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Background: Students in school are more likely to be sick from communicable diseases like diarrheal illnesses, acute respiratory infections, and other illnesses linked to poor personal hygiene. Poor hygiene practices are common among school children and put their health at risk, which in turn has several consequences. These include significant school absences, transmission of infectious diseases to other students, and missed workdays for parents and guardians. However, there is limited evidence on the level of personal hygiene practice and its associated factors among school students. Thus, this study was aimed at determining personal hygiene practice level and its associated factors among elementary school grade (5–8) students in Fiche town, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 29 to May 29, 2022, in Fiche town, Oromia regional state, among 534 elementary school students. A multi-stage probability sampling technique was used to select the individual students. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data was entered into epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed by SPSS version 26.0. Variables that scored a p-value less than 0.2 during bivariate analysis were included in multilevel logistic regression models to determine factors associated with personal hygiene practice. The odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was estimated, and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The magnitude of good personal hygiene (scored above the mean) was 59.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)) (55.1–63.0). A considerable proportion of students scored more than 50% in latrine use (62.5%), regular hand-washing (55.4%), and oral hygiene (55.20%) practices. Being female, having good personal hygiene knowledge, doing hygiene inspections at school, and having latrine accessibility was significantly associated with good personal hygiene among elementary school students. Conclusion: Considerable proportion of elementary school students in Fiche town have score poor personal hygiene practice. Interventions aimed that target improving knowledge of personal hygiene and hygiene inspection at school are crucial to enhance the personal hygiene among elementary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a superficial fungal infection on the outermost layer of skin caused by Malassezia furfur or Pityrosporum orbiculare, this infection stays for a long time, mild, and mostly the inflammation affects the face, neck, body, upper arm, axilla, thigh, and groin. PV often found in tropical areas and attack all ages, but mostly found on teenager age between 16-20 years. Self-care maintenance could be done by maintaining the good personal hygiene, because a poor personal hygiene was the risk factor that trigger pityriasis versicolor. This study has an objective to find out whether there is a relationship between personal hygiene and pityriasis versicolor of State Senior High School 1 Medan students in 2020. This study was observational with cross sectional design, the sample for this study were 100 students in State Senior High School 1 Medan in 2020 by using simple random sampling. Data was collected using an online questionnaire. Based on data from chi square method, there is a result value p=0,027 (p≤0,05). There is a meaningful relationship between personal hygiene and pityriasis versicolor. Pendahuluan: Pitiriasis versikolor adalah infeksi jamur superfisial pada lapisan tanduk kulit yang disebabkan oleh Malassezia furfur atau Pityrosporum orbiculare. Infeksi ini bersifat menahun, ringan, dan biasanya tanpa peradangan yang mengenai muka, leher, badan, lengan atas, ketiak, paha, dan lipatan paha. Pitiriasis versikolor banyak dijumpai di daerah tropis dan dapat menyerang semua usia, namun paling banyak pada remaja usia 16-20 tahun. Pemeliharaan perawatan diri dilakukan dengan menjaga higiene perseorangan yang baik karena higiene perseorangan yang buruk adalah faktor yang memicu pitiriasis versikolor Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara higienitas dan pityriasis versicolor pada siswa SMAN 1 tahun 2020. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini siswa-siswi SMAN 1 Medan tahun 2020 sebanyak 100 dan menggunakan metode simple random sampling. Data yang diperoleh melalui pengisian kuesioner secara online. Hasil: Berdasarkan data yang didapati menggunakan motede chi square, didapati hasil nilai p=0,027 (p≤0,05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara higiene perseorangan dengan kejadian pitiriasis versikolor.

Abstract Background Students in school are more likely to be sick from communicable diseases like diarrheal illnesses, acute respiratory infections, and other illnesses linked to poor personal hygiene. Poor hygiene practices are common among school children and put their health at risk, which in turn has several consequences. These include significant school absences, transmission of infectious diseases to other students, and missed workdays for parents and guardians. However, there is limited evidence on the level of personal hygiene practice and its associated factors among school students. Thus, this study was aimed at determining personal hygiene practice level and its associated factors among elementary school grade (5–8) students in Fiche town, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2022. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 29 to May 29, 2022, in Fiche town, Oromia regional state, among 534 elementary school students. A multi-stage probability sampling technique was used to select the individual students. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data was entered into epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed by SPSS version 26.0. Variables that scored a p-value less than 0.2 during bivariate analysis were included in multilevel logistic regression models to determine factors associated with personal hygiene practice. The odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was estimated, and the level of significance was set at $$\:\le\:$$ 0.05. Results The magnitude of good personal hygiene (scored above the mean) was 59.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)) (55.1–63.0). A considerable proportion of students scored more than 50% in latrine use (62.5%), regular hand-washing (55.4%), and oral hygiene (55.20%) practices. Being female, having good personal hygiene knowledge, doing hygiene inspections at school, and having latrine accessibility was significantly associated with good personal hygiene among elementary school students. Conclusion Considerable proportion of elementary school students in Fiche town have score poor personal hygiene practice. Interventions aimed that target improving knowledge of personal hygiene and hygiene inspection at school are crucial to enhance the personal hygiene among elementary school students.

