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The alkylation of nucleophiles is among the most fundamental and well‐developed transformations in chemistry. However, to achieve selective alkylation of complex substrates remains a nontrivial task. We report herein a general and selective alkylation method without using strong acids, bases, or metals. In this method, the readily available phosphinites/phosphites, in combination with ethyl acrylate, function as effective alkylating agents. Various nucleophilic groups, including alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, imides, and thiols can be alkylated. This method can be applied in the late‐stage alkylation of natural products and pharmaceutical agents, achieving chemo‐ and site‐selective modification of complex substrates. Experimental studies indicate the relative reactivity of a nucleophile depends on its acidity and its steric environment. Mechanistic studies suggest the reaction pathway resembles that of the Arbuzov‐Michalis reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the difficult-to-treat high-concentration phosphorus in the spent electroless nickel plating baths, the transformation trends of phosphorus species in catalytic oxidation-reduction, H2O2 oxidation, calcium hypochlorite oxidation, and Fenton oxidation treatment processes were monitored and analyzed. Subsequently, the coagulation/precipitation process was further used to remove TP from the wastewater, and the final TP removal effect was investigated. The experimental results showed that there was no obvious selectivity in the three oxidation treatments of H2O2 oxidation, calcium hypochlorite oxidation, and Fenton oxidation, and a certain concentration of difficult-to-treat H2PO2- remained in the wastewater after the reaction, with TP removal rates of 81.9%, 92.2%, and 96%, respectively. After catalytic oxidation-reduction treatment, almost all phosphorus species in the spent electroless nickel plating baths were converted to HPO32-, and the TP removal rate could reach 99.7% after calcium chloride precipitation treatment. Meanwhile, HPO32- was also a valuable resource that could be utilized. By adding Al2(SO4)3·18H2O to the wastewater treated by catalytic oxidation-reduction, aluminum phosphite products could be recovered, which was of great significance in wastewater treatment, green environmental protection and resource utilization.

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The synthesis of the phosphorus‐capped heptaphenylsilsesquioxane T7Ph7P is reported. We show that, unlike previous examples, it readily forms Lewis acid‐base adducts with boranes of different steric demand and the FeCO4 fragment. All complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy in solution and the solid state. The molecular structures of the adducts with BPh3 and B(C6F5)3 were determined from XRD suitable single crystals. The relative conformation of the Ph and C6F5 rings in T7Ph7P−B(C6F5)3 suggests favorable π‐interactions, stabilizing the adducts to such a degree that attempts to activate H2 or CO2 were unsuccessful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a popular fruit consumed for its desirable flavour, aroma and colour and is considered a functional food due to its antioxidant properties. Noting the need for farmers to increase productivity to meet increasing consumer demands, this study aimed to explore the potential of biostimulants to enhance strawberry cultivation. Herein, a field trial was conducted on a commercial strawberry farm, wherein 1944 strawberry plants received fertigation supplementation with either a control solution (nutrients only) or nutrients combined with one of two biostimulant complexes (BCs). Biostimulant complex 1 (BC1) was composed of molasses, Aloe vera extract and fish-hydrolysate, and biostimulant complex 2 (BC2) was composed of potassium silicate and potassium phosphite. Results indicated that BC1 maintained total yields but increased the sellable proportion and decreased the proportion of waste. In contrast, BC2 increased total yields with both sellable yields and waste increased. No significant changes were observed for indicators of consumer preference (flavour, aroma and fruit colour), however, on-average large increases were observed to indicators of fruit antioxidant properties (phenolic and flavonoid content). Accordingly, these results support the utilisation of biostimulants as a strategy to improve strawberry on-farm productivity without compromising consumer quality measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphite (Phi) has gained attention in agriculture due to its biostimulant effect on crops. This molecule has been found to benefit plant performance by providing protection against pathogens, improving yield and fruit quality as well as nutrient and water use efficiency. It is still unclear how Phi enhances plant growth and protects against multiple stresses. It has been hypothesized that Phi acts by directly affecting the pathogens and interacting with the plant cellular components and molecular machinery to elicit defense responses. