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Copyright of Journal of Abant Social Sciences / Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Abant Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Consumer & Consumption Research / Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Beta Basim Yayin Dagitim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ÖZ: Diğer birçok sektör gibi rekabetin yoğun olduğu hava taşımacılığı sektöründe de birçok havayolu, operasyonlarını daha etkin ve güvenilir hale getirerek rekabetçi özelliklerini daha da güçlü hale getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu durum şirketler için performans değerlendirme konusunu daha da önemli bir hale getirmekte ve özellikle matematiksel modeller yardımıyla gerek objektif gerekse de uzman görüşlerinden faydalanan sübjektif performans değerlendirmesinde kullanılan metodolojilere ihtiyaç günden güne artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada mesafe korelasyonu ile geleneksel CRITIC yaklaşımının gelişmiş bir versiyonu olan D-CRITIC yönteminin TOPSIS yöntemiyle entegrasyonuyla elde edilen bir performans değerlendirme metodolojisi önerilmiştir. Önerilen D-CRITIC-TOPSIS ve entegre CRITICTOPSIS yaklaşımlarıyla 2022 yılında en fazla yolcu taşıyan ilk 10 havayolu için müşteri görüşlerini yansıtan 8 kriter kullanılarak karşılaştırmalı bir performans analizi yapılmış ve elde edilen sıralamalar raporlanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda mesafe korelasyonu temelli D-CRITIC yöntemi ve geleneksel CRITIC yöntemiyle elde edilen objektif kriter ağırlıklarının farklılaştığı ve bu durumun havayollarının performanslarına göre hesaplanan sıralamalarında değişikliğe sebep olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. ABSTRACT: In the highly competitive air transportation sector, like many other sectors, many airlines are trying to make their competitive characteristics stronger by making their operations more efficient and reliable. This situation makes performance evaluation even more important for companies and the need for methodologies for both objective and subjective performance evaluation, especially with the help of mathematical models and expert opinions, is increasing day by day. In this study, a performance evaluation methodology is proposed by integrating the D-CRITIC method, which is an advanced version of the traditional CRITIC approach with distance correlation, with the TOPSIS method. With the proposed D-CRITIC-TOPSIS and integrated CRITIC-TOPSIS approaches, a comparative performance analysis is performed for the top 10 airlines carrying the highest number of passengers in 2022 using 8 criteria reflecting customer opinions and the rankings obtained are reported. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the objective criteria weights obtained with the distance correlation-based D-CRITIC method and the traditional CRITIC method differed and this caused a change in the rankings of the airlines calculated according to their performance.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the innovation performance of G20 countries in 2018-2022 with multi criteria decision making methods. When the 5-year performance was analyzed, it was also revealed whether the COVID-19 outbreak has an impact on the innovation performance of the countries. Methodology: An integrated LOPCOW (Logarithmic Percentage Change-driven Objective Weighting) - MAIRCA (Multi Attribute Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis) method was applied in the study. First, the indicators representing innovation performance (institutions, human capital, and research, infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge and technology outputs, creative outputs) was objectively weighted by the LOPCOW method. Then, the innovation performance of G20 countries was calculated with the MAIRCA method. Finally, a comparative analysis was also presented to support the findings. Findings: As a result of the innovation performance analysis using multi criteria decision making methods, human capital, and research were found to be the most important indicators, and the United States was found to be the country with the best innovation performance. In the sensitivity and comparative analysis, it was concluded that the integrated LOPCOW-MAIRCA method provides robust outputs. Originality: This study makes original contributions by analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the innovation performance of countries considering the 2018-2022 period and the integrated multi criteria decision making methods it uses that have not yet been applied in the literature.