Background: Pediculosis capitis is one of the parasitic infections that can cause pruritus and allergic reactions. The prevalence of Pediculosis capitis is relatively high and can occur both in developed and developing countries regardless of socioeconomic status. The occurrence of Pediculosis capitis can be caused by poor personal hygiene factors and living environmental conditions, which can also increase the incidence of this ectoparasitic infection. Purpose: To analyze the correlation between personal hygiene and characteristics of the living environment, and the incidence of Pediculosis capitis. Methods: This study is quantitative research with a correlational analysis method and a cross-sectional study approach. Result: The examination of the correlation between poor personal hygiene and the incidence rate of Pediculosis capitis showed a result of 0.000 (p

Background: Superficial fungal foot infection is an infectious disease caused by dermatophyte, Candida spp., and mold. Risk factors are thought due to poor personal hygiene, frequent used of closed shoes, and high physical activity. Purpose: Investigate the profile and the risk factors of superficial fungal foot infections in military students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Inclusion criteria for this study were navy military students with lesions on their feet. Result: This study involved 194 students as the populations with 97 students as the sample of the study. The average age were 17-25 years old, and male students being the major. Erythema and scale were found in the plantar and interdigital pedis. Students with good personal hygiene were 81 students among 97 students (83,5%). Wearing closed shoes for > 8 hours were found in 72 students among 97 students (74.2%). Most of the students exhibit a high physical activity with an average score of 26,880 MET minutes/week. Positive KOH 20% and cultures were found in 30 students (30.9%). Negative KOH 20% and positive culture were found in 27 students (27.8%). Positive KOH 20% and negative cultures were found in 9 students (9.3%). Negative KOH 20% and negative fungal culture results were found in 31 students (31,9%). Mold was the predominant fungal type. Conclusion: The students had good personal hygiene. The average wears closed shoes for >8 hours. Mold was the predominant fungal type in this study.

Purpose: The vaginal microbiota offers valuable insights into women's sexual health and the risk of developing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis. Despite the public health implications of changes in the vaginal environment, existing data on this topic remain sparse. Methods: Following the PRISMA statement guidelines, we consulted five bibliographic databases, focusing on five main daily habits and behaviors. We included only studies published up to October 2023, investigating the influence of personal hygiene, sexual behaviors, hormonal contraception, smoking, alcohol consumption, and psychosocial stress on the vaginal microbiota using next-generation sequencing. Results: Based on our inclusion criteria, we incorporated 37 studies into this review. Hormonal contraception and personal hygiene were found to promote eubiosis of the vaginal microbiota. In contrast, sexual behaviors, smoking, alcohol consumption, and psychosocial stress were associated with an increased susceptibility to bacterial vaginosis, STIs, and severe pelvic inflammatory diseases due to a modified vaginal microbiota. Black ethnicity emerged as a confounding factor, with this population showing unstable vaginal microbiota. Oral contraception and a stable male sexual partner were found to favor Lactobacillus colonization, acting as a protective factor. Conversely, non-hormonal contraception and unprotected or non-penile/vaginal sexual activity increased the incidence of vaginal inflammation and bacterial vaginosis by disturbing the vaginal microbiota and reducing Lactobacillus abundance. Conclusion: Daily habits and lifestyle can influence the composition of the vaginal microbiota, thereby affecting vaginal health. Disturbances in the vaginal microbiota could be associated factors for STIs and vaginosis. Therefore, prioritizing more appropriate management of the vaginal microbiota is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescent girls are vulnerable to reproductive health problems such as genitalia infections, due to lack of personal hygiene during menstruation. Adolescent girls' attitudes towards personal hygiene during menstruation can be influenced by several factors, including the level of knowledge about menstruation and socio-cultural aspects that influence perceptions of personal hygiene during menstruation.Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between knowledge and social culture with attitudes about personal hygiene during menstruation among adolescent girls.Methods: This study uses quantitative correlation with a cross sectional approach. Sampling using purposive sampling with a total of 112 adolescent girls. The research was conducted at MTS Al-Hidayah Satron, Tasikmalya Regency in April-July 2023. Data were collected using knowledge, socio-cultural, and attitude questionnaires about personal hygiene during menstruation. Data were analysed using univariate and bivariate with Spearman rank.Results: The results of research on adolescent girls mostly have poor knowledge as many as 51 people (45.5%), most of them were 62 people (55,4%) with unsupportive socio-culture, and most of them were 65 people (58%) with negative attitude. The statistical test results showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and attitude about personal hygiene during menstruation with a p-value of 0.001 and there was a relationship between social culture and attitude about personal hygiene during menstruation with a p-value of 0.000.Conclusions: Knowledge and social culture of adolescent girls are associated with attitudes about personal hygiene during menstruation. Further research is needed to change the attitude of adolescent girls about personal hygiene during menstruation by increasing the knowledge and socio-culture of adolescent girls so that they can perform personal hygiene during menstruation.

Introduction: Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious skin infestation. Poor personal hygiene often contributes to its prevalence. This study aims to identify specific aspects of personal hygiene that influence the incidence of scabies among residents of the Institute Rehabilitation Center of The Vagrants, Scroungers, and Individuals with Mental Disabilities in the South Sumatra Region. Methods: This observational-analytic study employed a case-control design. Data collection involved clinical records, observations, and questionnaire-based interviews. A total of 160 occupants, comprising 80 cases and 80 controls, were selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis utilized chi-square test and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations (p-value = 0.000) between scabies incidence and bathing habits, cleanliness of mattresses and bed linen, cleanliness of clothing, and open defecation behavior. Multiple logistic regression indicated that open defecation behavior (OR = 56.336; 95% CI = 17.281 – 158.500) was the primary personal hygiene factor influencing scabies incidence. Thus, maintaining proper open defecation practices is crucial for residents' hygiene and health. Conclusion: Poor personal hygiene practices, including inadequate bathing habits, unclean bedding, dirty clothing, and open defecation behavior, contribute to the occurrence of scabies. Effective education and counseling by healthcare professionals are essential for promoting better hygiene practices among residents.

