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The NE-SW trending Jahazpur Belt in NW India has been considered correlative with the Aravalli Fold Belt, based on lithological similarities and greenschist facies metamorphic assemblages. The 2.54 Ga 'Jahazpur Granite' constitutes the basement for the overlying Hindoli and Jahazpur Group sediments in this belt. These meta sedimentary sequences presently occur as a greenschist facies ensemble of phyllite, marble, greywacke, and meta-conglomerate. In this study, the trace and Rare Earth Elements geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic Hindoli Group metapelites and metagreywackes was evaluated for source characterization and tectonic setting. The transition metals and Th, La abundances, and Th/Sc, Zr/Sc and La/Sc ratios (1.19 and 1.5, 21.31 and 17.35 and 4.02 and 2.97, for metapelites and metagreywackes, respectively) of Hindoli Group suggest a felsic source for them and some degree of sediment maturity. Both Hindoli metapelites and metagreywackes are enriched in LREE and display significant negative Eu anomalies, further substantiating a predominant felsic component in the source region. The provenance modeling calculations indicate that the detritus was mainly sourced from Mangalwar Complex, along with some inputs from Jahazpur Granite, Bundelkhand TTG and Hindoli volcanics. Geochemical characteristics also discriminate a continental collision associated with an Active Continental Margin tectonic setting for the deposition of Hindoli sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted at Mandouri farm, Horticultural Research Station, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyala (BCKV), West Bengal, India during March, 2014 to July, 2018. The objectives of the research were to determine genetic variability, phenotypic performance and diversity for yield and 17 yield attributing traits of the 45 sponge gourd germplasm. To study the heterosis and combining ability of parental lines with half diallel analysis for earliness and yield contributing characters. PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) was higher than GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) for all the traits studied. Higher PCV and GCV were recorded for traits namely number of primary branches plant-1, number of fruiting nodes on main stem, sex ratio (male/female), fruits plant-1 and fruit yield plant-1. Based on Mahalanobis' D2 statistic, the genotypes of sponge gourd were grouped into 7 different clusters. Fruit yield plant-1, weight of fruit and number of fruiting nodes on main stem had maximum contribution towards genetic divergence. Among the parents, Patna Local, IC-336759 and IC-284795 showed high significant positive GCA effects as well as per se performance for yield and yield related attributes. Additive as well as non-additive gene action regulating the different traits. The traits under non additive gene action. The magnitude of standard heterosis was found in desirable direction for early and yield traits viz., days to first pistillate flower appearance in the cross IC284795×Patna Loca (-23.07%), for 50% flowering in the cross IC-284795×Patna Local (-18.89%), sex ratio in the cross IC-336759×Patna Local (-53.41%), for number of fruit vine-1 in the cross IC-284795×Patna Local (34.56%) and average fruit weight in the cross IC336759×Patna Local (110.09%). Promising germplasm Patna Local may be subjected for regional yield trail along with released variety with a view to develop new variety of sponge gourd. The superior hybrids can be exploited for hybridization programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rocks of Raialo Group in the Alwar sub-basin of North Delhi Fold Belt were investigated with a focus on meta-basic lava flows of the Tehla Formation. The basaltic rocks, now occurring as amphibolites, are medium- to fine-grained and show evidence of greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism, characterized by dominant plagioclase, hornblende, actinolite, chlorite, and minor, epidote, opaque, and Fe–Ti oxide mineral assemblage. The presence of amygdules and vesicles, well preserved primary igneous texture, and relict pyroxenes, at places, confirm their basaltic lineage. In a single outcrop, located to the northeast of Tehla village, well-preserved pillow structures have been discovered. The pillow structures vary in size (few cm to >1 m) and shape (spheroid, elongate and kidney-shaped), and inter-pillow spaces are filled up with chert, at places. This is the first report of pillow basalt occurrence from the North Delhi Fold Belt. In addition to offering evidence of submarine basaltic volcanism, the