Search

Esta investigación se basa en la identificación de los recursos web 3.0 en la aplicación del aula de clase mediante una educación virtual y a la vez comprobar el nivel de desempeño académico que tienen los estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo de la investigación es identificar el uso de los recursos de la web 3.0 y el aporte dentro del desempeño académico de los estudiantes universitarios. La metodología utilizada es de tipo experimental-analítica mediante un enfoque por partes tomando primero lo cualitativo mediante un análisis diagnóstico enfocado en las percepciones del entorno y luego por medio de la tabulación de la data obtenida mediante una encuesta realizada a los estudiantes de la Carrera de Educación Básica, el instrumento utilizada se basa en un cuestionario estructurado de 24 ítems validado mediante el estadístico Alfa de Cronbach con un valor de 0.841 confiable para la investigación; para la comprobación de la hipótesis se utiliza el estadístico de Kolmogórov- Smirnov para k muestras independientes en el cual se seleccionan dos preguntas, la más representativas de la experimentación. Para el desarrollo de los recursos 3.0 se considera la aplicación de la metodología ADDIE la misma que permite el desempeño pedagógico y tecnológico y además del Modelo TAM, en el cual se mide la aceptación de la tecnología para este caso el de los recursos basados en la web 3.0. Los resultados de la investigación fueron altamente favorables, éstos permitieron identificar el tipo de recursos 3.0 que se pueden aplicar en una clase virtual y luego de la experimentación la aceptabilidad que éstos tienen en la población de estudio. Finalmente, se concluye que este tipo de recursos son de gran aporte para el desarrollo de una clase virtual, los mismo promueven un aprendizaje sincrónico como asincrónico, así como individual y colaborativo.

La investigación pretende implementar una propuesta de intervención psicológica que fortalezca las estrategias de afrontamiento y habilidades sociales de las personas privadas de la libertad [PPL], internas en el complejo penitenciario y carcelario de Jamundí, que aporte al proceso de resocialización y prevención de conductas disruptivas y suicidas en el marco del programa institucional INPEC “Preservación de la vida”. La metodología cuenta con un enfoque mixto, diseño explicativo secuencial, alcance explicativo – exploratorio de corte transversal. La muestra: conformada por 80 PPL seleccionada por conveniencia. Resultados esperados: Fortalecimiento estrategias de afrontamiento y habilidades para la vida, disminución de conductas disruptivas.

Las Comunicaciones Nacionales sobre Cambio Climático (CNCC) son un mecanismo para que los países informen sus avances en mitigación y adaptación, y constituyen uno de los elementos de base para la política sobre cambio climático a escala nacional. Colombia ha emitido tres CNCC. La tercera plantea un escenario que considera las proyecciones de diversos modelos incluidos en la quinta fase del Proyecto de Comparación de Modelos Acoplados (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP), el cual se estima como el promedio de las proyecciones correspondientes a las cuatro trayectorias de concentración representativa (Representative Concentration Pathways,RCP) presentadas en el quinto reporte de evaluación del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático. Cada una de estas RCP representa una trayectoria de concentración de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) para un escenario particular de crecimiento poblacional, económico y tecnológico que conduce a una posible trayectoria de evolución del sistema climático. En este estudio se comparan las proyecciones presentadas en la Tercera CNCC con las obtenidas directamente de los modelos empleados. Nuestros resultados demuestran que al utilizarse un promedio de RCP se pierden escenarios alternos que podrían ser importantes a la hora de considerar posibles futuros diferentes y anulan la utilidad de plantear diversas trayectorias de emisiones de GEI. Más aun, una comparación entre la Segunda y la Tercera CNCC muestra proyecciones de precipitación opuestas para diferentes regiones del país, lo cual es de particular importancia, pues el escenario de cambio climático planteado en la Tercera CNCC sirve de referencia para la toma de decisiones en materia de cambio climático a nivel nacional. The National Communications on Climate Change (NCCC) are a mechanism for countries to report on their progress in mitigation and adaptation, and are a basis for climate change policy at the national level. Colombia has issued three NCCCs. The third CNCC presents a scenario that considers projections from various models included in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Comparison Project (CMIP). This scenario is estimated as the average of the projections corresponding to the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) presented in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Each of these RCPs represents a greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration trajectory for a particular scenario of population, economic and technological growth, leading to a possible trajectory of climate system evolution. Our article compares the projections presented in the Third CNCC with those obtained directly from the models used. Our results show that by using an average CPR, alternative scenarios that could be important in considering different possible futures are lost, negating the usefulness of proposing different GHG emission trajectories. Moreover, a comparison between the Second and Third CNCC shows opposite precipitation projections for different regions of the country. This is particularly important because the climate change scenario proposed in the Third CNCC is a reference scenario for climate change decision-making at the national level. (No está incluido el resumen en inglés)