Background and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor knowledge and unsafe food handling practices can jeopardize their children. In Jordan, there are no reliable data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of mothers regarding food safety when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs. Therefore, this study evaluated Jordanian mothers' understanding, beliefs, and behaviors by examining their KAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire. Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness. Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.

Le microbiote vaginal joue un rôle capital dans la santé d'une femme et représente une barrière de défense contre les vaginoses et les infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST). Cependant, les données sur ce microbiote restent peu documentées, alors que ses modifications constituent un problème de santé publique. Dans cette revue, nous avons voulu évaluer l'impact du mode ou des habitudes de vie de la femme sur le microbiote vaginal documenté par des approches en métagénomique. Dans ce cadre, l'hygiène personnelle, les comportements sexuels, les moyens de contraception, le tabagisme, la consommation d'alcool et le stress psychosocial ont été analysés. Le rôle des Lactobacillus est essentiel, représentant une première ligne de défense face aux micro-organismes pathogènes. Le déséquilibre du microbiote avec une augmentation de la diversité bactérienne et/ou la raréfaction des Lactobacillus représente un facteur clé dans l'évolution vers les pathologies infectieuses vaginales. Nous avons observé que la contraception hormonale et l'hygiène personnelle augmentent la présence des Lactobacillus favorisant la stabilité du microbiote vaginal, alors que certains comportements sexuels, le tabagisme, la consommation d'alcool, les règles et le stress étaient associés à une dysbiose et à un risque accru de vaginose bactérienne, IST et maladies inflammatoires pelviennes sévères. L'origine ethnique représentait un facteur de confusion dans toutes les études, en raison du microbiote vaginal instable observé dans certaines populations (africaine ou afro-américaine). Une connaissance approfondie de ces modifications du microbiote vaginal est nécessaire pour mieux prendre en charge la santé des femmes. The vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in a women health, and serves as a defense barrier against vaginoses and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, data on this microbiota remain poorly documented, despite changes in the vaginal microbiote being a public vaginal modification constituting a public health concern. In this review, we investigated the impact of woman lifestyle or habits on the vaginal microbiota documented through metagenomic approaches. In this context, personal hygiene, sexual behaviors, hormonal contraception, smoking, alcohol consumption and psychosocial stress were analyzed. Lactobacillus played a key role, representing a first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. The imbalance of the microbiota with an increase in bacterial diversity and/or the rarefaction of Lactobacillus is a key factor in the progression towards vaginal infectious pathologies.We observed that hormonal contraception and personal hygiene increased the presence of Lactobacillus promoting stability in the vaginal microbiota while certain sexual behaviors, smoking, alcohol consumption, menstruation and psychosocial stress were associated with dysbiosis and an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis, STIs, and severe pelvic inflammatory diseases. Ethnicity represented a confounding factor in all studies, due to the unstable vaginal microbiota detected in some populations (african or afro-american). A better understanding of these factors influencing the vaginal microbiota is necessary for better women's helath management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious skin infestation. Poor personal hygiene often contributes to its prevalence. This study aims to identify specific aspects of personal hygiene that influence the incidence of scabies among residents of the Institute Rehabilitation Center of The Vagrants, Scroungers, and Individuals with Mental Disabilities in the South Sumatra Region. Methods: This observational-analytic study employed a case-control design. Data collection involved clinical records, observations, and questionnaire-based interviews. A total of 160 occupants, comprising 80 cases and 80 controls, were selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis utilized chi-square test and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations (p-value = 0.000) between scabies incidence and bathing habits, cleanliness of mattresses and bed linen, cleanliness of clothing, and open defecation behavior. Multiple logistic regression indicated that open defecation behavior (OR = 56.336; 95% CI = 17.281 – 158.500) was the primary personal hygiene factor influencing scabies incidence. Thus, maintaining proper open defecation practices is crucial for residents' hygiene and health. Conclusion: Poor personal hygiene practices, including inadequate bathing habits, unclean bedding, dirty clothing, and open defecation behavior, contribute to the occurrence of scabies. Effective education and counseling by healthcare professionals are essential for promoting better hygiene practices among residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Helminthiasis in school-age children can impede both physical and cognitive development. Poor personal hygiene practices are associated with various health issues among schoolchildren, including diarrhoea and helminth infections. A healthy environment is crucial for physical and mental well-being, whereas poor sanitation significantly increases the risk of infectious diseases. This study aims to examine the relationship between environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-age children in the Banjarharjo Sub-district. This analytic observational study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in July 2023. Data collection involved administering a personal hygiene and environmental sanitation questionnaire, alongside identifying soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs in faeces and nail samples using the MgSO4 sedimentation method. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study population comprised school-age children from Banjarharjo District, with a final sample size of 58 children from Sindangheula Village and Cikuya Village. Data analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. The results showed no association between environmental sanitation (faeces p = 0.583; nails p = 1.00) and personal hygiene (faeces p = 1.00; nails p = 1.00) and soil-transmitted helminth infection in both faeces and nail samples (p > 0.05). Therefore, the study found no significant relationship between environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection among school-age children in Banjarharjo Sub-district. Keywords: Environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, school age, soil-transmitted helminths

Background: Pediculosis capitis is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, an obligate ectoparasite that lives parasitically on human skin. This disease is most common in women, in people with poor personal hygiene, and in densely populated areas. Boarding schools are densely populated and pose a risk for transmission of pediculosis capitis due to the many interactions among residents. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the association between gender, personal hygiene indicators, and occupancy density with the incidence of pediculosis capitis at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Pondok Pesantren Nurus Sunnah Semarang. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, all the junior high school students at Ponpes Nurus Sunnah were included in a total of 49 subjects. The data were collected by filling out questionnaires, doing a direct examination of the hair, and counting the measurements of the room area. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 for Windows. Result: Pediculosis capitis infestation was found among 13 (26.5%) students, with a higher incidence in females (46.4%) than males (0%), in respondents with the habit of combing hair using a personal comb (37.1%), and in non-densely populated areas (58.8%). There was an association between gender (p=0.000), the habit of combing hair using a personal comb (p=0.006), and occupancy density (p=0.000) and the incidence of pediculosis capitis. Conclusion: Gender, the habit of combing hair using a personal comb, and occupancy density are associated with the incidence of pediculosis capitis...