mega-pillows, gabbroic lenses, and presence of ultramafic rocks in the region suggest a possible ophiolite setting that needs a detailed petrographic and geochemical evaluation. Research highlights: First report of pillow structures from North Delhi Fold Belt. Identification of mafic- ultramafic association and possibility of an ophiolite setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Indian Granulite Terrane (SGT) is a collage of Archaean to Neoproterozoic age granulite facies blocks that are sutured by an anastomosing network of large-scale shear systems. Besides several Neoproterozoic carbonatite complexes emplaced within the Archaean granulites, there are also smaller Paleoproterozoic (2.4 Ga, Hogenakkal) carbonatite intrusions within two NE-trending pyroxenite dikes. The Hogenakkal carbonatites, further discriminated into sövite and silicate sövite, have high Sr and Ba contents and extreme light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment with steep slopes typical of carbonatites. The C- and O-isotopic ratios [δ13CVPDB = −6.7 to −5.8‰ and δ18OVSMOW = 7.5–8.7‰ except a single18O-enriched sample (δ18O = 20.0‰)] represent unmodified mantle compositions. TheεNd values indicate two groupings for the Hogenakkal carbonatites; most samples show positiveεNd values, close to CHUR (εNd = −0.35 to 2.94) and named high-εNd group while the low-εNd group samples show negative values (−5.69 to −8.86), corresponding to depleted and enriched source components, respectively. The87Sr/86Sriratios of the two groups also can be distinguished: the high-εNd ones have low87Sr/86Sriratios (0.70161–0.70244) while the low-εNd group shows higher ratios (0.70247–0.70319). We consider the Nd–Sr ratios as primary and infer derivation from a heterogeneous mantle source. The emplacement of the Hogenakkal carbonatites may be related to Paleoproterozoic plume induced large-scale rifting and fracturing related to initiation of break-up of the Neoarchean supercontinent Kenorland. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, the effects of damage (delamination) on the structural vibration characteristics of spar wingskin joints (SWJs) made with curved laminated composites are investigated. Three dimensional finite element analysis is employed to evaluate the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of the joint structure considered. Virtual elements are implemented in the delamination region to prevent inter element penetration. The effectiveness of the finite element analysis technique used is validated with available results. Additionally, the effects of various parameters such as delamination size, curvature effect (shallowness angle), laminate stacking sequence, overlap length, and material anisotropy (modular ratio) on the free vibration responses of the curved SWJ are analyzed in details. The present delamination modeling and simulated results could serve as guidelines in designing curved laminated composite joint structures with/without delaminations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A finite element model based on an improved higher order zigzag plate theory developed by the authors is refined in this study and applied to bending and vibration response of soft core sandwich plates. The theory satisfies interlayer transverse shear stress continuity including transverse shear stress free condition at the plate top and bottom surfaces and transverse normal compressibility of the core. The in-plane displacements vary cubically through the entire thickness, while transverse displacement is assumed to vary quadratically within the core. In order to have a better computational benefit, a C0 finite element formulation is adopted. This is refined through satisfaction of certain constrains variationally using a penalty function approach. The performance of the model is demonstrated by comparing the present results with 3D elasticity solutions and other available results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-grade meta-sedimentary sequence of the Sirohi Group comprises an ensemble of phyllite, schist and meta-carbonate rocks (including impure marble) and marks late Proterozoic tectonics in the NW Indian block. The δ18OV-PDB values for Sirohi meta-carbonates range from -20.2 to -101‰, suggesting that the Oisotopic signatures have been variably affected by post-depositional alterations. The δ13CV-PDB fluctuate from marginally positive (~1.0‰) to negative (-3.3‰) values and represent primary sedimentary signatures. The Mn-Sr and Mg-Ca relationships further substantiate that the C-isotopic characteristics have not been significantly modified during the metamorphism. The δ13CV-PDB values are typical