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying Phi's beneficial effects on plants, revealing their complex interplay with fundamental signaling pathways. An RNA-seq study of Arabidopsis seedlings under optimal and limiting phosphate conditions helped us unveil Phi's role in promoting plant growth by activating the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis and signaling pathways associated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA). The expression of ABA-related genes, known for their involvement in stress response and development regulation, is triggered by Phi treatment, contributing to enhanced resilience and growth. Simultaneously, the activation of the SA pathway, associated with defense responses, suggests Phi's potential in bolstering plant immunity. Moreover, Phi influences JA biosynthesis and signaling, which are crucial for defense against herbivores and pathogens, thereby strengthening plants' defenses. Our findings reveal a multifaceted mechanism through which Phi benefits Arabidopsis development. Understanding its intricate interplay with key signaling pathways opens avenues for leveraging Phi as a strategic tool to enhance plant resilience, immunity, and growth in agricultural and ecological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the system L-cysteine-H3PO3–H2O, a new salt with a dimeric cation, (L-CysH⋯L-Cys)(H2PO3), has been obtained. The compound exhibits incongruent solubility and is synthesized using an equimolar ratio of L-cysteine and phosphorous acid. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121. The dimeric (L-CysH⋯L-Cys) cation is formed due to a strong O–H⋯O hydrogen bond with an O⋯O distance of 2.498(2) Å. Phosphite anions in the structure are linked to infinite chains. An IR spectrum is recorded and discussed based on its structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phosphite, a reduced form of phosphate, has been proposed to be a better source of phosphorus due to its high mobility in soil and can be used as an alternative fertilizer with herbicide for growing crops engineered with bacterial phosphite dehydrogenase protein from Pseudomonas stutzeri. This enzyme uses NAD as a cofactor and its overexpression could deplete the cellular NAD pool, creating pressure on other cellular biochemical reactions. To take advantage of both NAD and NADP, we mutated the native phosphite dehydrogenase gene for relaxed cofactor specificity and overexpressed it in rice plants. The engineered rice plants were found to metabolize phosphite efficiently. However, use of phosphite as a herbicide was not met by mutated phosphite dehydrogenase overexpressing plants as compared to the rice plants overexpressing wild type phosphite dehydrogenase. Therefore, we conclude that mutant phosphite dehydrogenase has potential industrial application for NADPH regeneration and its use for engineering crops for dual fertilization and weed control system is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitors can be used to reduce the application of conventional pesticides against grapevine diseases; however, they may disrupt plant primary metabolism. The long-term effects (more than 6 days after treatment) of applying plant defence stimulators (PDS) to protect grapevine from Plasmopara viticola were investigated. We studied the effect of three PDS (acibenzolar-S-methyl/ASM, potassium phosphonate/PHOS, methyl jasmonate/MeJA) and one surfactant (Triton) on gene expression and metabolite production in leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon before or after their inoculation with P. viticola. The molecular and biochemical results show the impact of these PDS on grapevine metabolism more than 6 days after treatment, and after inoculation. High-throughput q-RT-PCR revealed that sixty of the primary metabolism genes (ion homeostasis and hormones pathways) were modulated by all treatments, some modulations being specific to a given PDS. Meanwhile, 1H NMR studies revealed variations in metabolite abundances (amines, amino acids, organic acids, polyphenols and sugars), with some being common to all treatments (organic acid increase) and others specific to a single one. By combining two methodological approaches, it was possible to determine the specific effects of each PDS on Vitis. All PDS-induced resistance involved modulation of the primary metabolism. This innovative approach can be extended to vineyard studies in order to help better understand the variability of PDS effects in natura.

