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Resumo A atual sindemia global, amplificada pela pandemia de covid-19, evidencia o colapso dos sistemas alimentares atuais. As iniciativas de agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) têm sido reconhecidas como estratégias de oposição ao modelo de sistema alimentar dominante, a partir de seus múltiplos impactos positivos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a evolução do conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) no âmbito internacional, desde sua proposição (no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial) até a crise da covid-19, compreendendo quais as contribuições a AUP ocupa nesta agenda. Para isso, o documento estrutura-se a partir de uma revisão crítica de literatura. O campo da SAN evoluiu e foram incluídas diferentes dimensões à sua caracterização, contudo, as respostas institucionais concentram-se em momentos de crise, cujos impactos incidem sobre ela e privilegiam a manutenção de sistemas alimentares globalizados e insustentáveis. Já as práticas de AUP aparecem com picos de ascensão e declínio, a medida em que suas contribuições ganham vão ganhando novos contornos, evoluindo junto com a agenda de SAN. Na perspectiva de ampliar e somar às discussões atuais sobre SAN e AUP, discute-se, finalmente, a necessidade de incorporação dos conceitos de justiça, saúde global e de uma visão multidimensional sobre sustentabilidade.

Resumo Introdução fatores individuais parecem estar relacionados à utilização de novas recomendações e mudanças de prática profissional para ações de promoção à saúde. Objetivo avaliar a relação entre conhecimento, autoeficácia (AE) e utilização das recomendações do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro (GAB) nas práticas de equipes de Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF-AB). Método recorte transversal de pós-intervenção de um ensaio comunitário controlado envolvendo 26 profissionais de saúde. Conhecimento e AE em utilizar as recomendações do GAB foram coletados por escalas validadas autoaplicáveis. A utilização do GAB na prática profissional foi mensurada mediante observação da rotina de trabalho dos NASF-AB e preenchimento de escala validada sobre as recomendações do GAB. Todos os escores variaram de 0 a 100. Resultados as pontuações médias nos escores de conhecimento, AE e utilização do GAB foram de 83,07 (DP = 18,29), 63,36 (DP = 19,07) e 4,33 (DP = 8,03), respectivamente. Houve correlação positiva e moderada entre AE e escore de utilização do GAB (r = 0,45; p = 0,03). Conhecimento sobre o GAB obteve fraca correlação com o escore de utilização (r = 0,34; p = 0,11). Diferença significativa foi obtida entre as médias do escore de utilização do GAB no grupo de elevada AE (5,13; p = 0,004; DP =1,55), em relação ao de baixa AE (3,40; p = 0,059; DP = 1,69), independentemente da categoria profissional. Conclusão neste estudo, a AE demonstrou estar moderadamente correlacionada com a adoção de novas práticas profissionais.

Abstract This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to assess Brazilian adults’ knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors (KPB) toward salt and sodium. Based on a PAHO/WHO questionnaire, a new instrument was developed and evaluated by 11 experts, generating item and scale‐level content validity indexes (I‐CVI and S‐CVI, respectively). Face validity was verified through a focus group with eight participants, followed by an operational test with 36 interviewees. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the construct validity, and Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to analyze instrument's reliability, using data collected via telephone from a probabilistic sample of 422 adults. The generated solutions were analyzed from theoretical and statistical significance perspectives, which supported the determination of the best model. Remaining items were scored, with higher scores related to healthier practices. A descriptive analysis was performed considering the data from the 422‐adult sample. I‐CVIs (0.73‐1), S‐CVIs (0.93; 0.97) and the interviewees' analysis indicated that items are representative and clear, in addition to being suitable for application to the target audience. Tests confirmed sample adequacy to perform the EFA (KMO = 0.82; Bartlett's sphericity test, p

Abstract Background Implementation science has scant evidence of how dietary guidelines can be developed into actionable behavior-change messages and even less evidence on their motivating potential and perceived effect on behavior. This may explain the widening gap between nutrition science and individual behavior and the low uptake of dietary recommendations by the population for which they are intended. This study aimed to: (i) assess participant receptivity and acceptance of behavior-change messages; (ii) determine if the behavior-change strategies used in the messages and the main theme they relayed influenced participant evaluation of the messages; (iii) explore if evaluations varied by participants’ stage of behavior-change; and (iv) elucidate reasons for non-compliance with the messages. Methods An online survey was used to test the face validity and participant receptivity of 28 behavior-change messages, among a diverse sample of 2400 adult Brazilians. Participants’ understanding of the messages, message likeability and convincingness, and the probability that participants would change behavior in accordance with the message were measured, along with reasons for non-compliance. Results The mean overall scores suggested that participants liked the messages, understood them, and found them convincing. As expected, the probability of complying with the messages scored lower compared to other study outcomes. Messages about shopping practices, cooking practices, and planning and organization performed better than those on other themes. Participants were more receptive to messages that included behavior-change strategies like goals, social identity, and pleasure, however, the probability of compliance was higher for messages with constructs that emphasized health and cost consequences. Participants trying to change their diet or seeking resources to support healthier dietary choices had greater engagement with and receptivity to the messages. Time and effort, and high costs associated with making healthy changes, were barriers to compliance. Conclusions Messages may help improve individual understanding, stimulate interest in a topic and get participants engaged, particularly if messages are goal-oriented and highlight the pleasure and collective identity of these food-related behaviors. However, messages stop short of addressing the structural, social, and economic barriers to healthy diets. These aspects will need to be targeted through legislative action for sustainable behavior change.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a validade convergente e a invariância de uma escala de adesão a práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Métodos: Uma subamostra (n=1.309) da coorte NutriNet-Brasil (estudo online autopreenchido) respondeu à escala baseada no guia (24 itens) e a questionários socioeconômicos e alimentares. O escore na escala (eGuia) foi comparado por meio de correlação de Spearman a escores de consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados (eG1) e ultraprocessados (eG4), compostos do número médio de alimentos desses grupos consumidos em três dias aleatórios. Para inferência de validade convergente, observaram-se o sentido e a magnitude das correlações. Empregou-se análise fatorial confirmatória com múltiplos grupos para avaliar a invariância nos níveis configural, fatorial e escalar, entre subgrupos de sexo (homens/mulheres), idade (≤37/>37, sendo 37 a mediana) e anos de estudo (≤11/>11). Considerou-se o modelo invariante quando os índices de ajuste variaram nos limites aceitáveis ante o nível anterior. Resultados: Os participantes tinham em média 39 anos (desvio padrão — DP=13,7), 53% eram mulheres e 69% tinham mais de 11 anos de estudo. As correlações entre eGuia e eG1 e eGuia e eG4 foram 0,56 e -0,51 (p