of normal carbonate sediments and suggest warmer climatic conditions during their deposition, most likely prior to the Neoproterozoic 'snowball earth'. Evidence of glaciation in stratigraphically younger litho-units (occurrence of possible diamictite, glacial striations, etc. in the immediately overlying Sindreth Group and Marwar Supergroup) can be correlated with the worldwide glacial events during the Neoproterozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Palaeoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup in Salumber region includes a basal unit of metabasic volcanic rocks (Salumber volcanic rocks) overlain by a volcaniclastic/conglomerate one. Although these volcanic rocks have been metamorphosed to green-schist facies, some primary volcanic features are still preserved. This metabasic volcanic sequence can be further differentiated on the basis of textural variations, and the mineral assemblages are: (a) oligoclase + actinolite + chlorite + epidote; and (b) oligoclase + hornblende+ chlorite + biotite + Fe-Ti oxides. The SiO2 content ranges from ∼47.7 to 55.8% and MgO from ∼4.2 to 12.8%. Geochemical characteristics allow their subdivision into high Mg and Fe tholeiites. Inverse relationship of MgO with silica, alkalis and Zr is generally consistent with fractionation mechanism, also suggested by a change in colour of the rocks from dark greenish to light greenish towards the upper parts of the sequence. These metabasic volcanic rocks are enriched in incompatible trace elements and LREE (La = 30 − 40 × chondrite, Lu = 2 − 5 × chondrite), and demonstrate affinity mainly with MORB and within plate settings in geochemical tectonic discrimination schemes. The geochemical characteristics suggest a complex evolutionary history envisaging derivation of the melt from an enriched heterogeneous lithospheric source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nine-noded isoparametric plate-bending element has been used for the analysis of free undamped vibration of isotropic and fiber reinforced laminated composite plates. The effect of shear deformation has been incorporated in the formulation by considering the first-order shear deformation theory for the analysis. An effective mass lumping scheme with rotary inertia has been recommended. Two types of mass lumping schemes have been formed. In one lumping scheme rotary inertia has also been introduced. Numerical examples of isotropic and composite rectangular plates having different fiber orientations angles, thickness ratios, and aspect ratio have been solved. Examples of plates having internal cutout and uniformly distributed mass on the plates have also been studied. The results obtained have been compared with the available published literature. The present results are very close to the analytical solutions. Few examples have been presented as new results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singapore is a recognized global hotspot for invasive species and many introduced plant species have become major weeds there. Some of the common invasive taxa, such as Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha, Mimosa pigra, Neptunia plena, Panicum maximum, and Urochloa mutica, are spread over large areas and dominate the indigenous flora in some habitats. In a study aimed at understanding the relationship between polyploidy and invasiveness, we show that all the investigated invasive taxa are polyploids. A. gangetica ssp. micrantha, N. plena, and P. maximum vary in chromosome number and ploidy level across the world, but we recorded only one chromosome count for each of these species in Singapore. Similarly, the cytology of M. pigra and U. mutica also revealed that these species are polyploid, each with only one chromosome number across all populations. The results indicate that one polyploid line in each of these species has been selected favourably and has become invasive. We also show that all the species exhibit normal male meiosis and possess high percentages of pollen fertility. Based on the present study and an analysis of previously reported ploidy levels, we suggest that these taxa are probably of allopolyploid origin. We conclude that polyploidy and an effective reproductive system are a perfect mix for successful invasion by these species in Singapore. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 151, 395–403. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of effective conservation of wildlife in Arunachal Pradesh can only be achieved through education and awareness programs, active participation of tribal communities in conservation programs and putting sustainable livelihood conservation strategies in place (Masolene, [6]). Assessment of effectiveness of conservation action adopted for hornbill species in Arunachal Pradesh, India: the Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). [Extracted from the article]