Phytophthora are causing declines in forest tree species worldwide and the chemical control treatment, phosphite, is the only treatment consistently shown to provide some protection to natural ecosystems from Phytophthora diseases. Phosphite inhibits Phytophthora growth and sporulation whilst boosting defence responses in the plant host. It is unclear, however, the extent of the impact of phosphite on Phytophthora species assemblages and inoculum abundances in soil around trees following treatment within natural ecosystems. In New Zealand, kauri (Agathis australis), an endemic and threatened foundation species, suffers from a dieback disease primarily caused by Phytophthora agathidicida. Phosphite is applied by trunk injection to kauri and has been shown to improve resin ‘bleed’ symptoms from basal trunk lesions and to promote recovery of thinned canopies. Phytophthora community and inoculum abundance were investigated in response to phosphite treatments at two field sites (Huia and Waitoki) in infected kauri stands in Auckland, New Zealand. At Huia, soil sampling and tree health surveying were conducted in November 2023 on trees treated with phosphite in 2012 as part of an earlier study. At Waitoki, the response to phosphite treatment was monitored 6 and 18 months following treatment. Phytophthora species were detected using soil baiting and metabarcoding of Environmental DNA (eDNA) from soil and quantified with qPCR of root and soil DNA. Three species were detected with soil baiting (P. agathidicida, P. cinnamomi, and P. multivora) and two additional species with metabarcoding (P. pseudocryptogea, and an unknown clade 7 species similar to P. europaea). Phytophthora cinnamomi was the most abundant species, followed by P. agathidicida. Both species were more likely to occur together than by chance alone and were associated with declining tree health. The P. europaea-like species was in approximately 50 % of the samples and was less likely to occur in roots with poorer health, or in association with P. agathidicida. The abundance of P. agathidicida inoculum was lower in the soil around the phosphite-treated trees than around the untreated control trees 1.5 years after treatment at Waitoki. Phosphite halted the lateral expansion of basal resin bleeds, and resin viscosity was reduced. Not only did phosphite treatments improve kauri dieback symptoms, but the phosphite treatments potentially had a direct impact on the epidemiology of the disease by reducing inoculum load around treated trees, with direct implications for disease management as an effective way to protect uninfected areas and minimise the spread of inoculum from infested zones.

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: For plant species that have evolved in fire-prone environments, declines after wildfires are often driven by the combination of fire and other threatening processes. Mitigating the impacts of these threatening processes can sometimes effectively support post-fire population recovery. Aims: We test the effectiveness of: (1) phosphite application to mitigate Phytophthora dieback; (2) fencing to exclude browsing by mammalian herbivores; and (3) translocation to sites where threats can be practically managed, for conservation of threatened flora affected by wildfires in 2018 and 2019 in the Stirling Range (Koi Kyeunu-ruff), south-western Australia. Methods: Survival of Phytophthora -susceptible flora was compared in repeatedly sampled plots from prior to and after wildfire and ± recurrent phosphite application. Survival and growth of browsing-susceptible flora was compared post-fire in fenced and control plots. Survival, growth and flowering was compared between wild populations recruiting after wildfire and translocated populations. Key results: Phosphite application increased survival of most Phytophthora -susceptible flora. Fencing led to greater growth and often increased survival. Translocated populations, with supplemental water, had greater growth rates and earlier flowering than wild populations, and a non-significant trend for higher survival. Conclusions: These findings provide strong evidence supporting continuation of phosphite application, herbivore exclusion and translocation for post-fire recovery of the threatened flora of the Stirling Range. Implications: With increasing wildfire extent, frequency and impact across the globe, successful management of non-fire threats will be crucial for post-fire conservation of threatened flora, with the approaches proving effective in this study likely to have conservation value elsewhere. Mitigation of the impacts of Phytophthora dieback and browsing by mammalian herbivores improved post-fire survival and/or growth of threatened flora in the Stirling Range (Koi Kyeunu-ruff), Western Australia. Translocated populations had greater growth and earlier flowering than wild populations. Mitigating