This article presents an implementation of a requirements validation toolchain for the certification-compliant performance analysis of an electrically powered general aviation aircraft. As part of the dtec.bw project ELAPSED, a novel approach for an electric propulsion system for an aircraft of the EASA certification specification class CS-22 is developed. Predefined requirements for the aircraft must be met by the design in order to comply with the CS-22 certification rules, such as a maximum take-off distance of 500 meters. Other requirements defined by the manufacturer or customer can also be easily added. A toolchain providing bidirectional traceability from the requirements to the test results has been established to validate the feasibility of the aircraft and system requirements and their compliance with the certification standards. This toolchain consists of Polarion PLM for requirements management and MATLAB/Simulink for mission evaluation using a non-linear 6-DoF simulation model for the respective aircraft. Two in-house tools called SimPol and Tico provide connectivity and roundtripping between Polarion and Simulink. The application of this toolchain is presented in this article using a test run with 3 requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banking sector is the sector with the largest share in the financial system in Turkey. In the meantime, participation banking sector is increasing its share in the banking sector day by day, as there is a large segment of our country desiring transactions free from interest. The present study aimed to measure the financial performance of the Turkish Participation Banking sector for the period between January 2021 and October 2022. Thus, it is aimed to determine the most important financial performance indicators within the sector for Islamic banks. In this study, performance evaluation was made on 6 criteria making use of the total sector data of participation banks. These criteria include Loans, Dividends Received, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Operating Expenses / Average Total Assets, and Liabilities / Total Equity, respectively. After weighting the criteria with the LOPCOW method, the alternatives were ranked using the MOOSRA methods. The results of the LOPCOW method showed that the most effective criterion in determining the financial performance of participation banks is the Foreign Resources / Total Equity criterion. The findings of the current study show that the most successful period of the participation banking sector was October 2022 while the most unsuccessful period was January 2021. Moreover, the findings reveal that the performance of the sector tends to increase continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to examine the performance evaluation of the Natural Catastrophe Insurance Pool, which is one of the special institutions operating in the Turkish insurance sector. For this purpose, an MCDM model combining MEREC and CRADIS methods was proposed. Firstly, the objective importance weights of the criteria were calculated using the MEREC method. In the second stage, the performance of DASK for the period 2009-2021 was determined and ranked via the CRADIS method. The results obtained from the objective weighting method showed that the most important performance criterion is the compensation paid, and the least important criterion is the number of policies. According to the results obtained from using the CRADIS method, in terms of the selected performance indicators, the best performance of DASK was 2020, and the worst performance was 2009. When the results of the study were evaluated in detail, it was determined that the performance of TCIP showed an increase in the period under consideration. In addition, sensitivity analysis was applied to test the validity of the study results. When the results of the sensitivity analysis made with 12 different scenarios were examined, it was determined that the best alternative in all scenarios applied was the 2020 alternative. These results confirm that the rankings obtained using the proposed model are consistent and stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The destructive effects of earthquakes in our country, especially on existing structures, have focused on the evaluation and strengthening of the earthquake performance of the existing structures. The decision of either strengthening or demolition of the existing structures requires performance evaluation tests. Additionally, the use of change of the buildings can requires performance tests. In this study, an additional story was planned to be constructed on a four story building, which was originally designed as a student dormitory then revised to be used as a hotel. The additional story was designed to be accommodate the maximum rooms counts, and two different structural systems was considered using steel and concrete. The performance of the existing building with and without additional story was investigated under earthquake loads according to the TBDY (Turkey building earthquake code) 2018. Structural periods, story drifts, performance curves, plastic hinge formations and possible damage levels for the two different models were compared with each other. The results showed that both additional stories were produced similar number of deficient structural members on the base structure in terms of the structural load capacities. On the other hand, the amount of plastic hinges and story drifts reduced up to 15.22% and 37.8% for additional steel story, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the highly competitive air transportation sector, like many other sectors, many airlines are trying to make their competitive characteristics stronger by making their operations more efficient and reliable. This situation makes performance evaluation even more important for companies and the need for methodologies for both objective and subjective performance evaluation, especially with the help of mathematical models and expert opinions, is increasing day by day. In this study, a performance evaluation methodology is proposed by integrating the D-CRITIC method, which is an advanced version of the traditional CRITIC approach with distance correlation, with the TOPSIS method. With the proposed D-CRITIC-TOPSIS and integrated CRITIC-TOPSIS approaches, a comparative performance analysis is performed for the top 10 airlines carrying the highest number of passengers in 2022 using 8 criteria reflecting customer opinions and the rankings obtained are reported. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the objective criteria weights obtained with the distance correlation-based D-CRITIC method and the traditional CRITIC method differed and this caused a change in the rankings of the airlines calculated according to their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Omer Halisdemir Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Omer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Economics & Admistrative Sciene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increasing use of Internet-based technologies is constantly increasing the formation of data in the world, and as the size of data expands, the security and privacy of information for users carries risks. When data is transmitted over an unsecured communication channel, one of the recommended methods for minimizing or completely preventing dangerous situations are cryptographic algorithms. All encryption algorithms, the basis of which includes the combination of techniques and their application based on mathematical expressions; aims to protect the availability, confidentiality and integrity of data. However, their achievements; The file type chosen varies according to various factors such as size, complexity, key structure and the computer platform (software and hardware) used. On the basis of these factors, an application was made using three different symmetric (AES, Blowfish, Cast-128) and asymmetric (ECDH, El-Gamal, RSA) encryption algorithms. the complexity of the 4 various textual file sizes ranging from 100 KB, 1, 5 and 100 MB generated from the content called "The Da Vinci Code"; UTF-8 are combinations in a table structure. Key (hidden and public) system; It is the architecture consisting of 32 characters (256 bits) and the application platform; For software, Windows, Python VS Code, for hardware, Intel I7-CPU, 16 GB RAM, 4 GB-GPU are used. Performance criteria accepted in the literature; performance in encryption and decryption was evaluated based on speed (s), memory (MB), and CPU (%) utilization rates. Thus, the performances of symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms are compared on the same data sets. It has been observed that symmetric encryption algorithms have better performance results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TESAM Academy Journal is the property of Tesam Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern dünyanın vazgeçilmezi olan teknoloji, insanoğlunu enerjiye bağımlı hale getirmiştir. Kullanılan enerjinin sadece fosil yakıtlardan karşılanması insan sağlığına, ekonomiye ve çevreye hayli zarar vermektedir. Ulusları, yeni enerji kaynakları arayışına iten bu gibi olumsuzluklar yenilenebilir enerjiye olan ilgiyi ve yatırımı artırmıştır. Çevre dostu, bol, ucuz ve sağlıklı doğal enerji kaynakları başında güneş enerji gelmektedir. Ülkemize ve dünyamıza katlı sağlamak adına Düzce Üniversitesinde güneş enerjisinden faydalanmak üzere bir çalışma başlatılmıştır. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırmalar Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (DÜBİT)’in çatısına toplam 7,5 kW kurulu güce sahip ve her biri 2,5 kW gücünde; amorf silisyum (a-Si), polikristal silisyum (p-Si) ve mono kristal silisyum (m-Si) fotovoltaik paneller Ekim 2013’de kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu fotovoltaik panellerin verim, performans, ışınım ve günlük toplam üretilen enerji değerlerinin, 2014-2019 yılları yaz ayları (mayıs, haziran, temmuz, ağustos) baz alınarak 6 yıllık analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler ve hesaplamalar ışığında, panellerin yıllara göre performans ve verimleri Düzce şehri iklim koşullarında değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen analizler doğrultusunda, m-Si fotovoltaik paneli %12,8 verim ve % 87,6 performans ile en yüksek panel türü olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca tüm panellerin en etkili verim ve performans ile çalıştığı yıl olarak 2015 yılının yaz ayları olduğu görülmüştür.

Copyright of Social Sciences Studies is the property of Social Sciences Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Üniversitelerin performanslarını ölçmek için çeşitli metrikler kullanılmaktadır. Yayın performansının ölçülmesi bu metriklerin en yaygın olanlarından biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversitelerin akademik performanslarının bibliyometrik verilere dayalı olarak incelenmesine ilişkin örnek bir model ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesinin uluslararası yayın performansını bibliyometrik ve betimleyici analizler kullanarak bilimsel haritalama ve performans analizi kapsamında incelenmiştir. Veri seti Web of Science (WOS) veri tabanı üzerinden mensup olunan kurum bilgisi Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi olan tüm araştırmalar içerisinden yalnızca makaleler filtrelenerek 8734 sonuç kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma 2022 yılı Nisan ayına kadar olan SCI/SCI-Expanded, SSCI, ESCI ve AHCI indekslerinde taranan makalelerinin bibliyometrik verilerini kapsamaktadır. En çok yayın yapılan dergiler, WOS araştırma alanları, anahtar sözcükler ve metin verilerine dayalı bibliyometrik haritalar incelendiğinde araştırmaların çoğunlukla Sağlık ve Fen Bilimleri alanlarında gerçekleştirildiği belirlenmiştir. Ortak yazarlı çalışmalardaki ortaklıklar incelendiğinde yayınların önemli bir kısmının çok yazarlı olduğu ve ortakların YYÜ ve yakın coğrafyadaki kurumlarda görev yaptığı bulunmuştur. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkeler ile uluslararası ortaklı araştırmaların yayın atıf oranlarının diğerlerine kıyasen yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Buna göre uluslararası ortaklıkların nitelik açısından çalışmalara katkısının olduğu da aşikârdır. Bu araştırmada YYÜ, bibliyometrik verilere dayalı olarak performans değerlendirilmesi kapsamında örnek bir durum olarak ele alınmıştır. Gelecek araştırmalarda hedef performansı sergileyen bir üniversite ile karşılaştırmalı olarak bibliyometrik analizlerinin yapılmasının karar vericilere daha fazla bilgi sunabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The concept of Society 5.0 has become a new research phenomenon aimed at creating a better and super-intelligent human-centered society to help tackle long-term social changes. Today, Society 5.0 is a prominent and evolving field. While this area of research is still new, it is important to examine how much it has evolved. This study aims to examine the bibliometric features and trends of scientific research related to Society 5.0. To this end, the Bibliometrix library provided by the R software is used to analyze the scientific research on Society 5.0 in the Web of Science database. The analysis results provide valuable insights into the number of publications, citations, featured authors, institutions, countries, sources, and keywords in the