High coercivity but low unblocking (LB) temperature components (∼80–100°C) demonstrate that goethite is the principal carrier of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in Jurassic and Cretaceous limestone from the Jaisalmer basin (Rajasthan, NW India). Goethite-bearing components (declination= 359.9°, inclinationsites) plot close to the present day field direction. High unblocking (HB) components (declination= 172.0°, inclinationsites) are carried by haematite, mostly with reverse polarity directions, but undoubtedly not primary. This remagnetization event, mostly within a period of reverse magnetic polarity, occurred after 35 Ma and before 780 000 yr (the last known reversal). Only palaeomagnetic data from a single Cretaceous site (declination= 302.0°, inclinationsamples) has potentially preserved a primary magnetization (carried by normal polarity magnetite); if correct, this site substantiates a mid-southerly palaeolatitude for India during mid-Aptian times (∼117 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the design and simulation performance of a digital push–pull switch based on a wide-angle, asymmetric X-junction that we recently proposed (truncated-structural X-branch). At a full-branching angle of 1.2°, the crosstalk and (straight-port) transmission at the zero-voltage state were -19 and -0.92 dB, respectively. In the switched state, they are -17.45 and -1.06 dB, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 208–211, 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here in detail the WDM performance of a wide-angle novel X-junction switch (TSXB) that we developed earlier. At a full branching angle of 1.5°, our new design achieves a bandwidth of 145 nm (1470–1615 nm) at 1.5 dB over which the crosstalk is kept below -18.0 dB. Maintaining the same order of bandwidth in normal X-junctions (NXB) requires a branching angle as narrow as 0.2°. A TSXB is thus suitable for WDM systems, yet comes in a size significantly more wide angle (and hence more compact) than an NXB. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 28: 423–426, 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose and demonstrate the use of bent long-period fiber gratings to compensate for the polarization sensitivity of an EDFA's equalized gain spectrum. An excursion in the spectrum of 4 dB due to polarization fluctuations is reduced to 2 dB by compensation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 419–422, 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the theoretical performance of a digital switch based on a wide-angle, low-loss asymmetric X-junction that we recently proposed (“truncated-structural” branch). Even at a wide full-branching angle of 1.2°, the crosstalk and (straight-port) transmission at the zero-voltage state are found to be -17 and -0.5 dB, respectively. In the switched state, they are -20.0 and -1.14 dB, respectively. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 229–233, 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use, for the first time, tunable long-period fiber gratings (LPFG's) to facilitate the gain equalization of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The ASE and gain peak of an EDFA at a wavelength of 1532 nm were equalized by 7.5 and 3 dB, respectively, at 37 mW pump laser power. The flattened bandwidth was 12 nm (1526–1538 nm). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25: 181–184, 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed a novel asymmetric X-junction, called the truncated-structural X-branch (TSXB), which quadruples the full-branching angle (0.3–1.2°) compared to a conventional junction at -17 dB crosstalk and 75% power transmission to the “straight” port. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 22: 197–200, 1999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new class of Y-junctions based on wavefront processing to facilitate phase matching during branching. This is achieved by grading the lateral index profile of the waveguides. Simulations show that, at 85% power transmission, when compared to an all step-profile truncated-structural Y-branch (TSYB) that we proposed earlier, it widens the full branching angle by 1.5°. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 22: 126–129, 1999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article about the impact of climate change on the Himalayan region's water, biodiversity, and livelihood by J. Xu and colleagues in the 2009 issue.