non-fire regime threats supported post-fire recovery of threatened flora. Photographs by S. Barrett (Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple crystals of ethylenediammonium cobalt bis(hydrogen phosphite) dichloride were produced from an aqueous solution containing ethylenediamine, cobalt chloride, and phosphorous acid. The new compound is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 8.6665(3) Å, b = 7.2866(2) Å, c = 9.7300(3) Å, β = 112.726(3); V = 566.74(3) Å3, Z = 2. The 2D structure comprised ethylenediammonium cations sandwiched between the [Co(HPHO3)2Cl2]2− layers. The latter are built of trans-CoO4Cl2 octahedra linked by hydrogen-bonded dimers of hydrophosphite ions, (HPHO3)22−. The new compound is a complete structural analog of the recently reported (C2N2H10)[Co(HSeO3)2Cl2] and isostructural analogs with other transition metal dications; it is, in fact, the first representative of a new "layered hydrophosphite" family. Its structure provides yet another illustration of essential similarities in the crystal chemistry of selenites and phosphites, including protonated species, wherein the lone pair of SeIV and the nearly nonpolar P–H enhance formation of loose and/or open-framework structural architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemically closed-loop-recyclable biodegradable polymer, poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO), is one of the ideal candidates for single-use plastic products due to its suitability for different application scenarios. Fascinatingly, when PPDO wastes can be collected, its monomer p-dioxanone (PDO) will be obtained through chemical recycling of these wastes; when cannot be collected, the wastes are able to be biodegraded into harmless substances. However, unsatisfied thermal stability and low crystallization rate of PPDO restrict its wider applications. Herein, based on end-group regulation, we simultaneously realized the significant enhancement of thermal stability and crystallization of PPDO through the simple melt processing with tributyl phosphite (TBP) or triphenyl phosphite (TPP). The model reactions were conducted to investigate the reaction mechanism and theoretical products during the preparation of PPDO/phosphite compounds. Two kinds of phosphites were proved to act as the end-capped reagent and chain extender in the melt processing, while TBP presented better reactivity. As a result, the activation energy of thermal decomposition was largely elevated, and the unprecedented T5% (the temperature at a weight loss of 5%) and Tmax (the temperature at a maximum rate of weight loss) of PPDO were obtained, i.e., T5% of ~330 °C and Tmax of ~385 °C in N2 atmosphere, T5% of ~240 °C and Tmax of ~317 °C in air atmosphere, respectively. Furthermore, the increased crystallization rate, crystallinity, crystalline orderliness, and realizable monomer recovery (yield >90%, purity >99.9%) of PPDO/phosphite compounds were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves simulating climate changes under phytotron conditions, providing novel insights into the combined impact of elevated temperature (20–24 °C, 24–28 °C, 28–32 °C) and CO2 levels (800–850 ppm) compared to standard CO2 concentrations on calcium oxide, potassium phosphite, Streptomyces griseoviridis, Trichoderma asperellum and Beauveria bassiana. The study focuses specifically on their effects in the lettuce-Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (race 1) pathosystem. Temperature was the main factor that influenced Fusarium wilt severity in the inoculated and untreated controls and the efficacy provided by the tested products. Potassium phosphite generally provided consistent disease reduction under all the tested conditions, and it resulted to be more effective at 20–24 °C× 400–450 ppm of CO2 (76% efficacy) than at 800 ppm of CO2 (47% efficacy), while calcium oxide provided the greatest lettuce wilt severity reduction (43 − 46% efficacy) at 20–24 °C, with the tested CO2 concentrations having no significant effect. B. bassiana provided consistent disease control at 20–24 °C (53–56% efficacy) for both CO2 concentrations, while increases in CO2 significantly improved the efficacy of S. griseoviridis across this temperature range. T. asperellum was inconsistent in the biocontrol of the pathogen under all the here tested environmental conditions. Potassium phosphite and B. bassiana provided the best Fusarium wilt reduction, that is, of 23–35% and 28–32%, respectively, for the 24–28 °C temperature range and for both the tested CO2 concentrations, while calcium oxide was only effective for the standard CO2 level (30% efficacy). None of the tested biocontrol agents were effective at 28–32 °C with 400–450 ppm of CO2. In practical management, understanding how the tested biocontrol agents and resistance inducers respond to climate change is essential to set plant protection strategies accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphite (Phi) has gained attention in agriculture due to its biostimulant effect on crops. This molecule has been found to benefit plant performance by providing protection against pathogens, improving yield and fruit quality as well as nutrient and water use efficiency. It is still unclear how Phi enhances plant growth and protects against multiple stresses. It has been hypothesized that Phi acts by directly affecting the pathogens and interacting with the plant cellular components and molecular machinery to elicit defense responses. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying Phi’s beneficial effects on plants, revealing their complex interplay with fundamental signaling pathways. An RNA-seq study of Arabidopsis seedlings under optimal and limiting phosphate conditions helped us unveil Phi’s role in promoting plant growth by activating the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis and signaling pathways associated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA). The expression of ABA-related genes, known for their involvement in stress response and development regulation, is triggered by Phi treatment, contributing to enhanced resilience and growth. Simultaneously, the activation of the SA pathway, associated with defense responses, suggests Phi’s potential in bolstering plant immunity. Moreover, Phi influences JA biosynthesis and signaling, which are crucial for defense against herbivores and pathogens, thereby strengthening plants’ defenses. Our findings reveal a multifaceted mechanism through which Phi benefits Arabidopsis development. Understanding its intricate interplay with key signaling pathways opens avenues for leveraging Phi as a strategic tool to enhance plant resilience, immunity, and growth in agricultural and ecological contexts.

ABSTRACTMicroorganisms are essential drivers of earth’s geochemical cycles. However, the significance of elemental redox cycling mediated by microorganisms is often underestimated beyond the most well-studied nutrient cycles. Phosphite, (per)chlorate, and iodate are each considered esoteric substrates metabolized by microorganisms. However, recent investigations have indicated that these metabolisms are widespread and ubiquitous, affirming a need to continue studying the underlying microbiology to understand their biogeochemical effects and their interface with each other and our biosphere. This review focuses on combining canonical techniques of culturing microorganisms with modern omic approaches to further our understanding of obscure metabolic pathways and elucidate their importance in global biogeochemical cycles. Using these approaches, marker genes of interest have already been identified for phosphite, (per)chlorate, and iodate using traditional microbial physiology and genetics. Subsequently, their presence was queried to reveal the distribution of metabolic pathways in the environment using publicly available databases. In conjunction with each other, computational and experimental techniques provide a more comprehensive understanding of the location of these microorganisms, their underlying biochemistry and genetics, and how they tie into our planet’s geochemical cycles.

Reduced-oxidation-state phosphorus (reduced P, hereafter) compounds were likely available on the early Earth via meteorites or through various geologic processes. Due to their reactivity and high solubility, these compounds could have played a significant role in the origin of various organophosphorus compounds of biochemical significance. In the present work, we study the reactions between reduced P compounds and their oxidation products, with the three nucleosides (uridine, adenosine, and cytidine), with organic alcohols (glycerol and ethanolamine), and with the tertiary ammonium organic compound, choline chloride. These reactions were studied in the non-aqueous solvent formamide and in a semi-aqueous solvent comprised of urea: ammonium formate: water (UAFW, hereafter) at temperatures of 55–68 °C. The inorganic P compounds generated through Fenton chemistry readily dissolve in the non-aqueous and semi-aqueous solvents and react with organics to form organophosphites and organophosphates, including those which are identified as phosphate diesters. This dual approach (1) use of non-aqueous and semi-aqueous solvents and (2) use of a reactive inorganic P source to promote phosphorylation and phosphonylation reactions of organics readily promoted anhydrous chemistry and condensation reactions, without requiring any additive, catalyst, or other promoting agent under mild heating conditions. We also present a comparative study of the release of P from various prebiotically relevant phosphate minerals and phosphite salts (e.g., vivianite, apatite, and phosphites of iron and calcium) into