In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, across six correlational studies in four different countries (total N = 4937), we examined the link between citizens' anger with and admiration for the government's actions and decisions (i.e., system‐based anger and admiration) and engagement in preventive behaviour. The internal meta‐analyses showed that individuals who admired the government's actions were more likely to adopt personal hygiene and social distancing behaviour. Yet, the link between emotions and preventive behaviour differed concerning the target of emotions, especially for anger. Specifically, anger about restrictions imposed by the government was negatively related to preventive behaviours, but this relationship was not significant when the target of anger was the government's overall handling of the pandemic. Our findings emphasise the importance of citizens' emotions and the targets of those emotions during the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor knowledge and unsafe food handling practices can jeopardize their children. In Jordan, there are no reliable data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of mothers regarding food safety when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs. Therefore, this study evaluated Jordanian mothers' understanding, beliefs, and behaviors by examining their KAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire. Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness. Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexually transmitted diseases are a significant public health concern in developing countries. Many people are reluctant to seek treatment due to a lack of awareness and shame. To address this, we must prioritize sexual education, health counseling, and access to sexual hygiene and personal hygiene resources. Ignoring symptoms can lead to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which remains a lifelong challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School-age children are vulnerable to health problems due to biological, behavioral and environmental factors. Currently, there are still many school-age children who have personal hygiene problems. This problem will result in physical disorders, fulfiment of psychosocial needs and personal comfort. School-age children are an ideal time to train motor skills including practicing personal hygiene. This study purpose to improve healthy living behaviour regarding personal hygiene habits in school-age children through educational worksheet media. Method: This study used a descriptive analysis method with a Quasi Experiment approach with a pretestpostest one group control design. The statistical test used was Paired t-test to determine healthy living behaviour using worksheet media on personal hygiene habits patterns in schoolage children in Tanjung Rejo Village. Results: The results of the Paired t-test showed that there was an effect of the using worksheet educational media on the habit patterns and knowledge of school-age children on personal hygiene (P=0.000). Conclusion: Personal hygiene is one of the basic human needs that is carried out every day, including hygiene of hair, teeth and mouth, skin, hands and feet, genitalia and clothing. One way to improve personal hygiene in children is to provide health education. Educational media helps health education to make it easier to convey information. The use of worksheet media is one of the educational media that has an influence on the personal hygiene of school-age children because children prefer attractive pictures rather than writing so as to increase children's enthusiasm for participating in the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health care workers (HCW) in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) frequently come into contact with carriers of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains and may acquire and transmit them to patients. However, there is little data on MSSA and MRSA colonization of medical personnel in the emergency services. Additionally, few studies have analyzed the association between personal hygiene of staff and colonization. Therefore, we examined the prevalence of MSSA and MRSA in EMS staff of two German regions and evaluated their personal hygiene behavior.Method: Throat and nasal swabs from 300 EMS workers were analyzed. Both direct and pre-enriched cultures of the swabs were cultivated on culture media to identify MSSA and MRSA. Results were analyzed together with questionnaires about sociodemographic data and a self-assessment of hygiene behavior. Statistical analysis was done using the R statistical software.Results: Of the total 300 swabs, 55% were from paramedics, 39% were from emergency medical technicians (EMT) and 5% were from emergency physicians. With 1%, the MRSA prevalence was comparable to that of the German population, while the MSSA rate – 43.7% – was higher than expected. Colonization with MSSA was significantly associated with poor hand hygiene and male sex, and was inversely correlated to time on the job in EMS. Conclusion: The sample size of 300 and a MRSA prevalence of 1% made a meaningful analysis of potential influencing factors on the prevalence of MRSA infeasible. The comparatively high prevalence of MSSA and the association with decreasing frequency of hand antisepsis suggests an influence of personal hygiene on MSSA colonization. HCW in EMS should be encouraged to make use of their personal protective equipment and practice frequent hand hygiene. The implementation of diagnostic tools such as the Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework of the WHO could be utilized to reveal problems in organizations, followed by an individual program to promote hand hygiene.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are still among developing countries' most prevalent parasitic infections. IPI is closely linked to nutrition, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, income, climate, and education. Aims/Objectives: To assess the IPI and personal hygiene status among school children in the flood-prone area in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a government primary school in South Jakarta, Indonesia, involving 157 students. A structured questionnaire was developed to assess the personal hygiene behavior of the students. A physical examination of the nail fingers was conducted as well. Feces samples were collected from each student and examined using direct smear techniques to identify intestinal parasite infection. Results: The prevalence of IPI was 38.2% in single and mixed infections. Intestinal parasites recorded in this study were Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm eggs, and non-pathogen protozoa Entamoeba coli. There is no significant difference between the prevalence of IPI with footwear usage, nail-cutting once a week (p=0.718), handwashing before the meal (p=0.688), handwashing after defecations (p=0.618); however, there is a significant difference between nail cleanliness and IPI (p=0.003). Conclusions: The prevalence of IPI in these school children was high and required interventions like health education and action on nail and hand hygiene behavior from school personnel or teachers.