Society 5.0 field. It is expected that the study results will guide researchers in the field of Society 5.0 to understand the field and identify research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is located on one of the most seismically active regions in the world. In other words, most of its population centers are surrounded by many of the active faults if not lay on at least one of these active faults. The devastating earthquakes occurred in the past along these faults, reveal the importance of earthquake resistant design. The high number of the damaged buildings and the types of damages to structural members provide crucial information about the faults in design and the construction of buildings. Thanks to the accumulated knowledge, we know how to strengthen the existing buildings and more importantly learn how to design far healthier buildings in terms of earthquake performance. Thus, new earthquake codes are introduced frequently. In the light of these facts, it could be said that the old structures that are designed to be resistant to earthquakes may not meet the new earthquake regulation conditions. In this respect, it is vital to check existing buildings' structural compatibility with the new codes and strengthen them when necessary. In this article, structural analysis of a sample building which was located in Karabuk province and designed in 2002, was performed and the same building was subjected to strengthening procedures until it complied with the new code requirements. Sta4CAD is used as analysis program and the earthquake performance of the original and strengthened building was compared. The results of the study proved the importance of strengthening the existing buildings according to the 2019 Turkish Earthquake Code. In addition, while deciding to strengthen reinforced concrete buildings, it would be more appropriate to consider the age of the building, the ratio of the rough construction cost to the total strengthening cost, the approximate cost of the building and the strengthening costs together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Infologica is the property of Acta Infologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, firma düzeyinde performansın ölçülmesi ve değerlendirmesi için PSI-SD ve MABAC yöntemlerinden oluşan bütünleşik bir modelin önerilmesidir. Bu amaçla Türk sigorta sektörü için çeşitli açılardan kritik bir öneme sahip olan Anadolu Sigorta şirketinin 2013-2020 dönemine ilişkin çeşitli performans göstergelerinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada firma performansının ölçülmesi amacıyla seçilmiş olan performans kriterlerine ilişkin objektif ağırlık katsayıları ilk aşamada PSI ve SD yöntemleri kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise her iki ağırlık skoru Bayes yaklaşımı kullanılarak birleştirilmiş ve böylece değerlendirme kriterlerine ait optimal ağırlık skorları elde edilmiştir. Bayes yaklaşımından elde edilen bulgular firma için en önemli performans kriterinin konservasyon oranı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Analiz kapsamına alınan yıllara ilişkin MABAC sıralama sonuçları Anadolu sigortanın en başarılı olduğu yılın 2013, buna karşın en başarısız olduğu yılın ise 2018 olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma kapsamında ayrıca önerilen modelinin güvenilirliğinin ve sağlamlığının test edilmesi amacıyla çeşitli duyarlılık analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Duyarlılık analizlerinden elde edilen bulgular göstermektedir ki, önerilen model tutarlı ve sağlam sıralama sonuçları üretmektedir.

The Covid-19 virus emerged in 2019 and spread all over the world in a short time. It caused millions of people to be infected and hundreds of thousands to die. The number of cases is increasing day by day and new variants of the virus are emerging. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests are used to detect people with this disease. It is very important to examine the conditions of the people with the disease and to determine the intensive care and mortality rates in advance. In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used as a feature extraction method to determine mortality rates from Covid-19 patients, and the successful results of the method were demonstrated with the most popular machine learning techniques. Machine learning techniques used in the study are K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA), Extra Trees, Random Tree, Rep Tree and Naive Bayes algorithms. In the performance evaluation of these techniques, Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Rms, F-score values were calculated. In addition, ROC Curves and Confusion matrices were examined and the results were compared. As a result, it was seen that the best performance was obtained with the use of Linear Discrimination Analysis (PCA+LDA) after applying Principal component analysis. With the PCA+LDA application, an accuracy rate of 96.39% was obtained. In the article, it has also been revealed that Pneumonia, Diabetes, COPD and Asthma patients, Pregnant, Elderly and Intubated people are more affected and the risk of death is higher from the Covid-19 virus by using feature extraction. This study is important in terms of examining the lethality of virus variants, taking the necessary precautions for the treatment of risky patients isolation of patients at risk of death, and improving hospital capacity planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the performance of the urban transport system is critical in improving and developing the current urban transport systems. The current paper proposes a hybrid decisionmaking model to evaluate the urban rail transport systems. The suggested model is based on integrating the Best and Worst Method (BWM) and the Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) techniques. The criteria weights are identified by considering the best and worst preferences of the decision-makers with the help of the BWM approach, and the CoCoSo technique helps to rank the alternatives concerning their performances. The proposed model was implemented to evaluate urban rail systems performances of 30 European cities with metro rail systems concerning thirteen criteria identified from the technical, environmental, and economic perspectives. At the end of the study, it was determined that the first ranked city had the highest performance, Saint Petersburg. Besides, as a result of the sensitivity analysis, the proposed model provides reliable and consistent results, and it has been observed that it can provide proper decision support for these kinds of evaluation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Marmara University Social Sciences Institute / Öneri