The availability of ultra-processed foods in a municipality tends to be related to different types of food retailers and their location in the territory, besides social, economic, and demographic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability of ultra-processed foods according to different types of food retailers and sociodemographic factors. This is a cross-sectional observational study carried out with audit data from food retailers in the municipality of Jundiaí, SP. Using a validated instrument, data on the availability of 18 types of ultra-processed foods were used to create a score of ultra-processed foods, ranging from 0 to 100 points, and five subscores referring to the ultra-processed food subgroups. Descriptive statistics and means comparison tests were performed to verify differences in the ultra-processed food availability score, according to the food retail type, household income, number of household members, and percentage of people of the color population in the census tract in which food retailers were located. Geo-referenced maps were used to characterize the score of ultra-processed in the territory, according to sociodemographic variables. A total of 649 food retailers were analyzed, most of which were classified as neighborhood markets (25.4%). The supermarkets were the category with the highest ultra-processed food availability score. Among the subgroups of ultra-processed foods analyzed, candies, soft drinks, and snacks were available in 60% of the food retailers. Higher ultra-processed food availability score was observed in regions with lower income, higher percentage of people of color population, and higher number of members per household. The findings show that the greater availability of ultra-processed foods is related to supermarkets and markets and regions of greater social vulnerability, which can put this population at nutritional risk.

Abstract Background Dietary Guidelines are an important tool for population health promotion efforts. However, current surveillance data suggest that only a small minority of the population meet the 2014 Brazilian Dietary Guidelines (BDG) recommendations. Translating recommendations into practice may not be immediately clear and behavior-change messages guiding the behaviors that need to be changed and identifying substitute practices to meet a specific recommendation, are required. This study details the methods undertaken to develop and refine messages supporting the adoption of healthy dietary choices and behaviors in adults, as outlined in the BDG. Methods A sequential, five-step, mixed-methods approach, determined a priori, was followed for designing and refining messages. These included: (1) content extraction; (2) audience analysis; (3) input from an expert review panel; (4) message development and message refinement; and a (5) test of content validity. Results The content extraction process led to the identification of 63 excerpts from the BDG, organized into themes. The audience analysis highlighted barriers to healthy eating that included lack of time (to eat, to cook), difficulty in accessing healthy food, the convenience and the ubiquitous marketing of ultra-processed foods. Twenty of the 63 DG excerpts reviewed by the expert panel were identified as being a priority for message development and total of 111 messages were developed. Messages were short, structured to be one-sided, conveyed the most important information at the beginning (anticlimactic), used simple language and were explicit in the information they relayed. They were positive and gain-framed and used an empathetic, solution- or substitution-based tone and were presented in the active voice. The messages focused on goals and skill development, behavior regulation, incentivized positive practices as time and/or cost saving. Content validity testing helped further messages and reduced the number of messages from 111 to 40. Conclusions This study provides the blue-print for the phase-wise development of messages that synthesize the key recommendations of the food-based BDG and communicate the adoption of behaviors and goals that are consistent with it’s message. It details methods which could be adapted and replicated for message development in other contexts.

In the past, food industry actors tried to delay and weaken public health efforts to promote adequate and healthy diets in Brazil. This study aimed to identify the political strategies used by food industry actors in Brazil. We undertook a document analysis of publicly available information and interviews with eighteen key informants in public health nutrition. Data collection and analysis were carried between October 2018 and January 2019. In Brazil, food industry actors interacted with health organizations, communities, and the media. They disseminated information on nutrition and physical activity by scientific events and schools. The food industry also had allies within the government and lobbied high ranking officials. Finally, food industry actors intimidated some public health professionals, including by threats of litigation, which had the effect of silencing them. These strategies were facilitated by the use of arguments, such as the crucial role that the food industry plays in the economy and its support to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Personal responsibility, moderation, and education were cited as solutions to the obesity epidemic, and there was little discussion on the broader issue of inadequate and unhealthy diets. Food industry actors in Brazil used a diverse range of political strategies, which have the potential of negatively influencing public policy, research, and practice in the country. Learning about these strategies is an essential first step, and in response, it is crucial to develop robust mechanisms to address undue influence from corporations.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar potenciais barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação saudável no ambiente alimentar do consumidor e analisar a associação com diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos comerciais tendo como referencial teórico o Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Estudo transversal realizado no Município de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil, com auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor realizada em 650 comércios varejistas. Foram identificados barreiras e facilitadores das escolhas alimentares saudáveis no ambiente interno dos comércios. Análise fatorial foi utilizada para estimar fatores que caracterizassem o ambiente segundo barreiras e facilitadores. Regressão linear foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre os fatores e as diferentes categorias de estabelecimentos. A maioria dos estabelecimentos tinham venda prioritária de ultraprocessados. Do total de comércios estudados, 75,9% disponibilizavam bebidas açucaradas; 37% arroz, feijão e 30% frutas e hortaliças. O primeiro fator caracterizou-se pela presença tanto de barreiras quanto de facilitadores (fator misto), o segundo fator caracterizou-se por mais facilitadores e o terceiro por maior presença de barreiras no ambiente do consumidor. Supermercados foram associados positivamente com os três fatores (valor de p < 0,001). Os sacolões/hortifrutis públicos e privados, os mercados de bairro tiveram associação positiva com o fator mais facilitadores (valor de p < 0,001). Os mercados e padarias se associaram positivamente ao fator mais barreiras (valor de p < 0,001). Os padrões que caracterizam barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação saudável diferem de forma significativa segundo tipos de comércios.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a self-applicable instrument for measuring primary health care (PHC) workers’ knowledge on healthy eating. METHODS A six-step methodological study to develop and validate a measurement instrument: item development based on the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ chapters; content validation with a panel of experts; face validation with potential instrument users; online instrument reevaluation by participants of the content and face validation panels; online application of the instrument with PHC workers; confirmatory factor analysis for construct validation. RESULTS A first version with 25 items underwent content and semantic changes in the content and face validation panels, being reorganized into a second version with 22 items. In the reevaluation, participants considered 21 questions to be clear and representative of the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines, with one being excluded. This third version of the instrument underwent confirmatory factor analysis after being applied online with 209 PHC workers from all Brazilian macroregions. We excluded five items in this analysis: four due to bivariate empty cells and one due to low discrimination capacity. The final model, with 16 items loaded onto one dimension, returned good fit indices [χ2(104) = 119.047, p = 0.1486; RMSEA = 0.026 (90% CI = 0.000 to 0.046), Cfit = 0.979; CFI = 0.924; TLI = 0.913]; its information peak was below average. CONCLUSIONS The instrument proved to be valid and accurate for assessing PHC workers with below average knowledge of the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines. It might contribute to improving actions to promote healthy eating in Brazilian PHC settings by identifying the need for training health professionals.