In modern civilization, individuals are increasingly concerned with evaluating the quality of medical services. Evaluation of the quality of medical services enables medical care providers to monitor and improve their service quality. The evaluation of medical service quality is efficiently addressed by the novel concept of Aczel–Alsina operators in an intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy (IHF) environment as multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. Thus, this paper presents the IHF Aczel–Alsina weighted geometric operators for IHF information. We first apply the Aczel–Alsina norms to IHF scenarios and present novel operations of intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy sets. This article develops a unique strategy for evaluating the quality of medical services based on the specified operators, including a quantitative framework for evaluating medical service quality and a novel MCDM technique. Finally, this article presents a numerical example of the novel approach used to evaluate medical services for hospitals and compares it to conventional MCDM methods to highlight the suggested superiority method. According to the comparative results, our strategy outperforms the insufficiency of lacking decision flexibility in the existing MAGDM method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFSs) have piqued the interest of researchers in a wide range of domains. The striking framework of the FFS is keen to provide the larger preference domain for the modeling of ambiguous information deploying the degrees of membership and nonmembership. Furthermore, FFSs prevail over the theories of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and Pythagorean fuzzy sets owing to their broader space, adjustable parameter, flexible structure, and influential design. The information measures, being a significant part of the literature, are crucial and beneficial tools that are widely applied in decision-making, data mining, medical diagnosis, and pattern recognition. This paper aims to expand the literature on FFSs by proposing many innovative Fermatean fuzzy sets-based information measures, namely, distance measure, similarity measure, entropy measure, and inclusion measure. We investigate the relationship between distance, similarity, entropy, and inclusion measures for FFSs. Another achievement of this research is to establish a systematic transformation of information measures (distance measure, similarity measure, entropy measure, and inclusion measure) for the FFSs. To accomplish this aim, new formulae for information measures of FFSs have been presented. To demonstrate the validity of the measures, we employ them in pattern recognition, building materials, and medical diagnosis. Additionally, a comparison between traditional and novel similarity measures is described in terms of counter-intuitive cases. The findings demonstrate that the innovative information measures do not include any absurd cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved higher-order zigzag plate theory in a random environment is proposed and it is implemented in a stochastic finite element framework to study the buckling characteristic of sandwich plates with random material properties. The theory satisfies transverse shear stress continuity at all of the layer interfaces and the transverse shear-stress-free condition at the top and bottom surfaces. It also includes the effect of transverse deformability to the core. The through-thickness variation of in-plane displacements is assumed to be cubic, whereas transverse displacement varies quadratically within the core and it remains constant over the face sheets. Note that sandwich and composite structures are characterized by inherent uncertainties in their material properties. The effect of these uncertainties on the buckling characteristic of sandwich plates is studied by modeling the macromechanical material properties as basic random variables. Astochastic finite element method consisting of an efficient C0 finite element in conjunction with a mean-centered first-order perturbation approach is developed, and the model is employed to evaluate the second-order statistics of the buckling loads. The published results are used to validate the deterministic part of the proposed approach, and its stochastic component is validated with an independent Monte Carlo simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses science writing.

Investigates the Dasheen mosaic virus in elephant foot yam in India. Production of edible corm from Amorphophallus paeonifolius; Mosaic symptoms of the elephant foot yams; Use of immunosorbent electron microscopy in identifying the potyvirus.

Initiation and propagation of inter-laminar delamination in adhesive bonded spar wingskin joint (SWJ) made with laminated fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite curved panels have been studied employing three-dimensional finite element analyses. In-plane and out-of-plane normal and shear stress distributions are seen to be highly three-dimensional in nature. Tsai-Wu coupled stress failure criteria have been employed to identify critical locations of onset of delamination-induced damage. This occurs underneath the toe-end of the spar overlap and at the inter-laminar surface between the first and second plies of the curved FRP wingskin panel. Significant edge effects on the joint strength have been observed due to the curvature geometry of the composite wingskin panels. Non-linear finite element analyses have been carried out for study of delamination propagation using contact and multi point constraint (MPC) elements. The use of contact elements prevents inter-penetration of delaminated surfaces. Whereas, sequential release of MPC elements facilitates computation of opening, sliding and cross-sliding modes of delamination-induced strain energy release rates (SERR) by using virtual crack closure technique. Variation in delamination lengths significantly effects the variation of peel and inter-laminar shear stresses and different modes of SERRs. Variations on the two delamination fronts are seen to be quite different indicating dis-similar propagation rates. The Mode I SERR (GI) predominantly governs the delamination propagation in the SWJ. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Phenol formaldehyde (phenolic resin) has a wide range of moldings. However, it has immense consumption in manufacturing electrical equipment due to its insulating property. Phenolic resin retains properties at the freezing point, and also its age cannot be determined. Due to its insulator property, it has wide use in electrical equipment. In this article, degree-based topological indices of phenol formaldehyde are determined with the help of M-polynomial. We calculate the Zagreb index, Randić index, K-Banhatti indices, modified K-Banhatti indices, atom-bond connectivity index, geometric arithmetic index, symmetric index, inverse sum index, and harmonic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we introduced a novel scheme to attain approximate and closed-form solutions of conformable Newell-Whitehead-Segel (NWS) equations, which belong to the most consequential amplitude equations in physics. The conformable Shehu transform (CST) and the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) are combined in the proposed method. We call it the conformable Shehu decomposition method (CSDM). To assess the efficiency and consistency of the recommended method, we demonstrate 2D and 3D graphs as well as numerical simulations of the derived solutions. As a result, CSDM demonstrates that it is a useful and simple mathematical tool for getting approximate and exact analytical solutions to linear-nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (PDEs) of the given kind. The convergence and absolute error analysis of the series solutions is also offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the angular unconformity between rocks of the Aravalli Supergroup (ASG) and the Delhi Supergroup (DSG) in Southeastern Rajasthan, India. It cites the primary lithounits of the ASG and DSG rocks. Staurolite is observed in the ASG rocks while mineral compounds of schist facies and chlorite are seen in the DSG rocks. The difference in the initial stages of structural evolution of Aravalli and Delhi supergroups was traced to an angular unconformity between Delhi and pre-Delhi.