International audience; Continued Amazonian deforestation perturbs the surface turbulent fluxes which are important for building the conditions for the wet season onset in the southern Amazon. This work evaluates the impacts of tropical deforestation on the onset and development of the Amazonian rainy season using a weather typing approach. We use 19-year simulations (2001-2019) with the Regional Earth System Model from the Institute Pierre Simone Laplace (RegIPSL) with twin control/deforestation experiments. RegIPSL represents the dominant modes or the atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs) of the daily-to-decadal circulation variability in tropical South America, and the evolution of atmospheric and surface conditions along the dry-to-wet transition period. According to RegIPSL, forests and crops contribute differently to the onset. During the dry-to-wet transition period, croplands/grasslands present a stronger shallow convection driven by a higher atmospheric temperature. Large-scale subsidence suppresses low-level convection in the region and deep convection only persists over forests where the atmosphere presents more convective potential energy. After the onset and the establishment of large-scale rainfall structures, both land covers behave similarly in terms of surface fluxes. Deforestation decreases the frequency of the CP typically linked to the onset. Changes in the spatial structure and frequency of the wet season CPs reinforce the hypothesis of a deforestation-induced dry season lengthening. Variations in the CP frequency and characteristic rainfall have opposite effects on accumulated rainfall during the dry-to-wet transition period. Whereas alterations in frequency are associated with a regional circulation response, changes in the CP characteristic rainfall correspond to a local response to deforestation.

La presente investigación propone analizar los atractivos y recursos turísticos que posee el Cantón San Cristóbal, inicialmente se hace un diagnóstico de los atractivos turísticos utilizando fuentes bibliográficas provistas por la institución rectora; Posteriormente, define el estado actual de los atractivos turísticos históricos, definió la cantidad de atractivos existentes y las posibles actividades turísticas que se pueden realizar con ellos, se identificaron cuatro puntos más relevantes: (i) Casa Manuel Julián Cobos, (ii) Reliquias del Ingenio Manuel J. Cobos, (iii) Casa de los Trabajadores, (iv) Tumba de Manuel J. Cobos; Estos puntos, por su ubicación geográfica y sus características patrimoniales únicas, son de gran relevancia para la historia de la colonización de las Islas Galápagos del Ecuador. Con el descubrimiento y luego de cumplir con ciertas recomendaciones técnicas del MINTUR, estos atractivos pueden generar fuentes de empleo e ingresos para una economía sostenible para los habitantes de la localidad, ya que tienen un valor patrimonial incomparable y generan la atención e interés de los residentes y aún más. de turistas nacionales y extranjeros.

