCT) on the microclimate, light interception, photosynthetic capacity, and assimilate distribution of 'Miguang' grape in a rainy region of China. Methods and Results: We measured light interception, spectral absorptance, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar and starch content per cane, assimilate distribution berry weight, soluble solids, and titratable acid content. SCT produced a higher photosynthetic photon flux density in the cluster region, a canopy light absorptance in the 450–800 nm wavelength range, higher chlorophyll content, and larger leaf area of the middle node leaves. It produced lower basal and top leaves leaf areas. At berry expansion (E-L-31) and veraison (E-L-35), the net photosynthetic capacity of the leaves from the base to the middle nodes was higher with SCT than with the PER, and the net photosynthetic capacity of leaves near the top was reduced with SCT. At the harvest period, the net photosynthetic rate of the middle and top node leaves and the shoot photosynthetic rate were higher with SCT than with the PER. The distribution of assimilates to the fruit was higher with SCT. In addition, SCT produced a higher shoot soluble sugar and lower internode length from the fourth to sixth nodes, and it produced a higher shoot starch content and internode diameter in the fourth internode. Conclusions: SCT significantly improved photosynthetic photon flux density in the cluster, promoted assimilate distribution to fruit, decreased vegetative growth, increased chlorophyll content, increased the leaf size of the middle node on the primary shoot, and increased shoot soluble sugar from the fourth to sixth nodes. Significance of this Study: The results of this study can provide a relevant theoretical basis and technical support for grape canopy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of Tn7-derivatives transposons in MDR Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from anal swabs of chicken and swine in China from 2015–2020. Methods: The Tn7 tnsA gene was screened in 207 P. mirabilis isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Illumina Hiseq (200 × coverage) was used for genome sequencing. Transposon maps were completed by PCR and Sanger sequencing and analysed by BLAST. Results: The Tn7 tnsA gene was detected in 21 strains by PCR. Eight novel Tn7-derivatives, named Tn6667, Tn6668, Tn6669, Tn6670, Tn7095, Tn7096, Tn7097 and Tn7098, were characterised. Three types of hybrid class 2/1 integrons were found at the right end of Tn7 derivatives. A novel Tn7-like transposon Tn6666 with an active integrase gene intI2, whose transposition module shows 93% nucleotide identity to the corresponding region of Tn7, was characterised in three strains. Tn6666 is also found next to Tn7097 or Tn7098 in the chromosomes of two clonally related P. mirabilis strains. The number of resistance genes carried by the novel transposons varied from 1 to 18. A novel variant of class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene, blaPER-16, with eight base substitutions compared with blaPER-12, was harboured by Tn7098. Conclusion: Our study characterised diverse novel Tn7-derivatives and a new Tn7-like transposon in P. mirabilis. An active integrase gene intI2 might promote the diversification of Tn7-like transposons. More attention should be paid to the prevalence and evolution of Tn7-derivatives and Tn7-like transposons and antimicrobial resistance genes they carry.

The abnormal expression of clock genes is closely related to the circadian rhythm of blood pressure and to the occurrence and development of hypertension. This article summarizes the relationship between the clock gene period (PER) and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure, the influence of abnormal expression of PER in peripheral tissues and organs related to blood pressure regulation on blood pressure, and the research progress in the field of hypertension chronotherapy. The author hopes to provide new ideas for the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of hypertension.