An experiment comprising of twenty four diverse Faba bean genotypes were evaluated for genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis for pod yield and its contributing traits. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were highest for pod yield per plant (PCV= 55.87% and GCV= 53.90%). Pod yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with plant height, number of primary branches, pod length, pod width, pod weight and number of pods per plant at genotypic level. Number of pods per plant showed the highest positive direct effect (0.845) on pod yield per plant. Days to fifty per cent flowering, days to first pod picking, plant height, number of primary branches, pod width and number of pods per plant appeared as most important characters and could be considered during selection in Faba bean breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was done at AB District Seed Farm, BCKV, Kalyani Simanta, West-Bengal, India during autumn-winter 2013-14 and 2014-15. The characters that exhibited higher Phenotypic and Genotypic Co-efficient of variation values were number of fruits per plant (76.86, 75.63%), fruit weight (43.88, 41.34%), harvest index (23.57, 22.29%), fruit yield per plant (53.61, 51.17%), anthocyanin in peel, total phenols and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging (FRS) capacity indicating that a greater amount of genetic variability was present for these characters which provide greater scope for selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for the characters like plant height, days to 1st flowering, days to 50% flowering, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, harvest index, fruit yield per plant, total sugar, anthocyanin in peel, total phenols and DPPH FRS capacity depicting that these traits were under the strong influence of additive gene action and hence simple selection based on phenotypic performance of these traits would be more effective. Fruit yield per plant showed highly positive significant correlation with number of primary branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, harvest index, vitamin-A and total phenols and significant negative correlation with days to 1st flowering, TSS, total sugars and total protein. Number of fruits per plant imparted the highest positive direct effect on yield followed by harvest index, fruit weight, days to 50% flowering and anthocyanin in peel. Number of fruits per plant and days to flowering were emerged as the main casual factors for positive or negative association of several characters with fruit yield per plant. Therefore, selection for fruit yield per plant based on these characters would be reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the medications that influence glucose metabolism and to examine the mechanisms of these medications on glucose metabolism.Data Sources: Data were obtained from a MEDLINE search back to 1966 and included animal and human studies published in the English language.Study Selection: Approximately 80% of original publications were included after review by the authors. Case reports were included if they provided additional information. DATE EXTRACTION: The original data from the literature were included on the basis of independent extraction by the authors.Data Synthesis: Many common therapeutic agents influence glucose metabolism. Multiple mechanisms of action on glucose metabolism exist through pancreatic, hepatic, and peripheral effects. Based on circumstances at the time of use, a drug may cause both hyper- and hypoglycemia in a patient. The patient's previous pancreatic reserve, nutritional state, use of other medication, or exposure to alcohol may influence the direction of the plasma glucose alterations.Conclusion: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance form an intrinsic component of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerotic vascular disease (syndrome X). The induction of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance by medication may therefore counteract intended benefits. An extensive review of recent medication in patients with disorders of glucose tolerance and the avoidance of polypharmacy are recommended. It is prudent to monitor plasma glucose values when it is not possible to avoid prescription of medication with known effects on carbohydrate metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]