En Costa Rica son escasos los estudios de aves en arrozales comerciales de la región Huetar Norte y menos aún en hábitats con presencia de arroz silvestre. Evaluar el uso de hábitat de las aves en los arrozales silvestres y comerciales de Caño Negro y Medio Queso, para detectar potenciales agentes dispersores de semillas de arroz. Se determinó la riqueza de especies, la abundancia y el comportamiento de las aves que utilizaron los arrozales. También se utilizaron redes de niebla en los arrozales. Se registraron 53 especies de aves. La mayor abundancia fue en los arrozales silvestres (Passeriformes 1431 individuos, Anseriformes 764 individuos y Ciconiiformes 444 individuos). Las especies más abundantes fueron: el tordo sargento (Agelaius phoeniceus), 90 individuos (DE=72.0), el piche (Dendrocygna autumnalis), 50 individuos (DE=59.5) y el cigüeñón (Mycteria americana), >40 individuos (DE=50.2). Destaca la presencia de especies con alto valor en conservación como el avetoro norteño (Botaurus lentiginosus), zanate de laguna (Quiscalus nicaraguensis), el pato real (Cairina moschata), el pato cantil (Heliornis fulica), el jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) y el rascón moteado (Pardirallus maculatus). El mayor uso que mostraron las aves en los arrozales fue alimentación. Dos especies de aves (Sporophila corvina y Leptotila plumbeiceps) presentaron rastros de partes vegetativas de arroz. Es latente la probabilidad de que las aves y en especial las Passeriformes, sean agentes potenciales de dispersión de propágulos de arroz en la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica.

La Gestión del Riesgo es un factor muy importante que debe ser abordada desde el inicio de cualquier tipo de proyecto, este es uno de los aspectos fundamentales que permite ver desde diferentes puntos de vista diversas variables que pueden traer múltiples problemas en la ejecución del proyecto, en este artículo se hace un énfasis en la realización de proyectos de software debido a la importancia que han tenido en los últimos años y debido a los altos índices de fallas en la realización de los mismos. Esta investigación tiene en cuenta en su fase metodológica el uso de la Gestión de riesgos propuesta por el PMBOK, el ciclo PHVA y la metodología de Análisis y Gestión de Riesgos de los Sistemas de Información, el uso de estas metodologías permitirá usar y aplicar las mejores prácticas propuestas para definir las amenazas, riesgos, vulnerabilidades y a futuro sentará las bases para formular políticas de mejora continua y de esta forma evitar que estos proyectos fracasen.

Governance on ontology development and maintenance practices within an organization has many advantages over ungoverned, siloed approaches that many organizations exhibit nowadays. This paper presents the BASF Governance Operational Model for Ontologies (GOMO), which addresses all stages of the ontology lifecycle and provides a framework for the development and maintenance of ontologies within BASF. GOMO is comprised of Principles, Standards and Quality Assurance criteria, Best Practices, Training and Outreach and is the result of a collaborative effort between industry and academia in the semantic web field. GOMO Principles, Standards and Best Practices are being applied to all running ontology-based projects in BASF. Through outreach presentations with sections of the BASF community, GOMO has reached a wider audience to foster understanding on the utility and implementation of ontologies. Finally, GOMO stands as a framework that is fit for adoption by other organizations facing similar challenges in ontology governance.

La formulación de preguntas es una estrategia fundamental en la educación, ya que propicia la reflexión, el planteamiento de problemas, favorece la expresión oral y/o escrita, la comunicación, atención y la creación de un ambiente favorable de aprendizaje. Dada esta influencia, es de gran importancia el empleo de preguntas correctamente construidas y acordes con el nivel cognitivo, que influencien de manera positiva la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en los estudiantes. El siguiente artículo hace una reflexión sobre la relevancia de la formación docente respecto a la formulación de preguntas, haciendo hincapié en que la formulación de preguntas no es un simple ejercicio de la profesión docente.