Network simulators are used for the research and development of several types of networks. However, one of the limitations of these simulators is the usage of simplified theoretical models of the Packet Error Rate (PER) at the Physical Layer (PHY) of the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless standards. Although the simplified PHY model can significantly reduce the simulation time, the resulting PER can differ considerably from other more realistic results. In this work, we first study several PER theoretical models. Then, we propose a curve fitting algorithm, which is able to obtain a fast and accurate approximation of other PER models. The curve fitting algorithm uses simulated data as input and outputs the coefficients of a simple model that offers a very accurate approximation of the original PER. Finally, we implemented this approximation in the ns-3 network simulator, thus obtaining high realism since now we can select several theoretical PER models or even a more realistic scenario with the effect of the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in the signal. The ns-3 results show how the selection of the PER model at the PHY can significantly impact the Packet Loss Rate (PLR) of a scenario composed of a linear chain of several nodes, one of the simplest multi-hop scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the coverage area of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) for Packet Success Rates (PSR) above 85%, where acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) can be achieved. The network consists of battery-operated end-nodes (ENs) and multiple stationary gateways (GWs). We consider asynchronous communication that uses ALOHA-based random channel access. Each transmission from the ENs can be received by multiple GWs. Such spatial diversity results in favorable Signal-to-Noise ratios (SNR). The LoRa modulation is assumed and its specific features, such as IQ inversion, further contribute to decreasing the impact of interference. An increase in the GW density improves network performance, which allows support for a larger density of end-nodes as well as increasing the coverage area. Our simulation results show that a suburban area of up to 1.44 km2 can be covered with five GWs with up to fifty end-nodes with a PSR greater than 86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exert pleiotropic effects on biological processes including circadian rhythms. miR-34a is a small non-coding RNA whose expression is modulated by RF-EMF and has the capacity to regulate clock gene expression. However, interference between RF-EMF and miR-34a-mediated regulation of the circadian oscillator has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the present study was designed to reveal if 24 h exposure to 2.4 GHz RF-EMF influences miR-34a-induced changes in clock gene expression, migration and proliferation in colorectal cancer cell line DLD1. The effect of up- or downregulation of miR-34a on DLD1 cells was evaluated using real-time PCR, the scratch assay test and the MTS test. Administration of miR-34a decreased the expression of per2, bmal1, sirtuin1 and survivin and inhibited proliferation and migration of DLD1 cells. When miR-34a-transfected DLD1 cells were exposed to 2.4 GHz RF-EMF, an increase in cry1 mRNA expression was observed. The inhibitory effect of miR-34a on per2 and survivin was weakened and abolished, respectively. The effect of miR-34a on proliferation and migration was eliminated by RF-EMF exposure. In conclusion, RF-EMF strongly influenced regulation mediated by the tumour suppressor miR-34a on the peripheral circadian oscillator in DLD1 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial Performance is an important tool to understand Growth of Industry and Company. To Discover Economic facts of Company, Performance Evaluation Process to be initiated by every Company and available financial data used in that process. The main objective of financial performance evaluation is to prepare original financial position in detail. The present study conducted to examine the financial performance of power sector in India. Many public and private sector companies are working in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity throughout the India. Due to the large size sample, Rural Electrification corporation limited has been selected to continue further research. The study on Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. for a period of 5 financial years from 2016-to 2021. The useful data collected from secondary sources like company annual reports, Minister of power reports and other reports. In this research process used profitability ratios, leverage ratio, Capital Risk to Assets ratios, Dividend ratios and Market Book values of shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) resistance is a huge threat in the clinic; however, the underlying mechanism responsible for high-level CZA resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) isolates remains unknown. In this study, a total of 5,763 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from 2010 to 2022 to investigate the ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) high-level resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) isolates in China. Fifty-six PER-producing isolates were identified, including 50 isolates carrying bla PER-1 in PA, and 6 isolates carrying bla PER-4 . Of these, 82.1% (46/56) were classified as DTR-PA isolates, and 76.79% (43/56) were resistant to CZA. Importantly, bla PER-1 and bla PER-4 -positive strains. Kinetic parameter analysis revealed that PER-4 exhibited a similar bla PER-1 with ceftazidime and a high (∼3359-fold) IC50 value with avibactam compared to PER-1. Our study found that overexpression of PER-1 combined with enhanced efflux pump expression and the low affinity of PER-4 for avibactam contributes to high-level resistance to CZA. Additionally, the Tn bla PER-4 was found only on chromosomes and was carried by a class 1 integron embedded in a Tn 6485 -like transposon. Overexpression of efflux pumps may be associated with high-level CZA resistance in bla PER-1 -positive strains. Kinetic parameter analysis revealed that PER-4 exhibited a similar kcat / Km with ceftazidime and a high (∼3359-fold) IC50 value with avibactam compared to PER-1. Our study found that overexpression of PER-1 combined with enhanced efflux pump expression and the low affinity of PER-4 for avibactam contributes to high-level resistance to CZA. Additionally, the Tn 6485 -like transposon plays a significant role in disseminating bla PER . Urgent active surveillance is required to prevent the further spread of high-level CZA resistance in DTR-PA isolates.

Post-transcriptional modification of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is crucial for ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism and cellular function. The ability to visualize site-specific m6A methylation at the single-cell level would markedly enhance our understanding of its pivotal regulatory functions in the field of epitranscriptomics. Despite this, current in situ imaging techniques for site-specific m6A are constrained, posing a significant barrier to epitranscriptomic studies and pathological diagnostics. Capitalizing on the precise targeting capability of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization and the high specificity of the m6A antibody, we present a method, termed proximity hybridization followed by primer exchange amplification (m6A-PHPEA), for the site-specific imaging of m6A methylation within cells. This approach enables high-resolution, single-cell imaging of m6A methylation across various RNA molecules coupled with efficient signal amplification. We successfully imaged three distinct m6A methylation sites concurrently in multiple cell types, revealing cell-to-cell variability in expression levels. This method promises to illuminate the dynamics of m6A-modified RNAs, potentially revolutionizing epitranscriptomic research and the development of advanced pathological diagnosis for chemical modifications.

Harga sahamditentukan oleh permintaan dan penawaran saham itu sendiri. Semakin banyakinvestor yang membeli saham maka harga saham cenderung bergerak naik. Sebaliknya,semakin banyak investor yang menjual saham maka harga saham cenderung bergerak turun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh Earning Per Share(EPS), Net Profit Margin(NPM), Return On Assets(ROA), dan PriceEarningRatio(PER) terhadap Harga Sahampada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2016-2020.Sampel dalam penelitian ini ditentukan dengan metode purposive sampling, sehingga sampel yang diteliti berjumlah 5 perusahaan perbankan. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari data sekunder yaitulaporan keuangan triwulan bank dengan rentang periode 2016-2020. Analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis regresi linear berganda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa, secara simultan variabel EPS,NPM, ROA, dan PER berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Harga Saham. Secara parsial EPS dan PER berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Harga Saham, NPM berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham, sedangkan ROA tidak berpengaruh terhadap Harga Saham.

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of different dietary protein levels on Acipenser stellatus growth performance. Researches were conducted between 4 th November-3rd December 2011, in the recirculating system of Aquaculture, Environmental Science and Cadastre Department, University of Galati. A number of 60 fish with an average weight of 11.5±0.58 g were randomly stocked into four rearing units, with same stocking densities. Two experimental variants with different dietary protein levels, 64% (V1) respectively 41% (V2), were applied in duplicate. At the end of the experiment, the specific growth rate (SGR), calculated as mean value of both repetitions for each variant, was 4,64%/day at V1 and 4,63%/day at V2. Protein efficiency ratio PER (g/g) registered a better value at V2 (2.55 g/g), comparing to V1 (1.62 g/g). Regarding feed conversion ratio, almost identical values were observed in case of both experimental variants: 0,96 at V1 and 0.97 at V2. The final results of the experiment showed that while PER was significantly influenced by dietary protein levels, the rest of growing indicators had a very limited variation scale.