Objective: This study compared the knowledge and perceived self-efficacy and collective efficacy to apply the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines (Dietary Guidelines) among nutritionists and other health professionals working in primary health care. Methods: The performance of 209 participants in a construct validation study of two scales was analyzed: GAB1 (knowledge) and GAB2 (self-efficacy and collective efficacy). Groups percentile ( 75) were generated and the differences between quantitative/qualitative variables and being a nutritionist were tested. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the explanatory variables of each construct. Results: Nutritionists had mean knowledge and perceived self-efficacy statistically higher than other professions. We observed association between being a nutritionist and high knowledge and perceived self-efficacy to apply the Dietary Guidelines. Being a nutritionist and having high perceived self-efficacy proved to be determinants of high knowledge about the Dietary Guidelines. Being a nutritionist and having high knowledge about the Dietary Guidelines showed to be determinants of high perceived self-efficacy. Nutritionists’ mean collective efficacy was not statistically different than other professions. No variable was found to be predictive of high collective efficacy. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the readiness of health professionals to implement the Dietary Guidelines in Primary Healthcare, showing the urgent need of effective professional training to consolidate the nutritionist as technical reference for other professionals. Conclusions: Being a nutritionist was associated with higher knowledge and perceived self-efficacy to apply the Dietary Guidelines, but collective efficacy was not associated with the profession. DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2019.39140

Introduction: Current challenges in the food and nutrition fields have required training nutritionists to develop teamwork skills, demanding the use of active methodologies. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study aimed at knowing Nutrition students' perceptions about the use of Team Based Learning (TBL) in a course. Focus groups were conducted and submitted to content analysis. Results: Categories were grouped into three axes: (1) principles of the method (teamwork, individual preparation and teacher's role), (2) results of the experience (knowledge acquisition, critical judgment and communication/argumentation) and (3) meanings of the experience (engagement/motivation and preference for the method). Teamwork was the most frequent category (51 occurrences), followed by knowledge acquisition (44) and engagement/motivation (35). Axis 1 categories came out linked to each other and to at least one Axis 2 category, revealing the course's coherence with TBL principles, thus allowing better knowledge acquisition, communication skills, and development of critical judgment. Axis 3 was connected to the others, pointing out that both principles of the method and results of the experience contributed to students' engagement and preference for the method. Conclusion: According to students' perceptions, TBL can contribute to provide nutritionists with better technical training, critical judgment, and communication skills.

The aim of the current study is to describe milk supplementary feeding programs held in Brazilian states and capitals, as well as to discuss their pertinence and compliance with the national food and nutrition security agenda. Methods: the current programs were mapped (through government websites) and described (through electronic forms sent to public administration bodies). Reflections about the herein described programs were based on the II National Food and Nutrition Security Plan and on the National Food and Nutrition Policy. Results: In total, 14 state and 5 municipal programs were mapped. Six (6) programs were described, in total: 4 state programs (PAA-Leite in Minas Gerais and Pernambuco; VivaLeite in São Paulo; Provimento Alimentar Institucional in the Federal District) and 2 municipal programs (Leve Leite in São Paulo; Leite do Meu Filho in Manaus). These programs were evaluated based on the use of social registry databases for planning and monitoring purposes; on the convergence towards public polices focused on family farming; and on the convergence towards the agenda for the promotion of adequate and health eating among children younger than 2 years. Conclusions: PAA-Leite and Provimento Alimentar Institucional are the closest programs to the assumptions and challenges set by the food and nutrition security agenda. VivaLeite, Leve Leite and Leite do Meu Filho are the farthest programs from this agenda. DOI:10.12957/demetra.2019.37229

O presente estudo se propôs a caracterizar os diferentes tipos de equipamentos de varejo de alimentos presentes no ambiente alimentar e descrever sua distribuição no território segundo indicadores sociodemográficos. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados secundários do município de Jundiaí-SP. Foram verificadas a variedade e a densidade dos equipamentos de varejo, segundo dados sociodemográficos da região. Foram construídos mapas georreferenciados para ilustrar a distribuição espacial dos varejos de alimentos no município. Foi verificada uma maior concentração de varejos de alimentos nas áreas centrais da cidade. Nas áreas periféricas, com menor renda e menor escolaridade, foram encontradas maiores concentrações de pequenos comércios varejistas em relação aos Supermercados/Hipermercados. Em áreas com melhores indicadores sociodemográficos foram encontradas maiores concentrações de equipamentos varejistas do tipo padarias. Outros varejos de alimentos como feiras-livres, açougues e feiras direto do produtor concentraram-se nas áreas centrais da cidade. Concluiu-se que falta de variedade de locais que ofereçam alimentos in natura e minimamente processados em bairros periféricos podem levar a população a ter que enfrentar obstáculos para seguir as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira e alcançar uma dieta saudável.

Introduction: Current challenges in the food and nutrition fields have required training nutritionists to develop teamwork skills, demanding the use of active methodologies. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study aimed at knowing Nutrition students' perceptions about the use of Team Based Learning (TBL) in a course. Focus groups were conducted and submitted to content analysis. Results: Categories were grouped into three axes: (1) principles of the method (teamwork, individual preparation and teacher's role), (2) results of the experience (knowledge acquisition, critical judgment and communication/argumentation) and (3) meanings of the experience (engagement/motivation and preference for the method). Teamwork was the most frequent category (51 occurrences), followed by knowledge acquisition (44) and engagement/motivation (35). Axis 1 categories came out linked to each other and to at least one Axis 2 category, revealing the course's coherence with TBL principles, thus allowing better knowledge acquisition, communication skills, and development of critical judgment. Axis 3 was connected to the others, pointing out that both principles of the method and results of the experience contributed to students' engagement and preference for the method. Conclusion: According to students' perceptions, TBL can contribute to provide nutritionists with better technical training, critical judgment, and communication skills.

Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição de restaurantes, bares e lanchonetes no município de São Paulo; e avaliar a correlação entre a densidade desses estabelecimentos e a rede de transporte público, utilizada como proxy da circulação de pessoas. Metodologia: Estudo transversal no qual foram auditados todos os restaurantes, bares e lanchonetes e similares, encontrados nos 52 setores censitários avaliados, pertencentes a 13 diferentes distritos administrativos do município de São Paulo. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados e avaliada a correlação entre a densidade de estabelecimentos e da rede de transporte público, ajustada pela renda familiar no distrito administrativo onde cada estabelecimento estava localizado. Resultados e Discussão: Foram avaliados 472 restaurantes, bares e lanchonetes, sendo a maioria encontrada em áreas de nível intermediário de renda. A densidade total de estabelecimentos foi correlacionada de forma positiva com a densidade de rede de transporte público, ajustada pela renda familiar. Resultado semelhante foi encontrado quando apenas os restaurantes de comida rápida foram incluídos na análise. Em outros países, a relação entre transporte público e ambiente alimentar tem sido explorada apenas em relação ao acesso a supermercados e hipermercados e ao consequente melhor acesso a alimentos saudáveis. Conclusão: Verificou-se maior densidade de restaurantes, bares e lanchonetes em áreas com maior cobertura da rede de transporte público, assim intervenções focadas no ambiente alimentar devem priorizar áreas com maior densidade de transporte público, a fim de atingir um grande número de pessoas e estabelecimentos, garantindo a aplicabilidade dos recursos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2015.14699

Resumo: Este estudo tenciona descrever e analisar a cobertura nacional da avaliação do estado nutricional da população usuária de serviços públicos de saúde registrada no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional Web SISVAN), entre 2008 e 2013. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados secundários de sistemas de informação. Os indicadores construídos foram: percentuais de cadastramento e utilização; cobertura total e de dados provenientes do Programa Bolsa Família, corrigidos pela população usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde SUS) e descritos segundo as Unidades da Federação UF), macrorregiões e/ou fases do curso da vida. A análise foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva, regressão linear para a estimativa da variação temporal e correlação de Spearman entre a cobertura total e variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde. Entre 2008 e 2013, mais de 99% dos municípios possuíam indivíduos) cadastrados) e acompanhados) no sistema e as maiores frequências e variações totais de cobertura foram alcançadas no Nordeste e Norte. A cobertura nacional variou de 9,78% a 14,92%, com tendência estatisticamente significativa de aumento. O maior volume de informações advém de crianças e adolescentes. A participação do Programa Bolsa Família no SISVAN passou de 57,17% para 85,78% dos dados. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal e o Produto Interno Bruto per capita das UF mostraram-se inversamente correlacionados à cobertura, e as equipes de saúde da família, positivamente. Os resultados apontam para uma cobertura ainda baixa para um sistema que se pretende universal. Observa-se aumento significativo da cobertura no período e desvelam-se fatores relacionados a esse aumento.

This study aimed to analyze time trends in complementary feeding practices among children under one year of age in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1998 to 2008. Based on comparable questions on food consumption in five surveys conducted in representative randomized samples of children in 1998 (n = 3,762), 2000 (n = 3,670), 2003 (n = 4,305), 2006 (n = 3,686), and 2008 (n = 2,621), 16 complementary feeding indicators were constructed. The percentage frequency of all indicators was estimated for each year of the study. Linear trend analyses were also conducted by means of multivariate regression models. All indicators of early complementary feeding decreased from 1998 to 2008. In the 6-11.9 month age group, there was a significant downward trend in the proportion of children receiving food with adequate consistency for their age, consumption of iron-rich foods, and overall adequacy of the diet. A significant upward trend in fruit consumption was observed. There was a decrease in the early complementary feeding, and generally a worsening of complementary feeding practices in children aged 6-11.9 months in Rio de Janeiro during the period studied.

Introduction: Health-related lawsuits against public agencies - including requests for industrialized food formulas - have increased exponentially in Brazil over the last few years. They pose a significant challenge to managers of Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS). As health and feeding are rights under the Federal Constitution, filing of lawsuits has become a challenge to be faced by the Government. Objective: To describe lawsuits over access to food formulas against the Ministry of Health in Brazil in 2013. Methods: Exploratory and descriptive study of lawsuits against the Ministry of Health in 2013. Descriptors included: gender, age and disease of those who requested formulas, region of origin, food formulas, legal representation, diagnostic confirmation and origin of prescription of food formulas. Results: Between 2007 and 2013, there was a growing number of lawsuits over industrialized nutritional formulas forwarded to the Ministry of Health. The analysis of 168 lawsuits filed in 2013, helped to identify the profile of complainants. Their ages range was below two years old and above 41 years old; 53% of them were male, and had mainly neurological diseases (39.3%) and endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (33.9%). The majority of lawsuits was filed in the South (36.9%). Over half of nutritional formulas were prescribed by public health services (53.9%) and most of the lawsuits were represented Public Defenders (65.6%). There was a small number of cases that had diagnostic confirmation (40.5%), especially when cases of allergies/food intolerance were identified. Conclusion: The analysis of the profile of lawsuits made in the present study raises issues rarely discussed in the area of food and nutrition; moreover, it provides information that may contribute to the organization of nutritional care in the Unified Health System (SUS). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2014.10504

Perfil das demandas judiciais para fornecimento de fórmulas nutricionais encaminhadas ao Ministério da Saúde do Brasil Inicialmente, gostaríamos de agradecer às debatedoras pelas contribuições, visto que seus comentários foram de extrema relevância para o aprofundamento das reflexões acerca da complexa temática abordada em nosso artigo. Ressaltamos a riqueza que olhares de diferentes atores trazem para a análise de um problema, por vezes, negligenciado tanto no campo da saúde, quanto da segurança alimentar e nutricional. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2014.11791

O nutricionista deve ter formação generalista, humanista e crítica, porém, a estrutura da graduação tende a formar profissionais com visão segmentada. Existem possibilidades que contribuem para mudar essa realidade, como a extensão universitária. Um exemplo é o Projeto de Extensão Universitária Bandeira Científica da Universidade de São Paulo (PBC), que tem como proposta alinhar atividades educacionais, científicas e assistenciais e possibilitar a prática da interdisciplinaridade. Tendo em vista que pessoas de um mesmo projeto apresentam distintas formações e expectativas, vivenciam aprendizados e experiências diferentes, o presente texto busca apresentar algumas considerações preliminares sobre interdisciplinaridade a partir de depoimentos de participantes da equipe de Nutrição no PBC. Para isso, foi realizado um exercício exploratório e descritivo, a partir de depoimentos colhidos por meio de entrevistas. Foram observadas considerações sobre interdisciplinaridade entre os participantes, que refletem diferentes concepções e expectativas sobre o tema e ilustram dificuldades para colocá-lo em prática. Porém, mesmo enfrentando obstáculos, projetos como o PBC são lócus de experiências importantes para o desenvolvimento de uma prática interdisciplinar ainda no período de graduação.