Permasalahan perilaku kesehatan anak usia sekolah berkaitan dengan kebersihan perorangan dan lingkungan, kebiasaan mencuci tangan pakai sabun dan kebersihan diri. Hasil survey pada mitra menunjukkan pengetahuan siswa/i terkait personal hygiene dalam kategori kurang 65,3%, cukup 21,7% dan baik 13%. Hasil observasi pada siswa/siswi terlihat kuku yang panjang dan kotor, gigi kuning dan kotor, rambut yang tidak rapi dan kotor serta telinga yang terdapat banyak serumen. Tujuan kegiatan ini sebagai upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa/i di SDK Sadi. Metode yang digunakan adalah Edukasi Personal Hygiene dengan Metode Peer Group: Teknik Sartoga (Smart Card, Story and Game) yang dilaksanakan dengan beberapa tahapan yaitu story dengan media video pembelajaran, Peer Group Discussion dengan smart card, permainan edukasi terkait personal hygiene dengan bantuan kartu pintar dan demonstrasi. Hasil setelah dilakukan kegiatan pengetahuan siswa/i dalam kategori kurang 17,4%, cukup 30,4% dan baik 52,2%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan siswa/i dan program yang dilakukan sangat efektif.

Anemia is a serious global public health problem and affects the community especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and practice of personal hygiene with anemia incidence in adolescent girls in Sirnagalih Village, Jonggol, Bogor Regency. The research method used was observational analytic using quantitative data with cross sectional design. Respondents of this study were 78 adolescent girls with purposive sampling technique and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected by test of hemoglobin levels and filling out a questionnaire with the google form. Based on the results of data analysis independent and dependent variables using the fisher exact test, age obtained p = 0,023, education obtained p = 0,058, knowledge of personal hygiene obtained p = 0,008, and practice of personal hygiene has p value = 0,045. The conclusion of this study, there is no relationship between education with anemia incidence. However, there is a relationship between variables of age, knowledge and practice of personal hygiene with anemia incidence in adolescent girls in Sirnagalih Village, Jonggol, Bogor Regency.

Stunting merupakan salah satu permasalahan gizi yang dialami oleh balita secara global yang digambarkan sebagai bentuk dari kegagalan tumbuh kembang yang tidak mencapai pertumbuhan optimal akibat gizi kurang atau gizi buruk dalam waktu cukup lama. Kekurangan asupan gizi tersebut terjadi sejak bayi dalam kandungan hingga setelah lahir, namun stunting baru nampak setelah bayi berusia 2 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan personal hygiene ibu dengan kasus stunting pada balita usia 0-59 bulan di lokus stunting Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Desain penelitian menggunakan case control dengan subjek adalah anak usia 0-59 bulan yang terdiagnosa stunting di 9 desa lokus stunting di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir dan kontrol adalah anak usia 0-59 bulan yang tidak terdiagnosa stunting. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling sebanyak 201 reponden dengan perbandingan 1:2 dan ibu dari anak usia 0-59 bulan sebagai responden penelitian. Hasil analisis bivariat diperoleh (p-value =0.000, OR=3,119) menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara personal hygiene ibu dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Balita yang diasuh oleh ibu dengan personal hygiene yang kurang baik akan berisiko mengalami stunting 3,119 kali lebih besar dibanding balita yang diasuh oleh ibu dengan personal hygiene yang baik.

Introduction: Children are more vulnerable than adults to environmental risks, both physical and psychosocial, because of factors related to the development and growing up. Comprehensive risk assessments suggest a cluster of environmental hazards, many of which may concur in the places where children dwell, play and learn. With this background, current study can help to improve hygiene practices and thereby health of children. Objectives: To ind the prevalence of various childhood morbidities and to assess the relationship of personal hygiene and domestic environmental factors with childhood its morbidity pattern and health status. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in Surendranagar, including 210 children (5 to 14 years) selected by cluster sampling method. Results: Prevalence of morbidity among children was 82.38%. About 89% of students brushed their teeth once/day; for brushing, 70% used toothbrush and 97% used toothpaste. Majority (84%) of participants were taking bath daily while only 48% were using soap daily for bathing. Hygiene score was more in normal weight individuals as compared underweight and overweight participants and this difference was statistically signiicant. (p=0.00001) Various domestic environmental factors like type of house (p=0.03), presence of exhaust fan/window in kitchen (p=0.003) drinking water facility (p=0.02), size of house (p=0.02), cross ventilation (p=0.0003) and mosquito presence (p=0.007) were all signiicantly associated with presence of morbidity. Conclusion: The results of the present study conirm that there is great effect of personal hygiene practices and domestic environmental factors on morbidity pattern of children.

This article considers the clothing hygiene of the nomads who lived in the Eurasian steppes during the 13th to 16th centuries. The analysis is based on the written sources from various epochs describing the life of the nomads in the Great Steppe, as well as on the data from archaeological surveys, ethnographic materials, and certain areas of medicine. The objective and subjective factors that determined the hygienic practices of the nomads in caring for their clothes are identified. The nomadic costume was designed to meet the needs of the nomadic life: it was practical and comfortable. Most garments were made of natural materials of animal origin and were therefore difficult to wash. For this and some other reasons, the nomads wore their clothes until they were completely worn out and cleaned them using drying, airing, shaking out, and freezing. The clothing hygiene of the noble nomads differed from that of the ordinary ones, mainly in how often they changed garments. Spiritual and ideological factors (prohibitions, superstitions, and omens) also played a certain role, but this needs to be explored in more detail. Since little is known about personal hygiene habits of the nomads, some of the conclusions made here may be controversial, which in turn will fuel further research on the traditional culture of life support among the nomads of the Eurasian steppes.

