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The ash mudstone in some oil formations is highly water-sensitive. The oil formation is fractured, and the risk of well leakage and collapse is not negligible. This study presents a countermeasure for well collapse prevention, based on a “force-chemistry synergistic balance” approach and the utilization of environmentally friendly and efficient hydration inhibitors. The relevance of this approach is demonstrated considering a drilling fluid system with the high potassium content. The analysis shows that the system can maintain good rheological properties, filtration loss and suspension stability even after aging at 130°C for 16 h. The primary roll recovery of rock chips is better than 98%. The secondary rolling recovery rate is 89%. The rapid water loss is close to zero. The effects of carrying rock, sand, hydration inhibition and dispersion of drill chips are all noticeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antimycotic and cytotoxic potential of Acalypha indica mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Materials and Methods: The plant extract was prepared using 1% A. indica as powder, with 30 mM of sodium selenite with 60 ml of distilled water. Then, the extract was kept in the laboratory shaker for few hours, then it was centrifuged and pellets were collected. Results and Discussion: The antimycotic activity of A. indica mediated SeNPs shows potent inhibition against Candida albicans. The cytotoxic effect analyzed using brine shrimps shows an increase in the percentage of lethality. Conclusion: The present study concluded that A. indica mediated selenium nanoparticle possesses both antimycotic and cytotoxic effect as it shows potent inhibition against C. albicans and brine shrimps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(‒)-Sophoranone (SPN) is a bioactive component of Sophora tonkinensis with various pharmacological activities. This study aims to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potential against the nine major CYP enzymes. Of the nine tested CYPs, it exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on CYP2C9-mediated tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation with the lowest IC50 (Ki) value of 0.966 ± 0.149 μM (0.503 ± 0.0383 μM), in a competitive manner. Additionally, it strongly inhibited other CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation and losartan oxidation activities. Upon 30 min pre-incubation of human liver microsomes with SPN in the presence of NADPH, no obvious shift in IC50 was observed, suggesting that SPN is not a time-dependent inactivator of the nine CYPs. However, oral co-administration of SPN had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and 4′-hydroxydiclofenac in rats. Overall, SPN is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9 in vitro but not in vivo. The very low permeability of SPN in Caco-2 cells (Papp value of 0.115 × 10−6 cm/s), which suggests poor absorption in vivo, and its high degree of plasma protein binding (>99.9%) may lead to the lack of in vitro–in vivo correlation. These findings will be helpful for the safe and effective clinical use of SPN.

(‒)-Sophoranone (SPN) is a bioactive component of Sophora tonkinensis with various pharmacological activities. This study aims to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potential against the nine major CYP enzymes. Of the nine tested CYPs, it exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on CYP2C9-mediated tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation with the lowest IC50 (Ki) value of 0.966 ± 0.149 μM (0.503 ± 0.0383 μM), in a competitive manner. Additionally, it strongly inhibited other CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation and losartan oxidation activities. Upon 30 min pre-incubation of human liver microsomes with SPN in the presence of NADPH, no obvious shift in IC50 was observed, suggesting that SPN is not a time-dependent inactivator of the nine CYPs. However, oral co-administration of SPN had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and 4′-hydroxydiclofenac in rats. Overall, SPN is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9 in vitro but not in vivo. The very low permeability of SPN in Caco-2 cells (Papp value of 0.115 × 10−6 cm/s), which suggests poor absorption in vivo, and its high degree of plasma protein binding (>99.9%) may lead to the lack of in vitro–in vivo correlation. These findings will be helpful for the safe and effective clinical use of SPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]