A ausência de informação nutricional referente aos alimentos comercializados em restaurantes pode comprometer as escolhas dos indivíduos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a disponibilidade de informação nutricional em restaurantes da cidade de São Paulo, segundo tipo de estabelecimento e nível socioeconômico do distrito administrativo em que o estabelecimento se localiza. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com coleta de dados em restaurantes (full service, fast food, bares e similares) de 13 distritos administrativos de São Paulo, selecionados segundo o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano do Município e a densidade de estabelecimentos de comercialização de alimentos. Em cada distrito foram selecionados quatro setores censitários, totalizando 52 avaliados. Foram avaliados 472 estabelecimentos, sendo que a maior parte eram bares e padarias (45,5%), seguidos por lanchonetes fast food de pequenas e grandes redes (30,3%) e restaurantes self service, quilo e a la carte (24,2%). As informações nutricionais foram encontradas em cinco (1,1%) estabelecimentos, todos pertencentes a grandes redes de fast food e localizados em distritos de maior nível socioeconômico. Há escassez de informação nutricional em estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos para consumo imediato, sendo necessária regulamentação, a fim de garantir o acesso a tal informação e favorecer escolhas saudáveis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To provide insights for nutrition and public health practitioners on how to engage with other sectors to achieve public health goals. Specifically, this study provides lessons from the example of integrating family farming and a nutrition into a legal framework in Brazil on how to successfully shift other sectors toward nutrition goals. METHODS The study analyzed policy processes that led to a Brazilian law linking family farming with the National School Feeding Program. Main actors involved with the development of the law were interviewed and their narratives were analyzed using a well-established theoretical framework. RESULTS The study provides five key lessons for promoting intersectorality. First, nutrition and health practitioners can afford to embrace bold ideas when working with other sectors. Second, they should engage with more powerful sectors (or subsectors) and position nutrition goals as providing solutions that meet the interests of these sector. Third is the need to focus on a common goal – which may not be explicitly nutrition-related – as the focus of the intersectoral action. Fourth, philosophical, political, and governance spaces are needed to bring together different sectors. Fifth, evidence on the success of the intersectoral approach increases the acceptance of the process. CONCLUSIONS This study on policy processes shows how a convergence of factors enabled a link between family farming and school feeding in Brazil. It highlights that there are strategies to engage other sectors toward nutrition goals which provides benefits for all sectors involved.

Os programas de transferência condicionada de renda (TCR) entram na agenda pública por sua potencialidade em interferir no ciclo intergeracional de pobreza. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de formulação das condicionalidades de saúde do Programa Bolsa Família e, secundariamente, avaliar sua interface com a trajetória das políticas de alimentação e nutrição no Brasil. Para isso, o estudo adotou como referencial analítico o modelo de análise de múltiplos fluxos, proposto por Kingdon, para quem a mudança na agenda pública acontece com a convergência entre o fluxo dos problemas, o fluxo das soluções e alternativas e o fluxo político. A trajetória desses fluxos foi recomposta por meio da análise de documentos governamentais e de relatos orais obtidos por meio de entrevistas. No momento da formulação das condicionalidades de saúde, no fluxo de problemas, havia a necessidade de mudar a estratégia de combate à desnutrição, devido às críticas ao Incentivo ao Combate às Carências Nutricionais (ICCN) e à extinção do Programa de Distribuição de Estoques de Alimentos (PRODEA). No que diz respeito ao fluxo das soluções, diversas propostas de TCR estavam em curso. No fluxo político, havia a decisão de criação de uma rede de proteção social. Nesse processo, a Coordenação Geral da Política de Alimentação e Nutrição assumiu o papel de empreendedora de políticas. A reflexão sobre esse processo ajuda a compreender o papel dos serviços de saúde em um programa de caráter intersetorial.This paper discusses the formulation process of conditional cash transfer associated with healthcare conditions demanded by Brazil's Family Allowance Program, Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), and also aims to analyze the interfaces of PBF and other nutrition policies. It used the multiple streams model proposed by Kingdon, which implies moving into a new "decision agenda" from the interation of three streams: problems, solutions and alternatives and political stream. Analysis of documents and interviews was used in order to reconstruct the trajectory of these stream. In the design of healthcare´s conterparts, conceptual and operational critical of programs for combating Undernourished Child and the extinction of Food Stocks Distribution Program (PRODEA) were in stream of problems. The proposed conditional cash transfer ongoing, was in the stream of solutions and alternatives. Finally the decision of creation a social protect network, was in the political stream. In the conditional cash transfer design process, with counterparts in health, the technical area on food and nutrition assumed the role of policy entrepreneurs in the junction of three streams. Reflection on this process helps us to understand the role of health services in intersectoral programs.

This study aimed to develop a diet quality index (DQI-a) adjusted for energy requirement. Dietary intake of adults was assessed using 24-hour food recall. The DQI was developed for scores evenly distributed across ten items characterizing different aspects of diet: food groups, nutrients, and variety. The components categorized under the food groups from the Dietary Guide for Brazilians were adjusted according to the estimated energy requirements of the population studied. Index consistency and correlation with nutrients of the diet was analyzed by Cronbach's alpha. A total of 737 individuals were assessed and energy requirements ranged from 1,800 to 2,500kcal among women and 2,500 to 3,400kcal in men. The food group with greatest variation in total portions was cereals and tubers. Cronbach's alpha of the DQI-a was 0.643 and the index correlated with most of the nutrients. The DQI-a can be considered a valuable instrument for assessing diet quality of the Brazilian population.O objetivo foi desenvolver um índice de qualidade da dieta ajustado (IQD-a) pela necessidade energética. Avaliou-se o consumo alimentar de adultos por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. O IQD-a foi obtido por uma pontuação distribuída igualmente em dez itens caracterizando diferentes aspectos da alimentação: grupos de alimentos, nutrientes e variedade. Os componentes relacionados aos grupos de alimentos do guia alimentar para a população brasileira foram ajustados pela estimativa da necessidade energética da população estudada. Analisou-se a consistência do índice por meio do alfa de Cronbach e sua correlação com nutrientes da dieta. Foram avaliados 737 indivíduos e as necessidades energéticas variaram de 1.800 a 2.500kcal entre as mulheres, e de 2.500 a 3.400kcal entre os homens. O grupo de alimentos com maior variação no total de porções foi dos cereais e tubérculos. O alfa de Cronbach do IQD-a foi de 0,643 e o índice correlacionou-se com a maioria dos nutrientes. O IQD-a pode ser considerado um importante instrumento de avaliação da qualidade da dieta da população brasileira.