is the property of Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to consider the performance evaluation of logistics companies that are included in the Fortune 500 Turkey list. For this purpose, a new Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach, combining the Gray Entropy, FUCOM and EDAS-M methods has been proposed. In the first stage of the study, objective weights related to the criteria are calculated with Gray Entropy, and then subjective weights are obtained with FUCOM. Since both weight determination methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, these two weight determination methods are combined in this study. In the second stage of the study, the performance of logistics companies is determined and ranked according to the EDAS-M method. The findings from the combined weighting method show that the three most important performance criteria are export volume, number of employees and net sales, respectively. In addition, based on the results achieved with the EDAS-M method, Ekol logistics is the most successful firm with regard to the selected performance indicators. The findings obtained from the hybrid model proposed in this study are of great importance for all stakeholders of logistics companies that have to use their resources in the optimal way under today's increasing competitive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ülkemiz de yığma yapılar tarihi özelliğe sahip yapılardır. Genellikle ülkemizin kırsal bölgelerinde yerel malzeme kullanılarak yapılan yığma yapılara rastlamak oldukça mümkündür. Yığma yapılar mühendislik hizmetine ihtiyaç duyulmadan çok çeşitli özellikteki malzeme ve işçilik hizmetine sahiptir. Bunun sonucu olarak düşey yükler ve deprem yükleri altındaki performansının belirlenmesi günümüzdeki betonarme yapıların performans analizlerine göre güçtür. Bu çalışmada; Bayburt ili merkezinde bulunan, 1997-1998 yılları arasında inşa edilen, Zemin + 4 katlı toplam 5 katlı kâgir yapının yapım tekniği, malzeme özellikleri ve konum özellikleri hakkında bilgiler derlenmiştir. Yapıda gözlemlenen mevcut problemler belirlenmiştir. StatiCAD-Yığma programı kullanılarak 2018 Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği dikkate alınarak yapının performans analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda binayı dıştan tek taraflı donatılı sıva ile içten kısmi olarak bazı duvarları çift taraflı donatılı sıva ile güçlendirme yöntemi önerilmiştir. Binanın güçlendirme öncesi yapılan analizde 48 duvar basınç ve kayma gerilmesi açısından yetersiz ve göçme durumunda iken, güçlendirme sonrası yapılan performans analizinde tüm duvarların emniyet gerilmelerini sağladığı ve hemen kullanım durumunda olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial performance of privately-owned commercial banks operating in the Turkish banking sector for the period 2014-2019. For this purpose, a new hybrid model consisting of SWARA-RAFSI methods has been proposed in performance analysis. In the study, firstly, 10 financial performance criteria are determined in line with the previous literature. Then, the weights of the determined financial performance criteria are found using SWARA, which is a subjective weighting method. RAFSI, one of the newest MCDM methods, is employed in determining the performance rankings of banks. According to the findings of the study, while the most important performance criterion is the capital adequacy ratio, the least important performance criterion is the inefficiency ratio criterion. Therefore, banks that want to achieve high financial performance should primarily increase their capital adequacy ratio. In addition, it is determined that Akbank (in the first five years) and Yapı and Kredi Bank (in 2019) are the banks with the highest financial performance in the bank performance ranking. The results obtained in the study may contribute to decision-making mechanisms for the establishment of a strong and robust banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the earthquake safety of a residential type reinforced concrete building, which constitutes a significant part of the existing building stock, was examined according to the 2007 and 2018 earthquake codes, and the results were compared. Moment curvature relations of the sections, determination of plastic hinge properties and pushover analyzes were performed in SAP 2000 software. The analysis yielded varying results in terms of the upper limits of cross-sectional deformation, natural periods of structure, target displacement demands, damage to the structural system elements and performance levels of the floors. The examined building could not achieve the target performance level in the x-direction, but could achieve the target performance level in the y-direction according to both codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spor endüstrisi, spor kulüpleri, taraftarlar, sporseverler, yayıncı kuruluşlar, finansal yatırımcılar gibi paydaşların yer aldığı küresel ölçekli bir yapıya sahiptir. Bununla birlikte spor, sosyal açıdan kişisel ve toplumsal konumunu korumaya da devam etmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Türkiye’de öne çıkan dört spor kulübünün finansal, sportif ve sosyal açılardan performanslarının incelenmesi ve sıralanması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada, karar problemlerinin çözümünde kullanımı gittikçe artan bütünleşik/hibrit modellere yönelik farklı toplulaştırma tekniklerine yer verilmiştir. Spor kulüplerinin performansları açısından sıralanması için bütünleşik karar modeli oluşturulmuştur. Bu modelde, kriterlerin ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi için İkili Karşılaştırma Ağırlıklandırma Tekniği’nden yararlanılmıştır. Ağırlıklandırma işlemi sonucunda, finansal kriterlerden aktif kârlılık, sportif kriterlerden futbolda kazanılan kupa sayısı ve sosyal kriterlerden stadyum doluluğu, ana kriter gruplarında ilk sıraları almıştır. Karar probleminin çözümü için çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden SAW, TODIM, EDAS, VIKOR, QUALIFLEX ve MAPPAC kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu çözümlerin toplulaştırılmasında ise Borda, Copeland, Nanson, Ortalama, Cook ve Seiford, Kemeny toplulaştırma tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bütünleşik sıralamalarda, finansal performans açısından Beşiktaş ilk sırada bulunurken; sportif, sosyal ve genel performans sıralamalarında Galatasaray ilk sırada yer almıştır. Sonuç olarak spor kulüplerinin sürdürülebilir başarılar elde etmesi için finansal yapılarını düzeltmeleri, sosyal sorumluluk açısından ise toplumun geneliyle etkileşim içinde olmaları ve futbol dışında kalan takım sporları ve bireysel sporlara olanaklar yaratmaları gerekmektedir.

