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In the aftermath of the Second World War, the progressive dismantling of previous power-nations and the independence of many countries have contributed to new political, economic, and technical processes and highly mobile flows of people and ideas. Yet, research has overlooked knowledge channels outside of mainstream geopolitical frameworks. In particular, the role and power of international aid organizations, their development assistance programs, and the impact of the emergent new actor of this phenomenon - the consultant - in housing and planning narratives deserve to be examined. This article proposes to do so by exploring the historical contribution of Otto Koenigsberger (1908–1999) as part of the first generation of CIAM-UN experts. His view of "housing as a problem of numbers" engaged him on a lifelong pedagogical and transnational political project of decolonizing architectural education and the redefinition of both the profession and the professional. By emphasizing the importance of (a new) training, it raises questions on what sort of knowledge housing may require, by whom knowledge competencies may be conveyed, and how that knowledge should be instrumentalized. The article draws on extensive archival research, findings on the protagonists and institutions involved, and the author's interviews with key players that shed light on evolving conceptualizations of "development", built environment, educational programs, and knowledge production. Ultimately, examining the terminology underlying the expertise delivered through consultancy reports vis à vis the education and skills needs contributes to a better understanding of the foundations of housing as a problematized field of architectural education.

Em meados da década de 1950, milhares de pessoas abandonavam as zonas rurais do interior português rumo à capital em busca de melhores condições de vida. O crescimento populacional nos seus territórios periféricos aumentava assim expo-nenfiaomente em partifuoar no oimite nortefom um enorme impafto nov Áuxov de triIego penduoar e na evpeFuoaomo imoeioiiria afetando uma classe média emergente, ignorada pelo Estado, explorada e orientada para a economia de mercado., In the mid-1950s, millions of people left the rural areas of the Portuguese interior. They came to Lisbon in search of new and better living conditions. The population growth in the peripheral territories of the capital started to increase exponentially, FompOeteOy Fhanging itV OandVFape partiFuOarOy on the northern Iringe Zith a huge impaFt on Fommuter traIÀF ÁoZV and property speculation, affecting an emerging middle class that was ignored by the state and exploited by an economically-driven market. Outside the narratives of high culture, these places have progressively embodied the image of postmodernity’s greatest evils: the anonymous character of (sub)urban life, mass housing and the ‘motorway’. Their study has been overlooked and, consequently, an important part of the city’s fabric.

Today, public and private organizations require efficient processes to achieve their goals, from the smallest businesses to the largest commercial chains, they have seen the need to incorporate administrative and technological tools to better carry out their daily tasks. Derived from this and given the decrease in consultation in the "South" medical office, the decision was made to carry out an exploratory study in order to identify the main factors that contribute to the demand for the service. For this, surveys were applied with the purpose of identifying the factors with the greatest specific weight in the evaluation of the service offered. The information collection process was carried out during the period between March 2019 and May 2020. The surveys were conducted online, in person, as well as by telephone. After concluding the research process, conclusions were addressed that will help the organization that is the object of this study to make decisions for the continuous improvement of its activities. It is worth mentioning that the doctor's office is owned by the author of the thesis project, as she is the internist who provides the service., Hoy en días las organizaciones públicas y privadas requieren de procesos eficientes para poder alcanzar sus metas, desde los más pequeños comercios hasta las más grandes cadenas comerciales han visto la necesidad de incorporar herramientas administrativas y tecnológicas para llevar a cabo de mejor forma sus tareas diarias. Derivado de ello y ante el descenso de consulta en el consultorio médico “Sur” se tomó la decisión de realizar un estudio exploratorio con el fin de identificar cuáles son los principales factores que contribuyen a la demanda del servicio. Para ello se aplicaron encuestas con el propósito de identificar los factores con mayor peso específico en la valoración del servicio ofrecido. El proceso de recolección de información se llevó a cabo durante el periodo comprendido entre el mes de marzo del 2019 y hasta mayo 2020. Las encuestas se realizaron vía internet, de manera presencial, así como vía telefónica. Tras concluir el proceso de investigación se abordaron conclusiones servirán para que la organización objeto del presente estudio tome decisiones para la mejora continua de sus actividades. Cabe mencionar que el consultorio médico es propiedad de la autora del proyecto de tesis, siendo ella el médico internista que brinda el servicio.