Information on fruits and vegetables consumption in Brazil in the three levels of dietary data was analyzed and compared. Data about national supply came from Food Balance Sheets compiled by the FAO; household availability information was obtained from the Brazilian National Household Budget Survey (HBS); and actual intake information came from a large individual dietary intake survey that was representative of the adult population of São Paulo city. All sources of information were collected between 2002 and 2003. A subset of the HBS, representative of São Paulo city, was used in our analysis in order to improve the quality of the comparison with actual intake data. The ratio of national supply to household availability of fruits and vegetables was 2.6 while the ratio of national supply to actual intake was 4.0. The discrepancy ratio in the comparison between household availability and actual intake was smaller, 1.6. While the use of supply and availability data has advantages, as lower cost, must be taken into account that these sources tend to overestimate actual intake of fruits and vegetables.Dados sobre o consumo de frutas e hortaliças no Brasil, em três níveis de informação, foram analisados e comparados. Dados sobre a oferta nacional foram obtidos em Folhas de Balanço de Alimentos da FAO; a disponibilidade domiciliar de frutas e hortaliças baseou-se em resultados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF); informações sobre o consumo de frutas e hortaliças foram obtidas em um inquérito de consumo alimentar representativo da população adulta do Município de São Paulo. Todas as informações referem-se ao período entre 2002 e 2003. Uma subamostra dos domicílios da POF, representativa da cidade de São Paulo, foi utilizada a fim de melhorar a qualidade da comparação com dados de consumo de folhas e hortaliças. A razão entre a oferta nacional e a disponibilidade domiciliar de frutas e hortaliças foi de 2,6, enquanto a razão entre oferta nacional e o seu consumo foi de 4,0. A razão entre a disponibilidade domiciliar e o consumo foi de 1,6. Embora o uso de dados da oferta e disponibilidade de frutas e hortaliças apresente certas vantagens, como o menor custo, sua utilização deve levar em conta a tendência a superestimar o consumo de frutas e hortaliças.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a freqüência do consumo de frutas e hortaliças e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 54.369 indivíduos com idade >18 anos, entrevistados pelo sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal, em 2006. Os indicadores do consumo alimentar foram: consumo regular (>5 dias/semana) de frutas e hortaliças e consumo adequado (>5 vezes/dia). Calculou-se a prevalência dos indicadores e intervalos de confiança, estratificada por sexo. Para analisar a associação das variáveis sociodemográficas foram calculados odds ratio bruta e ajustada por sexo, idade, escolaridade e estado civil. RESULTADOS: Menos da metade dos indivíduos referiu consumo regular de fruta (44,1%) ou hortaliças (43,8%), enquanto 23,9% referiram consumo regular de frutas e hortaliças em conjunto; o consumo adequado foi referido por 7,3% dos entrevistados. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças variou entre as cidades estudadas, foi maior entre as mulheres e aumentou com a idade e escolaridade. CONCLUSÕES: Iniciativas de promoção do consumo de frutas e hortaliças devem atender a população como um todo, especialmente às cidades das regiões Norte e Nordeste, aos jovens, aos homens e aos estratos populacionais com baixa escolaridade.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a freqüência de consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras por adultos e analisar os fatores associados ao seu consumo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado entre outubro e dezembro de 2003 no município de São Paulo (SP). Foram realizadas entrevistas telefônicas em amostra probabilística da população adulta (>18 anos) residente em domicílios servidos por linhas fixas de telefone, totalizando 1.267 mulheres e 855 homens. A freqüência do consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras foi medida por meio de um roteiro com perguntas curtas e simples. Na avaliação dos fatores associados ao consumo, realizou-se análise de regressão linear multivariada e hierarquizada, com variáveis sociodemográficas no primeiro nível hierárquico, comportamentais no segundo e relacionadas ao padrão alimentar no terceiro nível. RESULTADOS: A freqüência de consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras foi maior entre as mulheres. Para ambos os sexos, verificou-se que a freqüência desse consumo aumentava de acordo com a idade e a escolaridade do indivíduo. Entre mulheres que relataram ter realizado dieta no ano anterior houve maior consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras. O consumo de alimentos que indicam um padrão de consumo não saudável como açúcares e gorduras se mostrou inversamente associado ao consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras da população adulta residente em São Paulo foi maior entre as mulheres, sendo influenciado pela idade, escolaridade e dieta.OBJETIVO: Describir la frecuencia de consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras por adultos y analisar los factores asociados a su consumo. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio transversal entre octubre y diciembre de 2003 en el municipio de Sao Paulo (Sureste de Brasil). Se realizaron encuestas telefónicas en muestras probabilísticas de la población adulta (³18 años) residente en domicilios con servicio de líneas fijas de teléfono, totalizando 1.267 mujeres y 855 hombres. La frecuencia del consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras fue medida por medio de una guía con preguntas cortas y simples. En la evaluación de los factores asociados al consumo, se realizó análisis de regresión linear multivariada y jerarquizada, con variables sociodemográficas en el primer nivel jerárquico, de comportamiento en el segundo y relacionadas con el patrón de alimentación en el tercer nivel. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras fue mayor entre las mujeres. En los dos sexos se verificó que la frecuencia de consumo aumentaba con la edad y la escolaridad del individuo. Entre las mujeres que informaron haber realizado dieta el año anterior hubo mayor consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras. El consumo de alimentos que indican un patrón de consumo no saludable como azúcares y grasas se mostró inversamente asociado al consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras en los dos sexos. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras de la población adulta residente en Sao Paulo fue mayor entre las mujeres, estando influenciado por la edad, la escolaridad y la dieta.OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of fruit and vegetable intake by adults and to assess factors associated with this frequency. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, carried out between October and December 2003 in the municipality of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Telephone interviews were conducted on a probabilistic sample of the adult population (>18 years) living in the city of Sao Paulo and with access to land telephone lines, totaling 1,267 women and 855 men. Frequency of fruit and vegetable intake was obtained by means of a questionnaire containing short, simple questions. Association of different factors with fruit and vegetable intake was assessed by multivariate linear regression using a hierarchic model with sociodemographic variables in the first hierarchical level, behavioral variables in the second, and diet-related variables in the third. RESULTS: Frequency of fruit and vegetable intake was higher among women. For both sexes, frequency of intake increased with age and schooling. Intake was also higher among women who reported having been on a diet during the last year. Consumption of foods indicative of an unhealthy diet such as sugars and fats was inversely associated with fruit and vegetable intake among subjects of both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake in the adult population of Sao Paulo was higher among women, and was influenced by age, schooling, and diet.