Spray-drying is widely used in the food industry for obtaining powdered products from the formation of small droplets inside a drying chamber at a high temperature. This drying technique has been applied to the formation of microcapsules with functional compounds to supplement food by adding one or more essential ingredients that can benefit human health. This review collects information on the principle and operating conditions involved in microencapsulation by spray-drying: the wall materials used, its influence on the physicochemical and functional properties of the microcapsules obtained, quality problems in microcapsules, and the release of bioactive compounds. It also includes studies related to microencapsulation of vitamins, minerals, oily substances, antioxidants, and probiotic microorganisms. We searched for scientific information published between 2010 and 2020 in high impact databases in the scientific community, for a total of 78 related studies. We observed that some combinations of bioactive compounds, with defined physicochemical and functional properties, give rise to new functional foods that massively improve the health of frequent consumers. The advances in microencapsulation by spray-drying are numerous and related to the new development and innovation trends in the food field. Resumen El secado por aspersión es una técnica de amplio uso en la industria de alimentos para la obtención de productos en polvo a partir de la formación de gotas pequeñas dentro de una cámara de secado a temperatura elevada. Esta técnica de secado se ha aplicado a la formación de microcápsulas que albergan compuestos funcionales con el objetivo de suplementar un alimento mediante la adición de uno o varios ingredientes esenciales que pueden proporcionar beneficios para la salud humana. En esta revisión, se recopiló información sobre el proceso de microencapsulación de secado por aspersión: el principio y las condiciones de operación, los materiales pared utilizados, su influencia sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales de las microcápsulas obtenidas, los problemas de calidad en las microcápsulas, los aspectos de liberación de los compuestos bioactivos y los estudios relacionados con la microencapsulación de vitaminas, minerales, sustancias oleosas, antioxidantes y microorganismos probióticos. En total, se consultaron 78 estudios publicados entre los años 2010 y 2020 en bases de datos de alto impacto en la comunidad científica. Se observó que algunas combinaciones de compuestos bioactivos, con propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales definidas, dan origen a nuevos alimentos funcionales que mejoran en alto grado la salud de quienes los consumen con frecuencia. Los adelantos en el área de la microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión son numerosos y coinciden con las nuevas tendencias de desarrollo e innovación en el ámbito alimentario.

We analyze the observed relationship between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the Atlantic Ocean and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the Orinoco and Amazon basins. Monthly correlations between anomalies of NDVI and SSTs are computed for different regions of the Atlantic Ocean. We also use a mixture of observations and reanalysis products to analyze lagged correlations. Our results show that during August–September (i.e., the dry-to-wet transition season), changes in NDVI in the central Amazon and the so-called Arc of Deforestation are associated with precedent changes in the SSTs of the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) and the Caribbean (CABN) during March–June. Anomalous warming of the CABN and TNA generates changes in surface winds and atmospheric moisture transport in the region, decreasing precipitation, with consequent decreases of soil moisture, moisture recycling, and NDVI. An increase in TNA and CABN SSTs during March–June is also associated with an increase of NDVI over the northern Orinoco during June (i.e., the wet season). Unlike in the southern Amazon, precipitation and soil moisture in the Orinoco basin do not exhibit significant changes associated with SSTs. By contrast, atmospheric moisture recycling and transport increase with warmer SSTs in the TNA. Therefore, for the Orinoco, the link between SSTs and NDVI appears to be related not to changes in precipitation but to changes in moisture recycling. However, the causality between these changes needs to be further explored. These findings highlight the contrasting responses of the Amazon and Orinoco basins to Atlantic temperatures and the dominant role of atmospheric moisture transport linking these responses.

Preservice EFL teachers face many challenges when developing their practicum. Such an experience shapes their identity and influences the teaching and learning processes. This descriptive case study is about preservice teachers’ identity formation and the factors that shaped their identity configurations during a practicum course offered at a state university in Colombia. Data, collected through interviews, reflective journals, and drawing-derived metaphors were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results identified participants’ value/belief system, personality traits, context, pedagogical decisions, reflective practice, and critical incidents as influential factors in their identity formation process. The findings also revealed that identity can be constructed through the intersection between the different experiences they go through during their practicum and their past and future trajectories. The study suggests that EFL teacher education programs should take explicit pedagogical actions to incorporate the identified factors in their curriculum. This could strengthen EFL preservice teachers’ identity configurations and prepare them better for their future teaching roles.