Aim: COVID is a life-threatening pandemic disease that can lead to panic-attack disorder, anxiety, mourning, loss and depression. However, it is thought that it may negatively affect their lifestyle, personal hygiene and perception of anxiety. In this direction, the aim of the study is to examine the lifestyle, personal hygiene and anxiety perceptions of individuals after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: In the study, a 12-item questionnaire was applied to determine the perceptions of individuals about their lifestyle, personal hygiene and concerns after the epidemic. The questionnaire was applied via the internet and the data collected is limited to the responses of participants. Data was collected from a total of 2003 social media users from different provinces using convenience sampling. Results: In the study, it was thought that the participants would significantly change their lifestyles after COVID-19. Accordingly, while online shopping has increased relatively, behavioral changes regarding active living spaces have also developed. Conclusion: According to the data in the study, significant changes are expected in the lifestyles of societies after the COVID-19 pandemic. New lifestyles, marked by moving away from crowds, will transform consumer styles. In this direction, it seems inevitable to create new policies for various social areas such as entertainment world, tourism, food and beverage sector, transportation, architecture and shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many primary school children withhold urine and stool whilst at school for various reasons. Limited toilet access and the failure to provide safe, sanitary toilets are putting children at risk for toilet avoidance behavior. We aimed to examine personal hygiene, environmental conditions, the perception of these on children, and their toilet use in primary schools. Children aged 6–12 and their parents were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire regarding toilet behavior and the perception of school toilet standards. The main findings are listed below using the data from the questionnaire. We found that 9% and 63% of the children avoided urination and defecating at school, respectively. Similar results were reported previously. The participants' perceptions regarding the environmental conditions of school toilets and conditions revealed that 34% of the children felt that the toilets were dirty or very dirty. Around one-third of them reported a lack of toilet paper sometimes or most of the time. These unsatisfying hygienic conditions of school toilets can be easily solved. Unfortunately, 46% of the children in our study experienced bullying in school toilets. These worrisome data are seldom reported in other studies. The urination habits of the girls, who mostly preferred to partially squat or stand may lead to dysfunctional voiding and incomplete bladder emptying. Our study was limited by the relatively small population, the subjectiveness of the self-reporting questionnaire, and the voiding and defecation habits of the investigated children during school hours. These hours do not necessarily reflect the children's habits after school hours and during the weekends. Despite these limitations, the discussed issues regarding personal hygiene and the environmental conditions in the sampled primary schools are extremely important. Nearly half of the school children had negative perceptions of school toilets. This should raise awareness and concern for school staff to consider and investigate potential facilities improvement in light of the impact observed here. Implementation of appropriate education and a better environment of toilet facilities and security is important for the children's well-being. Summary table. Summary table Number of children 102 Female 59 Means of personal hygiene teaching Parents 79 Teachers 34 Nurse/school counselor 10 Reasons for avoiding Dirty/very dirty toilets 38 The teacher does not allow to leave the classroom 28 Do not want to waste break time 17 Urination method in girls Whilst sitting 31 "On air" 24 Bullying in school toilets 47 Avoidance behavior Stools 27 Urine 5 Availability of school toilet Yes 74 No 13 Sometimes 15 The general degree of toilet cleanliness Very clean 6 Medium clean 42 Not clean 22 Very dirty 13 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Community Service & Empowerment is the property of Journal of Community Service & Empowerment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation (2314-8608) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Based on data from the World Health Organization said that the incidence of reproductive tract infections (ISR) is highest in the world, namely in adolescents (35%-42%) and young adults (27%-33%). Hygiene behavior is an important theme that needs to be examined in depth. Purpose: This study aims to identify the influence of peer education on the level of knowledge and behavior of adolescents about the importance of reproductive health Method: This type of research is quantitative research that uses Quasi Experiment with One Group Pre-post Design research design. The research sample was taken from a population of 25 adolescent girls in Wonoasri Hamlet using Total Sampling. The data collection technique used in this study was by using questionnaires and structured nonparticipant observations. Results: The result of this study is the influence given by peer education on the level of knowledge of adolescents about personal hygiene during menstruation. Conclusion: It is known from the results of questionnaires given before the intervention and after the intervention carried out with a p-value (0.000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor snack food habits with a diversity of snacks encourages children's snack habits at school, because they can spend a third of their time at school. However, there are still many children who have the habit of consuming snacks and poor hand and nail hygiene habits The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in elementary school. This research was quantitative with the Cross Sectional method. The sample in this study amounted to 118 respondents, which were determined by simple random sampling technique. Respondents were dominated by women as many as 77 respondents (65.3%), and the age of the respondents was dominated by the age category 11-12 years as many as 60 respondents (50.8%). Bivariate analysis resulted that there was a significant relationship between the frequency of snack food consumption, the choice of snack foods, the habit of washing hands, and cleanliness of nails with the incidence of diarrhea, while the habit of carrying lunch had no significant relationship with the incidence of diarrhea in elementary school in Muara Burnai Village II. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the selection of snack foods was the most dominant variable influencing the incidence of diarrhea in elementary school children with (p-value=0.030; PR=29.291; CI 95%)=1.393-615.854) after controlling for the variable frequency of snack food consumption, washing habits hand and nail hygiene. The schools should make regulations related to standards for traders so that they become healthy canteens in school.