Realizou-se estudo de intervenção, do tipo ensaio comunitário, envolvendo amostra de 80 famílias residentes em um bairro pobre do município de São Paulo, 2004. A intervenção consistiu em educação nutricional para aumentar a participação de frutas e hortaliças na alimentação familiar, por meio de três reuniões com duas horas de duração, em semanas consecutivas. Para avaliar o impacto imediato dessa intervenção nutricional educativa, as famílias foram divididas randomicamente em dois grupos (intervenção e controle). Apenas o impacto imediato da intervenção foi avaliado, pela participação de frutas e hortaliças no total de alimentos adquiridos pelas famílias no mês anterior e posterior à intervenção. A comparação, favorável ao grupo intervenção, equivaleu a um acréscimo de 2,9 pontos percentuais (IC 95%: 0,32; 5,39) no total de calorias provenientes de frutas e hortaliças.We conducted a community trial-type intervention including a sample of 80 families living in a low income neighborhood in the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 2004. The intervention relied on nutritional education to increase the participation of fruit and vegetables in the family diet, and was administered in the form of three two-hour meetings during three consecutive weeks. To evaluate the immediate impact of this educational intervention, families were randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control). Only the immediate impact of the intervention was evaluated, based on the participation of fruit and vegetables in the family's total food purchases in the months prior to and following the intervention. The comparison, which was favorable to the intervention group, showed a 2.9 percentage point increase (95% CI: 0.32; 5.39) in the proportion of total calories derived from fruit and vegetables.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To assess inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of retail food store, open-air food market, and restaurant observation tools adapted to the Brazilian urban context.METHODS This study is part of a cross-sectional observation survey conducted in 13 districts across the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2010-2011. Food store and restaurant observational tools were developed based on previously available tools, and then tested it. They included measures on the availability, variety, quality, pricing, and promotion of fruits and vegetables and ultra-processed foods. We used Kappa statistics and intra-class correlation coefficients to assess inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities in samples of 142 restaurants, 97 retail food stores (including open-air food markets), and of 62 restaurants and 45 retail food stores (including open-air food markets), respectively. Construct validity as the tool’s abilities to discriminate based on store types and different income contexts were assessed in the entire sample: 305 retail food stores, 8 fruits and vegetable markets, and 472 restaurants.RESULTS Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were generally high, with most Kappa values greater than 0.70 (range 0.49-1.00). Both tools discriminated between store types and neighborhoods with different median income. Fruits and vegetables were more likely to be found in middle to higher-income neighborhoods, while soda, fruit-flavored drink mixes, cookies, and chips were cheaper and more likely to be found in lower-income neighborhoods.CONCLUSIONS The measures were reliable and able to reveal significant differences across store types and different contexts. Although some items may require revision, results suggest that the tools may be used to reliably measure the food stores and restaurant food environment in urban settings of middle-income countries. Such studies can help .inform health promotion interventions and policies in these contexts.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Brazil is between 600,000 and 890,000. Assessing the diet is important in planning healthcare actions and improving PLHIV's quality of life. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of inappropriate protein, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, fiber, sodium, calcium and cholesterol intake among PVHIV on highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study in nine Specialized STD/AIDS Healthcare Centers in São Paulo. METHODS Men and women aged 20 to 59 years, on HAART for at least three months, were included. Nutrient intake was assessed using 24-hour food recall applied in person and repeated among 30% of the population by telephone. The between and within-person variances were corrected. RESULTS 507 individuals were evaluated: 58% male, mean age 41.7 years (standard deviation, SD = 7.8). The mean time since HIV diagnosis was 6.6 years (SD = 4.1), and since HAART onset, 5.1 years (SD = 3.3). More than 20% of the population presented intake above the recommendations for saturated fat, cholesterol and/or sodium, and below the recommendations for fiber. The recommended maximum tolerable sodium level was exceeded by 99% of the sample, and 86% of men and 94% of women did not reach the daily recommendations for calcium. Protein, carbohydrate and total fat intakes were adequate for the majority of the population. CONCLUSIONS A significant portion of the population presented inappropriate intake of saturated fat, sodium, fiber and calcium. Interventions aimed at improving PLHIV's dietary quality are needed.

Resumo O Guia Alimentar é documento que aborda os princípios e as recomendações de uma alimentação adequada e saudável para a população brasileira, tendo como propósito apoiar a educação alimentar e nutricional e subsidiar políticas e programas nacionais de alimentação e nutrição no setor de saúde e também em outros setores. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a interseção entre a promoção da saúde e o desenvolvimento rural sustentável no Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Realizou-se análise do texto do Guia através de temas previstos a partir dos conceitos de promoção da saúde e desenvolvimento rural sustentável. Posteriormente, revisou-se o texto e foram identificados temas emergentes expressos pela interseção dos conceitos, sendo, então, discutidos à luz do referencial bibliográfico dos campos da segurança alimentar e nutricional, do desenvolvimento rural e da epidemiologia nutricional. Sete temas previstos e seis temas emergentes foram identificados e relacionados a quatro dimensões explicativas dos seis temas de interseção relacionados aos conceitos, os quais foram identificados a partir dos elementos constitutivos dos itens: princípios e diretrizes do Guia Alimentar; dez passos para uma alimentação saudável; superação de obstáculos para a realização desses dez passos. O Guia Alimentar propõe a produção social da saúde na interação entre as noções de alimentação adequada e saudável, segurança alimentar e nutricional, e desenvolvimento rural. Destacam-se as recomendações e orientações que dialogam com a produção de alimentos de base agroecológica e com a garantia da biodiversidade alimentar na agricultura familiar, bem como a perspectiva de relação com os sistemas alimentares locais.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a freqüência do consumo de frutas e hortaliças e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 54.369 indivíduos com idade >18 anos, entrevistados pelo sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal, em 2006. Os indicadores do consumo alimentar foram: consumo regular (>5 dias/semana) de frutas e hortaliças e consumo adequado (>5 vezes/dia). Calculou-se a prevalência dos indicadores e intervalos de confiança, estratificada por sexo. Para analisar a associação das variáveis sociodemográficas foram calculados odds ratio bruta e ajustada por sexo, idade, escolaridade e estado civil. RESULTADOS: Menos da metade dos indivíduos referiu consumo regular de fruta (44,1%) ou hortaliças (43,8%), enquanto 23,9% referiram consumo regular de frutas e hortaliças em conjunto; o consumo adequado foi referido por 7,3% dos entrevistados. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças variou entre as cidades estudadas, foi maior entre as mulheres e aumentou com a idade e escolaridade. CONCLUSÕES: Iniciativas de promoção do consumo de frutas e hortaliças devem atender a população como um todo, especialmente às cidades das regiões Norte e Nordeste, aos jovens, aos homens e aos estratos populacionais com baixa escolaridade.