Bu çalışmada Düzce Üniversitesi Teknik Servis Otomasyonu verileri üzerinde, birim personelinin performansını değerlendirmek ve yöneticiye karar destek sürecinde yardımcı olması için Veri Madenciliği (VM) bilimi kullanılmıştır. VM büyük ölçekli verilerden, anlamlı bilgi çıkarma veya geleceğe yönelik tahminlerde bulunma işi olarak adlandırılabilir. Sınıflandırma ise mevcut veriden geleceğe yönelik tahminlerde bulunma tekniğidir. Kurumsal işletmelerde ve kamu kurumlarında personel performans analizi yapabilmek ve ileriye yönelik karar destek süreçlerinde kullanmak için çok sayıda veri bulunmaktadır. Ancak yöneticilerin bu verileri ham hali ile, performans süreçlerinde kullanmaları çok zordur. Bu çalışmada birim yöneticilerine, VM’nin sınıflandırma tekniği ile personelin performans değerlendirmesi ve karar destek sürecinde yardımcı olunması hedeflenmiştir. VM’nin sınıflandırma yöntemleri bu veriler üzerinde uygulanmış ve Derin Öğrenme yönteminin başarısı ortaya konulmuştur.

Copyright of International Journal of InformaticsTechnologies is the property of Institute of Informatics, Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Participation banking, also referred to as Islamic banking, is also known as interest-free banking. The participation banking sector emerged in the 1980s. The participation banking sector is a complement to the Turkish banking sector. Therefore, measuring the performance analysis of this sector has become even more important. The difference from the traditional banking system is that it performs its banking transactions on the basis of the interest-free principle. The participation banking sector, which is a complementary element in the Turkish banking system, has developed rapidly with the support of the state. The purpose of this study is to measure and rank the financial performance of participation banks operating in the Turkish banking system for 2018-2019. Therefore, six participation banks in the Turkish banking sector are included in the analysis. In this study, Entropy and Mairca method were used jointly to measure the financial performance of participation banks. Six criteria have been determined for the use of participation banks in financial performance measurement. These criteria are determined as Total Assets, Total Loans and Receivables, Total Deposits, Total Equity, Number of Branches and Number of Employees. According to the results of the analysis, the best shows performing bank in 2018 is Ziraat Participation Bank. The second the best performing bank is Turkey Finans Participation Bank. The third best performing bank is Kuveyt Türk Participation bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditional seismic design, based on use of moment frames and shear walls together to increase seismic resistance of structures, often leads to high acceleration or high interstory displacement demands. Although the structure itself remains fundamentally intact, the devices inside the structure can be damaged. This may not be tolerable for buildings with expensive equipment. Seismic isolation may be a good choice for such buildings. This study aims to evaluate the effect of seismic isolation on the performance of a typical residential building designed per 2018 Turkey Building Code. Five different models have been created with traditional model and different combinations of lead core rubber isolator or friction isolators. Beam and column elements are modeled as nonlinear frame elements with lumped plasticity by defining plastic hinges at both ends of beams and columns. Nonlinear behavior of seismic isolators has also been considered. Nonlinear time history analyses are used for performance evaluation of the building with and without seismic isolation. Seismic behavior of conventional and base-isolated buildings was examined. Period values, seismic demands and damage distribution are considered for performance evaluation. The outcomes show that seismic isolation has positive effects to decrease seismic demands. In addition, the improvements in seismic behavior are more obvious when designs different types of isolators are used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the seismic performance of an existing schooltype building with a wall-framed system with longitudinal reinforcements arranged with non-ribbed reinforcement steel was determined according to both Turkish Seismic Code (TSC-2007) and Turkish Seismic Code (TSC-2018) and the two codes were compared based on the results. According to the TSC (2018), if the longitudinal reinforcement of the reinforced concrete elements is arranged with non-ribbed reinforcement steel, this steel should be multiplied by the strain request and the plastic rotation request by 1.5 needs to be increased. Since there was no such requirement in TSC (2007), it was thought that it would be more appropriate to choose an existing schooltype building with non-ribbed reinforcement to compare the two regulations. Analyses were carried out using the non-linear elastic evaluation method. The comparison between the performance results of the two regulations illustrated that the incompatibility between the regulations is for earthquakes with a 2% probability of exceeding in 50 years. It has been determined that while the Y direction of the building has achieved the target performance level according to TSC (2007) for earthquakes with a probability of exceeding 2% in 50 years, it cannot achieve the target performance level according to TSC (2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Buhar türbini kullanarak güneş enerjisinden elektrik üretmek için yüksek sıcaklıklara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Yüksek ve orta sıcaklık uygulamalarında genellikle yoğunlaştırıcılı güneş enerjisi sistemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu sistemlerden en yaygın kullanılanı parabolik oluk tipi güneş kollektörleridir. Bu tip kollektörlerde, parabolik bir oluk üzerine yerleştirilen yansıtıcı yüzeye düşen güneş ışınları, yansıtıcının yerleştirildiği parabolün odak noktasında yer alan bir alıcı (yutucu) boruya yansıtılarak yoğunlaştırma yapılmaktadır. Böylece alıcı boruda ve bu borunun içinden geçen akışkanda yüksek sıcaklıklar elde edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, parabolik oluk tipi yoğunlaştırıcılar üzerine teorik bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Parabolik oluk tipi kollektörlerin toplayıcı kısmı için farklı malzemeler ve geometriler kullanılarak karşılaştırmalı bir performans analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada dört tasarım parametresi kullanılmıştır. Bunlar cam örtü çapı, emici boru et kalınlığı, emici boru çapı ve emici boru malzemesidir. Farklı parametre değerlerinin kollektörün performansı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Performans kriteri olarak yutucu içerisinden geçirilen akışkana aktarılan faydalı ısı kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar emici boru çapı ve malzemesinin ısıl performans üzerinde kayda değer bir etkisi olduğunu, diğer taraftan emici boru et kalınlığı ve cam örtü çapının ısıl performansa kayda değer bir etkisi olmadığını göstermiştir.