The water cycle over the Amazon basin is a regulatory mechanism for regional and global climate. The atmospheric moisture evaporated from this basin represents an important source of humidity for itself and for other remote regions. The deforestation rates that this basin has experienced in the past decades have implications for regional atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport. In this study, we analyzed the changes in atmospheric moisture transport towards tropical South America during the period 1961–2010, according to two deforestation scenarios of the Amazon defined by Alves et al. (Theor Appl Climatol 100(3-4):337–350, 2017). These scenarios consider deforested areas of approximately 28% and 38% of the Amazon basin, respectively. The Dynamic Recycling Model is used to track the transport of water vapor from different sources in tropical South America and the surrounding oceans. Our results indicate that under deforestation scenarios in the Amazon basin, continental sources reduce their contributions to northern South America at an annual scale by an average of between 40 and 43% with respect to the baseline state. Our analyses suggest that these changes may be related to alterations in the regional Hadley and Walker cells. Amazon deforestation also induces a strengthening of the cross-equatorial flow that transports atmospheric moisture from the Tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea to tropical South America during the austral summer. A weakening of the cross-equatorial flow is observed during the boreal summer, reducing moisture transport from the Amazon to latitudes further north. These changes alter the patterns of precipitable water contributions to tropical South America from both continental and oceanic sources. Finally, we observed that deforestation over the Amazon basin increases the frequency of occurrence of longer dry seasons in the central-southern Amazon (by between 29 and 57%), depending on the deforestation scenario considered, as previous studies suggest.

For the first time in the latest Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), water has been the focus of dedicated chapters in both Working Group 1 (Chapter 8) and 2 (Chapter 4). Nevertheless, we argue here that water has not yet received the full attention it deserves from both scientists and policymakers for several reasons. Firstly, the historical focus on temperature change has been further increased with the use of global warming levels motivated by an aim to be consistent with current policy framings. Secondly, an increasing attention paid to extreme weather has sometimes overshadowed longer time-scale changes such as the aridification of an increasing fraction of arable land and the increasing variability of the water cycle from month to month, season to season, and year to year that also yield cascading impacts on all water use sectors. Thirdly, a stronger focus is needed on understanding the effectiveness of current and future adaptation strategies in reducing water-related climate risks. Finally, the role of water has not been adequately recognized in the assessment of mitigation strategies although the compliance with the Paris Agreement and the current pledges all require a massive deployment of land-based strategies whose feasibility and efficiency heavily depend on water resources. It is thus essential to develop a more integrated approach to water and climate change, that would allow scientists and policymakers to “close the loop” between mitigation options, water cycle changes, hydrological impacts and adaptation.

The interannual variability of hydroclimatic conditions in Northern South America (NOSA), specially precipitation, is mainly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We explored potential mechanisms that affect precipitation occurrence in NOSA during El Niño and La Niña events over the period 1980-2019, using data from the ERA5 reanalysis. We looked at the atmospheric moisture contribution from different sources using the Dynamic Recycling Model to track water vapour trajectories. Interestingly, conditions with reduced precipitation during El Niño events can take place along with increased precipitable water. To understand this, we analyzed thermodynamic conditions in the atmosphere that are necessary for precipitation to occur over the region, such as convective available potential energy, convective inhibition, lifting condensation level and low--level relative humidity. With this approach, we found more favorable atmospheric conditions for the occurrence of precipitation during La Niña events, even if the content of water vapor was equal or even less than during El Niño events. We also looked at the structure of the regional Hadley circulation in both types of events and found a weakening of the rising motion of the cell during El Niño, which further reduces convective processes over this region. This study provides an integral picture of how precipitation anomalies over NOSA during ENSO events are related both to thermodynamic conditions and sources of atmospheric moisture.

Introducción: Las turberas de altura juegan un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y funcionamiento de los procesos ecológicos locales. En Costa Rica, la información sobre la riqueza y diversidad de aves en turberas de altura es escasa. Objetivo: Analizar la distribución altitudinal de la riqueza y diversidad de aves en turberas de altura. Métodos: Muestreamos cuatro sitios entre 2 400 y 3 100 m de altitud. Establecimos tres puntos de observación en cada sitio, separados por 100 m. El muestreo incluyó la estación seca, transición a lluviosa, lluviosa, y transición a seca (setiembre de 2018 a setiembre de 2019). El horario de muestreo fue entre las 06:00 y las 09:00 y utilizamos dos métodos: recuento de puntos y búsqueda en área. Resultados: Identificamos 75 especies (25 familias, 11 órdenes), en ocho turberas. Encontramos la mayor diversidad (H '= 3,12) y riqueza de aves (49 especies observadas y 56 esperadas) en turberas a 2 400 m de altitud, y la menor a 2 600 y 2 800 m. Encontramos que el 43% de las especies en todos los gradientes son endémicas, el 34% residentes de y el 14% migrantes latitudinales. Conclusiones: La gran diversidad de aves en estas turberas de altura demuestra que son ecosistemas necesarios para la supervivencia y mantenimiento del endemismo local. Recomendamos monitorear las aves a largo plazo para detectar cambios en las comunidades de aves, particularmente con el cambio climático actual.