OBJETIVO:Descrever prevalências de marcadores de consumo alimentar saudável e sua distribuição segundo variáveis sociodemográficas na população adulta brasileira.MÉTODOS:Estudo transversal descritivo com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2013, coletados por meio de entrevistas em 64.348 domicílios. Os marcadores de alimentação saudável foram consumo regular de feijão e de peixe e consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças. Estimaram-se as prevalências (%) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%).RESULTADOS:O consumo regular de feijão foi referido por 71,9% (IC95%: 71,2-72,6), de frutas e hortaliças por 37,3% (IC95%: 36,4-38,1) e de peixe por 54,6% (IC95%: 53,7-55,5) da população, sendo a distribuição dos marcadores alimentares influenciada pela idade, sexo, nível de instrução, raça/cor da pele e local de residência dos entrevistados.CONCLUSÃO:Os achados confirmaram elevada prevalência de consumo de feijão, peixe e frutas e hortaliças na dieta da população adulta brasileira.

Abstract Objectives: to examine indicators relating to access to child health care and markers of unhealthy patterns of eating in Brazilian children aged under two years and to set these in the context of the National Health System 's current child healthcare agenda. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey. Prevalences and confidence intervals of 95% (CI95%) were estimated for the total population, Brazilian macroregions and urban or rural location of household. Results: a first medical consult before the seventh day of life was reported in only 28.7% of children. Supervision of growth and child development was carried out primarily at basic health units (57.2%; CI95%: 54.8-59.6). Theneonatal screening, newborn hearing screening and red reflex tests were conducted with a frequency of 70.8% (CI95%: 69.0-72.7), 56.0% (CI95%: 53.8-58.3) and 51.1% (CI95%: 48.9-53.3), respectively. Disparities were found in preventive health care, with lower access among children living in rural households or in the North and Northeast regions. Soda consumption was reported for 32.3% and consumption of biscuits or cake for 60.8% of children,indicating premature introduction of unhealthy foods into the child's diet. Conclusions: the findingspoint to disparities in access to child healthcare and a high prevalence of unhealthy eating habits in infancy.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop and assess the reliability of an instrument that enables auditing information on consumer food environment indicators, such as availability, price, promotional and advertising strategies, and quantity of brands available, using the food recommendations adopted by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population as a theoretical basis. METHODS This is a methodological study in two phases: 1. development of the audit instrument and 2. assessment of its reliability and reproducibility . The Content Validity Index was estimated for each instrument item (>0.80 satisfactory). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed by percentage agreement and Kappa coefficients. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Scatter-plots were used to measure the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables. RESULTS The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were mostly high (Kappa> 0.80), for food availability indicators. Among the items that measure advertising, Kappa values for inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 1.00 and for the test-retest ranged from 0.18 to 0.90. Prices and quantity of brands showed a positive linear correlation between measurements performed by researcher 1 and 2 and between visits 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AUDITNOVA is reliable for measuring aspects such as availability, price, quantity of brands, and advertising of foods available in the consumer food environment.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever a adequação de práticas alimentares às recomendações do Guia alimentar para a população brasileira e analisar fatores sociodemográficos associados, entre adultos. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra de conveniência de 900 adultos (18-60 anos) residentes no território brasileiro; uma escala de práticas alimentares (24 itens; escore 0-72), baseada nas recomendações do Guia, foi aplicada por meio de um painel on-line; análises de regressão linear múltipla foram empregadas. Resultados: os participantes do estudo tinham, em média, 33,5 anos; 52,2% eram mulheres; o escore médio na escala foi de 36,4 pontos (DP=8,5), e mostrou-se diretamente associado à idade (p tendência linear

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of family habits and household characteristics on the consumption of sugary drinks by Brazilian children under two years old. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that used secondary data generated by the National Health Survey (PNS) in 2013. We studied 4,839 pairs of children under two years old and adults living in the same house. We estimated the prevalence of the indicator of sugary drinks consumption for the total sample of children and according to family and household variables. We applied multiple logistic regression analysis to evaluate the influence of family habits and household characteristics on the consumption of sugary drinks by the children. RESULTS The consumption of sugary drinks was identified in 32% of the studied children (95%CI 30.6-33.3) and was independently associated with the following family and household characteristics: regular consumption of sugary drinks by the adult living in the house (OR = 1.78; 95%CI 1.51-2.10), watching TV for more than three hours per day (OR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.03-1.45), older age (OR = 3.10; 95%CI 1.54-6.26), greater education level (OR = 0.70; 95%CI 0.53-0.91), house located in the Northeast region (OR = 0.65; 95%CI 1.54-6.26), and number of family members (OR = 1.05; 95%CI 1.00-1.09). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the high prevalence of sugary drinks consumption by Brazilian children under two years old and show that sociodemographic characteristics and family habits affect this feeding practice not recommended in childhood.

The objective of this paper is to identify the stakeholders and their contributions to the public consultation carried out with regard to the mandatory trans fat acids food labeling proposal in Brazil. Methodology thematic analysis of the documents. Results 25 stakeholders made suggestions regarding the proposed law, and the majority belonged to the food industry sector. The following issues were raised: lack of knowledge among the consumers about trans fat acids; lack of information about trans fat acids in food composition tables and infrastructure to analyse the trans fat content of foods; voluntary trans fat labelling. Conclusions The stakeholders addressed important issues, such as improving nutritional knowledge among the population. However, few stakeholders linked to consumers took part in the public consultation, which might lead to disproportionate influence of the food industry on the development of future food policies.