Bu çalışma kapsamında Bayburt ili, Aydıntepe ilçesi, Sorkunlu köyü sınırları içerisinde kalan ve kırsal mimari mirasın korunması bağlamında Bayburt kırsal geleneksel evi araştırmalarına konu olmuş Bayburt Evi detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme kapsamında seçilen Bayburt evinin hem 2007 Deprem Yönetmeliği hemde 2013 Riskli Yapıların Tespit Edilmesine İlişkin Esaslara göre StatiCAD-Yığma yazılımı ile performans analizi yapılmıştır. Performans hesaplarında yapıya ait bilgiler, kullanılan malzemeler, modelleme işlemleri ve yöntemleri detaylı bir şekilde sunulmuş, elde edilen sonuçlar verilmiştir.

Ülkemizde yaşanan depremler sonucunda Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Yapıların Tasarım ve Yapım Kuralları içeren yönetmelik ve standartlarda değişiklikler yaparak Depreme dayanıklı yapılar inşa edilmesini hedeflemektedir. Bu kapsamda 2007 yılında “Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Esaslar” yönetmeliğini yayınlamıştır. Yönetmelikte, mevcut binaların zemin özelliklerinin nasıl belirleneceği belirtilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, zemin grupları taşıma gücü açısından en yüksekten en düşüğe doğru A, B, C, D olarak tanımlanmıştır. Yerel zemin sınıfları ise zeminin en üst tabaka kalınlığı ve zemin grubuna göre Z1, Z2, Z3 ve Z4 olarak tanımlanmıştır. Yönetmeliğe göre mevcut ya da yeni yapılacak binalarda zemin etüt raporlarının düzenlenmesi istenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 1999 Düzce depremlerine maruz kalmış ve taşıma gücü güçlü bir zemin üzerine inşa edilmiş bir okul binasının performans analizi yapılmıştır. Binasındaki taşıyıcı elemanların kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi ve deprem dayanımlarının değerlendirilmesi için eleman detayları, boyutları, taşıyıcı sistem geometrisi ve malzeme özellikleri detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Binanın içinde ve dışında temel muayene çukurları açılarak temel şekli ve boyutları belirlenmiştir. Zeminin mühendislik özelliklerini belirlemek için jeofizik ölçümlerle birlikte 3 adet sondaj kuyusu açılmıştır. Zeminden alınan numuneler üzerinde deneyler yapılmış, zeminin “B grubu ve Z1 zemin sınıfında” olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yapının taşıyıcı elamanlarında donatı tespiti, pas payı durumu ve donatı çapları belirlenmiş ve beton karot numuneleri alınmıştır. Binanın mimari projeleri çizilmiş ve elde edilen verilerle binanın 2007 ve 2018 yönetmeliklerine göre “STA4-V14.1” paket programı ile performans analizi yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Bankalar temel finansal işlemlerin dışında pek çok farklı çeşidi olan finansal enstrümanlarda üretmekte, vadeli işlem piyasalarından-hisse senedi piyasalarına kadar uzanan oldukça geniş yelpazade faaliyet göstermektedirler. Küreselleşme trendinin avantajlarından fazlasıyla istifade eden ve giderek sofisteki hale gelen finans sektörünün lokomotifi, mevduat bankacılığı olarak da bilinen, konvansiyonel bankacılık sistemidir. Faiz tabanlı konvansiyonel sistemin küresel ekonomi üzerindeki hegomanyasını sona erdirebilecek bir alternatiften, en azından yakın gelecekte, söz etmek mümkün değildir. Öte yandan bir kaç on yıl önce islam ülkelerinde temelleri atılan ve faizsiz kar-zarar ortaklığı (PLS) prensibi üzerine inşa edilen İslami bankacılık alternatif olarak öne çıkmakta ve giderek artan oranda konvensiyonel bankalarla karşılaştırmalı analizlere konu olmaktadır. Farklı değişken ve veri setlerinin yardımıyla yapılan çalışmalar sonucu elde edilen bulgular ışığında alınan tedbirler, yakın gelecekteki resesyon ve krizlerin olumsuz etkilerini minimize etmeye yardımcı olur. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren üç İslami ve dokuz konvansiyonel bankanın, 2008 küresel finans krizi sonrası döneminde, 2010-2015 yılları arasındaki performasnlarını panel data modeli yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda konvansiyonel bankaların performaslarını banka büyüklüğü, reservler, reel efektif döviz kuru, reel faiz oranı değişkenlerinin etkilediği görülürken, İslami bankaları banka büyüklüğü, mevduat oranı, rezervler, pazar yoğunluğu, , reel efektif döviz kuru, reel faiz oranı değişkenlerinin daha fazla etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