[Objectives]: To describe the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children in Spain and analyze the predictors of the etiology., [Hypothesis]: The different etiological groups of pediatric CAP are associated with different clinical, radiographic, and analytical data., [Design]: Observational, multicenter, and prospective study., [Patient selection]: This study included children aged 1 month to 17 years with CAP, who were hospitalized between April 2012 and May 2019., [Methods]: An extensive microbiological workup was performed. The clinical, radiographic, and analytical parameters were analyzed for three etiological groups., [Results]: Among the 495 children included, at least one causative pathogen was identified in 262 (52.9%): pathogenic viruses in 155/262 (59.2%); atypical bacteria (AB), mainly Mycoplasma pneumonia, in 84/262 (32.1%); and typical bacteria (TyB) in 40/262 (15.3%). Consolidation was observed in 89/138 (64.5%) patients with viral CAP, 74/84 (88.1%) with CAP caused by AB, and 40/40 (100%) with CAP caused by TyB. Para-pneumonic pleural effusion (PPE) was observed in 112/495 (22.6%) patients, of which 61/112 (54.5%) presented a likely causative pathogen: viruses in 12/61 (19.7%); AB in 23/61 (37.7%); and TyB in 26/61 (42.6%). Viral etiology was significantly frequent in young patients and in those with low oxygen saturation, wheezing, no consolidation, and high lymphocyte counts. CAP patients with AB as the etiological agent had a significantly longer and less serious course as compared to those with other causative pathogens., [Conclusions]: Viruses and M. pneumoniae are the main causes of pediatric CAP in Spain. Wheezing, young age, and no consolidation on radiographs are indicative of viral etiology. Viruses and AB can also cause PPE. Since only a few cases can be directly attributed to TyB, the indications for antibiotics must be carefully considered in each patient.

In Colombia the most limiting disease in the cultivation of granadilla is neck rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae. This pathogen affects plants in all stages of development at the base of the stems and causes death in a short time. The objective of this research was to evaluate the resistance in eighteen species of the Passifloraceae family to neck rot. For this experiment, a highly virulent isolate was used according to the results of pathogenicity tests with passion fruit plants. According to the results after inoculation with the pathogen, eleven Passifloras species were susceptible, in contrast, five passion fruit genotypes (PE10, PE11, PE13, PE15 and PE17) and two cholupas (PM02 and PM04), were resistant and did not show symptoms. It is recommended to use resistant species for the genetic improvement of this species or to use them as rootstock., Na Colômbia, a doença mais limitante no cultivo do granadilla é a podridão do pescoço causada pelo Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae. Este patógeno afeta as plantas em todos os estágios de desenvolvimento na base dos caules e causa a morte em um curto espaço de tempo. O objetivo desta pesquisa era avaliar a resistência de dezoito espécies da família Passifloraceae à podridão do colar. Para esta experiência, foi utilizado um isolado altamente virulento de acordo com os resultados dos testes de patogenicidade em plantas de maracujá. De acordo com os resultados após a inoculação com o patógeno onze espécies de Passifloraceae eram suscetíveis, em contraste, cinco genótipos de maracujá (PE10, PE11, PE13, PE15 e PE17) e dois cholupas (PM02 e PM04) eram resistentes e não apresentavam sintomas. Recomenda-se usar as espécies resistentes para o melhoramento genético desta espécie ou usá-las como porta-enxertos., En Colombia la enfermedad más limitante en el cultivo de la granadilla es la pudrición del cuello causada por Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae. Este patógeno afecta a las plantas en todos los estados de desarrollo en la base de los tallos y causa la muerte en un corto tiempo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la resistencia en dieciocho especies de la familia Passifloraceae a la pudrición del cuello. Para este experimento se utilizó un aislamiento altamente virulento según los resultados de las pruebas de patogenicidad con plantas de granadilla. Según los resultados después de la inoculación con el patógeno once especies de Passifloras fueron susceptibles, en contraste cinco genotipos de maracuyás (PE10, PE11, PE13, PE15 y PE17) y dos cholupas (PM02 y PM04), fueron resistentes no manifestaron síntomas. Se recomienda utilizar las especies resistentes para el mejoramiento genético de esta especie o emplearlos como porta injertos.