Introduction: Thai tea is one of the aromatic drinks widely sold around the Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Lampung, Indonesia. Bacteria often contaminate this drink due to unhygienic handling. The number and types of contaminating bacteria have yet to be widely reported, especially in Lampung province. This study aimed to detect various bacterial contaminants in Thai tea beverages sold on the road in the ITERA region and their relationship with the hygiene behavior of Thai tea sellers. Methods: The sampling technique used in this study involved accidental sampling by detecting microbes using the most probable number method and the specific medium. The number and types of bacteria were analyzed for diversity and correlated with the behavior of Thai tea sellers. Results and Discussion: Of the 50 Thai tea samples, coliform bacteria, and Pseudomonas sp. in all samples (100%), Aeromonas sp. (36%), Shigella sp. (68%), Escherichia coli (76%), and Salmonella sp. (8%). The highest concentration of pollution occurred in Sukarame District (SK). SK10 had the highest number of contaminants, namely, Pseudomonas sp. (2.96x103±165 CFU ml-1), E. coli (7.2x103±190 CFU ml-1), Shigella sp. (3.35x103±350 CFU ml-1) and Salmonella sp. (9.65x103±50 CFU ml-1). The poor quality of Thai tea is caused by unhygienic tea raw materials and the habits of the seller, who does not perform hygienic tasks during the preparation and use of Thai tea. Conclusion: All samples did not meet the requirements for the presence of bacteria in drinking water, based on regulation No.492/MENKES/Per/IV/2010 and World Health Organization.

Background: The role of food handlers in maintaining food safety, especially in healthcare settings, cannot be overstated. Poor hygiene practices can lead to foodborne illnesses, which are particularly dangerous in a hospital environment where patients may have compromised immune systems. Ensuring high standards of personal hygiene among food handlers is crucial in healthcare settings to prevent foodborne illnesses. This study focuses on the hygiene practices of food handlers in a hospital environment. Objective: To assess the personal hygiene practices of food handlers in District Hospital Parbhani. The study aims to identify the adherence level to hygiene standards and pinpoint areas for potential improvement in food safety practices. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was employed, targeting food handlers in District Hospital Parbhani. The survey utilized a structured questionnaire to collect data on various aspects of personal hygiene, including hand hygiene, personal cleanliness, and safe food handling methods. The participants were also interviewed to understand their knowledge and attitudes towards food safety. The data collected was then systematically an analysed to identify patterns, strengths, and areas needing improvement in the hygiene practices of the food handlers. Results: In our study at District Hospital Parbhani, among the 126 food handlers, a notable 45.24% were below 30 years of age. When assessing hygiene practices, 74% of the handlers had clean nails, and approximately 50% practiced hand washing with soap and water after using the toilet. The cleanliness of kitchen areas was maintained by 73% of the establishments, with 62% using soap and detergents for cleaning purposes. Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of rigorous personal hygiene practices among food handlers in healthcare settings. It recommends ongoing training and periodic evaluations at District Hospital Parbhani to sustain and enhance these hygiene standards, thereby ensuring the health and safety of patients and staff.

Background and purpose: Adherence to the principles of personal protection and commitment to health guidelines and principles of prevention perform important roles in controlling COVID-19 in a community. In this re3search we studied necessary measures to prevent COVID-19 in university dormitories at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2021. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 114 students in active dormitories during the COVID-19 pandemic participated in an online survey and their views and knowledge about COVID-19 preventive measures in the dormitories were examined. The samples were recruited using census method and data were analyzed in SPSS. Results: The results of the Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between adherence to preventive measures and educational level (P=0.015). Following personal hygiene was found to be significantly different according to being a local student, having underlying diseases, and the number of students at rooms (P0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that among the four areas investigated, personal hygiene practices and following the principles of prevention of COVID-19 were in a good condition, while physical distancing and screening were not satisfying. Therefore, university authorities should make serious changes to improve these issues at dormitories.

Introduction: The organic content of tempeh liquid waste and “Raja” banana peel can be utilized to make organic liquid fertilizer as an alternative for waste control. This study aims to analyze the effect of “Raja” banana peel bio-activator on tempeh liquid waste during the production of organic liquid fertilizer. Methods: The research design is a pure experiment with a posttest only and a control group design. The object of the study was tempeh liquid waste treated with Raja banana peel bio-activator in three replicates of 30 mL 40 mL and 50 mL. Data analysis used the Kruskal Wallis test. Results and Discussion: The highest average in C content was found in liquid fertilizer with bio-activator 30 mL (1.84%), N content in liquid fertilizer with bio-activator 50 mL (0.17%), P content in liquid fertilizer with bio-activator 50 mL (0.11%), K content in liquid fertilizer with bio-activator 30 mL (0.13%) and total macro nutrients (N, P, K) in liquid fertilizer with bio-activator 50 mL (0.36%). The average volume of “Raja” banana peel bio-activator did differ significantly between 30 mL, 40 mL and 50 mL, indicating that it did not significantly affect the content of C, N, P and K in organic liquid fertilizer. Conclusion: The contents of macro nutrient in this organic liquid fertilizer do not meet the government standard on Minister of Agriculture Regulation; therefore’ further research is needed to determine the appropriate levels of bio-activators in producing organic liquid fertilizer.