This paper presents a comparative study and a method to improve Volt-Hertz (V/f) based speed control of Induction Motors (IMs). For this purpose, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques are investigated and evaluated, especially from the point of their control performance on the V/f-based control for three-phase IMs working at different load and speed conditions. From this aspect, it is a different study from the literature. Steady and transient effects of both techniques on the above mentioned control methods are analyzed for several case studies. Afterwards, adjustable boost voltage application with modified reference commands technique is proposed for both PWM methods in order to improve start-up performance. All investigations for both PWM models are carried out under the same conditions. Although SVPWM technique gives more effective results in many cases, the proposed method provides noticeable improvements on SPWM-based applications from point of performance on the control method. As a novelty of this study, it is shown that, the bad performance of the control method at low frequency in SPWM application, which has lower computational burden for low cost microcontroller, can be improved by applying adjustable boost voltage along with modified references that are proportional to the DC bus current.

Bu makale, Asenkron Motorlarının (IM veya ASM) Volt-Hertz (V/f) tabanlı hız kontrolünü iyileştirmek için bir yöntem ve karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma sunmaktadır. Bu amaçla, özellikle farklı yük ve hız koşullarında çalışan üç fazlı asenkron motorların V/f tabanlı hız kontrol performansı açısından sinüzoidal darbe genişlik modülasyonu (SPWM) ve uzay vektör darbe genişliği modülasyonu (SVPWM) teknikleri incelenip değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bakımdan, literatürden farklı bir çalışmadır. Her iki tekniğin yukarıda belirtilen kontrol yöntemi üzerindeki kararlı ve geçici hal etkileri çeşitli örnek durumlar üzerinde analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra, kalkış performansını artırmak için her iki PWM yönteminde de düzeltilmiş referans komut tekniğine eşlik eden ayarlanabilir yükseltici gerilim uygulaması önerilmiştir. Her iki PWM modeli için yapılan tüm araştırmalar aynı koşullar altında gerçekleştirilmiştir. SVPWM tekniği birçok durumda daha etkin sonuçlar vermesine rağmen, kontrol yöntemi üzerindeki performans açısından SPWM tabanlı uygulamalarda önerilen yöntem dikkate değer iyileştirmeler sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bir yeniliği olarak, düşük maliyetli mikrodenetleyici için daha az hesaplama yükü olan SPWM uygulamasında karşılaşılan düşük frekansta kötü kontrol performansı, DC hat akımına göre oransal olarak değişen düzeltilmiş referans komutlarıyla birlikte uygulanan ayarlanabilir yükseltici gerilim yöntemi ile iyileştirilebileceği gösterilmiştir.

In this study, using the finite-time thermodynamics method, a simulation model has been created for Otto-cycle engines. In the model, it has been assumed that there are irreversibilities, heat, combustion, and friction losses, and also that the specific heat changes depending on the temperature, the cycle initial temperature changes depending on the residual gas temperature, and the working fluid is composed of the fuel-air-residual gas mixture. The effects of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and stroke/bore ratio on engine performance were examined. Thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, specific fuel cost, and power density are used for performance analysis. Performance loss factors were used for engine heat balance. The characteristics of a single-cylinder spark-ignition engine have been used as a reference in the model. As a result of the numerical study, it was observed that when the volumetric efficiency decreased by 10% in LPG use, the power density decreased by 12%. Although the specific fuel consumption of LPG is higher than gasoline, the specific fuel cost of LPG is considerably lower than gasoline due to the LPG/gasoline price ratio. The loss of performance decrease as the compression ratio increases and the stroke/bore ratio decreases. Also, performance losses increase when the equivalence ratio is greater than 1. It is seen that LPG performance can be eliminated by increasing the volumetric efficiency or increasing the compression ratio. When the LPG/gasoline price ratio is 0.54, it is determined that the engine running on LPG is 24% more economical compared to working with gasoline. When the LPG/gasoline price ratio is 0.67, it has been observed that LPG has no economic advantage. Significant results have been obtained especially for engine designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]