We analyze the characteristics of atmospheric variations over tropical South America using the pattern recognition framework of weather typing or atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs). During 1979-2020, nine CPs are defined in the region, using a k-means algorithm based on daily unfiltered 850 hPa winds over 0035°N-30°S, 90°W-30°W. CPs are primarily interpreted as stages of the annual cycle of the low-level circulation. We identified three “winter” CPs (CP7, CP8 and CP9), three “summer” CPs (CP3, CP4 and CP5) and three “transitional” CPs (CP1, CP2 and CP6). Significant long-term changes are detected during the dry-to-wet transition season (July-October) over south tropical South America (STSA). One of the wintertime patterns (CP9) increases from 20% in the 1980s to 35% in the last decade while the “transitional” CP2 decreases from 13% to 7%. CP9 is characterized by enhancement of the South American Low-Level Jet and increasing atmospheric subsidence over STSA. CP2 is characterized by southerly cold-air incursions and anomalous convective activity over STSA. The years characterized by high (low) frequency of CP9 (CP2) during the dry-to-wet transition season are associated with a delayed South American Monsoon onset and anomalous dry conditions over STSA. Consistently, a higher frequency of CP9 intensifies the fire season over STSA (1999-2020). Over the Brazilian states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Goiás and São Paulo, the seasonal frequency of CP9 explains around 35%-44% of the interannual variations of fire counts.

Background: Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID19 may present physical and functional respiratory sequelae at short term follow-up. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP) on clinical and functional respiratory alterations in COVID19 patients with ARDS after hospital discharge. Methodology: Prospective interventional study that included patients with clinical and/or functional respiratory alterations after 3 month of hospital discharge. Patients underwent a 9-week PRP, two sessions per week. The following variables were measured pre and post PRP: pulmonary function tests, 6’ walking test (6MWT), sit to stand test, dyspnea (mMRC), fatigue (FACIT-F), physical activity (IPAQ) and anxiety and depression (HADS) questionnaires. Results: 21 patients completed the PRP to date. They were mostly male (66.7%), with a mean age of 56.5±12 years old. 76.2% needed ICU admission and 43% required invasive mechanical ventilation. After PRP, there was a significant increase in the lung diffusing capacity (62±12% to 72±11%, p=0.04) as well as in the mean distance covered in the 6MWT (421±75 to 465±93 meters, p=0.03). We observed an improvement in dyspnea (p=0.01), in IPAQ (1574±1168 to 3045±1816 METS, p Conclusions: nine-week PRP could improve respiratory function, exercise capacity, and symptoms such as dyspnea or fatigue in patients with ARDS caused by COVID19 after hospital discharge. Supported in part by CIBERESUCICOVID (COV20/0011)

Local administrations generate large quantities of data due to the processes followed to attend administrative governance issues and the needs of its citizenry. Sadly, in most cases this data is not fully exploited and remains within the institutions, making their reutilization very difficult. Currently, open data initiatives have gained ground worldwide and more cities are taking advantage of adopting an open data strategy, which are visible at the organizational level and at user level. In this respect, there is a need to generate guidelines that allow cities: (a) to identify datasets to be shared, for example pollution, commercial premises, public services, etc. and (b) to publish quality data on their portals. Data should be accurate and interoperable among cities to facilitate reuse. This work describes the development process of an ontology to represent the acoustic pollution data collected by measurement stations located in cities, providing a common model for data publication. The developed ontology reuses several well-known ontologies and includes classes, properties and instances specifically created to cover this domain. This work also includes real examples about how to instantiate the ontology.