In this paper, through a bibliographic study, a comparative analysis of the inclusive education of students with intellectual disabilities in some regular educational institutions in Ecuador is carried out. This educational approach that, following the principles of quality and Equity, seeks to develop cognitive and social skills in students. However, conditions are required to be adequate to ensure that the inclusive educational process is beneficial. In this regard, a description of the conditions that make it possible for the process to be successful is made. Also, some results of research conducted in public and private regular educational institutions of the country regarding the inclusion of students with intellectual disabilities are presented. The purpose of reviewing these investigations is to conduct a comparative analysis that allows to have a broader picture of the positive and negative aspects of inclusive education in the Ecuadorian context. The conclusions highlight the importance of this educational approach so that students with intellectual disabilities can develop interpersonal relationships and strengthen their autonomy. However, there are conditions that are not being the most appropriate to enrich the learning process, such as: teacher training and the participation of families.

Today there is a large number of products that refer to or pay tribute to various symbols or graphics referring to cultures; throughout history these representations were generated in a native way by craftsmen in various areas such as: textiles, ceramics, decoration and other products with a symbolic load in reference to a culture. This causes a conflict in the understanding of: forms, figures or chromatic, around the concept and background of the element, in addition the bad management contributes to the nonappropriate use of later representations, this due to an absence of a methodology that contributes basic concepts of construction of the image, semiotics and chromatic. This article it’s about of how to conceptualize compositional elements for use according to design methodologies by developing a manual for the representation of symbolic forms of a culture as an example, in this case the Cañari which consists of a publication that can be used by teachers, students and professionals in the area of Graphic Design, as a reference for the visualization of graphic compositions and illustrations that were obtained from the analysis of pre-Columbian objects, applied in an article of daily use such as an ecological shopping bag through the following process: morphological analysis, formal geometrization, use of chromatics and typography and generation of compositions from the foundations of the design., Hoy en día existe una gran cantidad de productos que hacen referencia o rinden homenaje a diversas simbologías o graficas referentes a culturas; a lo largo de la historia dichas representaciones eran generadas de forma autóctona por parte de artesanos en diversas áreas como son: textiles, cerámicas, decoración y demás productos con una carga simbólica en referencia a una cultura. Esto provoca un conflicto en el entendimiento de: formas, figuras o cromática, entorno al concepto y trasfondo del elemento, además el mal manejo contribuye al uso no apropiado de posteriores representaciones, esto debido a una ausencia de una metodología que aporte conceptos básicos de construcción de la imagen, semiótica y cromática. Este artículo trata sobre la conceptualización de elementos compositivos para un uso acorde a metodologías referentes al diseño por medio del desarrollo de un manual de representación de formas sígnicas de una cultura como ejemplo, en este caso la Cañari el cual consiste en una publicación que pueden utilizar docentes, estudiantes y profesionales del área del Diseño Gráfico, como un referente para la visualización de composiciones gráficas e ilustraciones que se obtuvieron del análisis de objetos precolombinos, aplicados en un artículo de uso diario como es una bolsa ecológica de compras a través del siguiente proceso: análisis morfológico, geometrización formal, uso de cromática y tipografía y generación de composiciones a partir de los fundamentos del diseño., Hoy en día existe una gran cantidad de productos que hacen referencia o rinden homenaje a diversas simbologías o graficas referentes a culturas; a lo largo de la historia dichas representaciones eran generadas de forma autóctona por parte de artesanos en diversas áreas como son: textiles, cerámicas, decoración y demás productos con una carga simbólica en referencia a una cultura. Esto provoca un conflicto en el entendimiento de: formas, figuras o cromática, entorno al concepto y trasfondo del elemento, además el mal manejo contribuye al uso no apropiado de posteriores representaciones, esto debido a una ausencia de una metodología que aporte conceptos básicos de construcción de la imagen, semiótica y cromática. Este artículo trata sobre la conceptualización de elementos compositivos para un uso acorde a metodologías referentes al diseño por medio del desarrollo de un manual de representación de formas sígnicas de una cultura como ejemplo, en este caso la Cañari el cual consiste en una publicación que pueden utilizar docentes, estudiantes y profesionales del área del Diseño Gráfico, como un referente para la visualización de composiciones gráficas e ilustraciones que se obtuvieron del análisis de objetos precolombinos, aplicados en un artículo de uso diario como es una bolsa ecológica de compras a través del siguiente proceso: análisis morfológico, geometrización formal, uso de cromática y tipografía y generación de composiciones a partir de los fundamentos del diseño.