Introduction: As a drinking water provider, refill drinking water station must comply with hygiene and sanitation standards for water quality, including the microbiological value standard for clean water. This study was conducted to determine the microbial levels in refill drinking water station and analyze the drinking water quality based on sanitation hygiene observations. Methods: The study included laboratory test methods, cross-sectional analysis tests, and a descriptive analysis. Drinking water sampling and sanitation observations were performed using the total sampling technique on 17 water station. As much as 100 ml of drinking water samples were taken directly from the faucet to refill water with a sterile bottle container. Sanitary hygiene was studied through interviews using an observation sheet. Results and Discussion: The most bacteria were found at 108 per 100ml in Escherichia coli parameters and 866 per 100ml in coliform parameters in the station water samples with the Station 8 (SK) code. The interviews showed that seven station did not meet the criteria for good sanitation hygiene. Conclusion: Sanitary hygiene is carried out to reduce or eliminate bacterial contamination in drinking water. Observations and laboratory tests show that good sanitation is related to drinking water quality.

Scabies is a skin disease endemic in tropical and subtropical climates that is highly contagious and generally affects groups of people with low socioeconomic conditions, poor personal hygiene and sanitation. This activity aimed to make efforts to prevent, provide education, and assist public health development so that it is expected to improve public health in boarding schools students. This study aims to make efforts to prevent, provide education, and assist public health development so that it is expected to improve public health in boarding schools. The sample to be analyzed was 19 students from Raudlatul Junior High School. Examination of parasites that cause scabies is done with a skin swab. The results of observations that have been made of Raudlatul Musthofa Junior High School students show that the majority of students have carried out personal hygine well, namely all 19 students (100%) bathing at least twice a day using soap, keeping hands and feet clean, and changing clothes when dirty. A total of 14 students (74%) do not exchange personal items such as towels, do not take turns in clothes, and do not dry clothes in the room. A total of 15 students (79%) cleaned the bed, 18 students (95%) did not lend toiletries such as soap, and 16 students (84%) did not experience symptoms of frequent itching at night, rashes (spots), wounds, or dry and crusty skin. The results of skin swab examinations on 19 students at Raudlatul Musthofa seen under a microscope obtained as many as 13 students (68%) samples contained bacteria and as many as 6 students (32%) samples contained fungi.

Wet wipes are good examples of common textile materials used in daily life. Although they can serve for different purposes, wet wipes for personal hygiene are especially popular, in particular, those with antimicrobial properties. Considering their demand, especially during epidemics, it is expected that the wet wipe market has the potential to expand further. In order to achieve antibacterial properties, wet wipes contain various chemicals, some of which can have a negative impact on human health. By using natural substances, it is aimed to minimize the use of harmful substances in wet wipes and offer innovative products on the market. For this, in the present study, leaf extract and fruit juice from gilaburu plants (Viburnum opulus L.) were used. The solutions obtained were used directly, without the addition of any further chemicals, in the impregnation of nonwoven webs/fabrics. Then, the impregnated nonwoven webs (wet wipes) were analyzed in terms of antibacterial properties and storage stability. The obtained results showed that the wipes (nonwoven webs) impregnated with gilaburu fruit juice could decrease Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria populations even after 5 weeks of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The purpose of the study was to examine whether individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia differ in personal hygiene (PH) from controls and to assess the importance of gender, clinical characteristics and body self (body experience and body image) for PH. Method. Eighty-two subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in stable mental state and 82 control subjects were studied. All subjects completed the Personal Hygiene Scale (PHS), the Body Self Questionnaire, and answered the questions in Cenestopathy Interview. To confirm the validity of patients' replies, PHS was also completed by medical staff. Results. Subjective assessment of PH correlated with ratings made by medical personnel. The patient group subjects rated their PH worse than controls. Men rated their PH worse than women. In the case of male patients, hygienic deficits were associated with numerous disturbances in body experience (cenestopathy, disturbances in interpreting and regulating body states, and disturbances in body identity), while in the case of women with schizophrenia they were related only to difficulties in interpreting and regulating body states and negative symptoms. Conclusions. Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a stable mental state manifest deficits in personal hygiene that are related not so much to negative body image as to a disturbed body experience. The determinants of hygiene deficits in schizophrenia are gender-dependent. The study did not include individuals with severe illness, which helps to understand the lack of correlation between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and PH in the male study group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in Indonesia. The increase in the incidence of stunting in Indonesia is influenced by various factors such as maternal, nutritional, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Personal hygiene of mothers and children, access to basic sanitation, and clean water are associated with high stunting rates in the Singgorojo 1 Public Health Center. Objectives: Determined the relationship between personal hygiene, water availability, and environmental sanitation with the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 6--59 months. Methods: Observational analysis used a case-control design. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires and observation of children. The affordable population of this study was toddlers aged 6-59 months in the working area of the Singgorojo Health Center 1. The sample used was 50 toddlers aged 6-59 months. The sampling technique was carried out by consecutive sampling. Data analysis used Chi- Square, Fisher Exact, and Logistic Regression tests. Results: The relationship between personal hygiene (OR=5.762; p=0.012; 95% CI=1.363-- 24.362), water availability (OR=4.571; p=0.349; 95% CI=0.473--44.170), and environmental sanitation with stunting incidence ( OR=9.333; p=0.001; 95% CI=2.431-- 35.839). The results of the multivariate analysis of the relationship between personal hygiene (OR=3.867; p=0.111; =1.353; 95% CI=0.732--20.423), water availability (OR=10.305; p=0.066; =2.333; 95 % CI =0.858--123.732), and environmental sanitation with stunting incidence (OR=10.535; p=0.002; =2.355; 95% CI=2.419--45.887). Conclusions: Personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are associated with stunting in toddlers aged 6--59 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of E-International Journal of Educational Research is the property of E-International Journal of Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)