formamide and UAFW. These results have direct implications for the origin of biological P compounds from non-aqueous solvents of prebiotic provenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal--organic frameworks (MOFs) derived nickel single-atom material (marked as Ni@NC) with electrocatalytic reduction activity was prepared through hydrothermal synthesis followed by high-temperature calcination. A graphite felt loaded with the Ni@NC catalyst was applied as anode to treat the wastewater discharged from electroless nickel plating process through electrocatalytic reduction from phosphite to hypophosphite for recycle of phosphorus in electroless nickel plating process. The micromorphology, crystal structure, elemental composition, and electrochemical property of Ni@NC were analyzed. The effects of reactor configuration, current density, pH, reaction time, and reuse of the Ni@NC-loaded electrode on the electrocatalytic reduction activity of Ni@NC were studied experimentally. The reduction rate of phosphite in an artificial wastewater was about 60% when the reaction was conducted with a cationic exchange membrane at pH 3 and current density 10 mA/cm2 for 120 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of phosphites as nucleophiles for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral chromene derivatives has been overlooked in the literature. Herein, we report a promising approach via asymmetric organocatalyzed phospha‐Michael addition to iminochromenes, using a bifunctional squaramide, which gives access to chromenylphosphonates, an interesting family of bioactive compounds. Our optimized protocol provides very good reactivity, affording yields of up to 95% and with chiral products exhibiting an enantiomeric excess of up to 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi causes a deadly plant disease. Phosphite is widely used as an effective treatment to protect plants from Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phosphite as a common fungicide might influence the composition of soil fungal communities. However, whether the belowground effects of phosphite-mediated protections are direct or indirectly mediated through soil biota are unknown. Therefore, exploring belowground effects could contribute to the evaluation of the sustainability of phosphite use and tests hypotheses about direct versus indirect effects in pathogen response. Methods: Our greenhouse pot experiment on Rhododendron species had either an after-pathogen or a before-pathogen use of phosphite to compare and evaluate plant and soil fungal responses to phosphite and the presence of an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The factorial experiment also included with and without pathogen and soil biota treatments, for a test of interactive effects. High throughput sequencing analyzed the soil fungal communities, and we measured the diversity, evenness and richness of soil fungi. Results: Phosphite effectively increased survival of Rhododendron species. It altered the composition of soil fungal communities, and the timing of using phosphite determined the way in which the fungal communities changed. Trichoderma taxa also responded to soil phosphite and Phytophthora cinnamomi. Conclusions: The benefits of antagonistic fungi such as Trichoderma are context-dependent, suggesting protection against pathogens depends on the timing of phosphite application. This study provides evidence that phosphite-mediated pathogen protection includes both direct benefits to plants and indirect effects mediated through the soil fungal community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphite is the most energetically favorable chemotrophic electron donor known, with a half-cell potential (Eo') of -650 mV for the PO43-/PO33- couple. Since the discovery of microbial dissimilatory phosphite oxidation (DPO) in 2000, the environmental distribution, evolution, and diversity of DPO microorganisms (DPOMs) have remained enigmatic, as only two species have been identified. Here, metagenomic sequencing of phosphite-enriched microbial communities enabled the genome reconstruction and metabolic characterization of 21 additional DPOMs. These DPOMs spanned six classes of bacteria, including the Negativicutes, Desulfotomaculia, Synergistia, Syntrophia, Desulfobacteria, and Desulfomonilia_A Comparing the DPO genes from the genomes of enriched organisms with over 17,000 publicly available metagenomes revealed the global existence of this metabolism in diverse anoxic environments, including wastewaters, sediments, and subsurface aquifers. Despite their newfound environmental and taxonomic diversity, metagenomic analyses suggested that the typical DPOM is a chemolithoautotroph that occupies low-oxygen environments and specializes in phosphite oxidation coupled to CO2 reduction. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the DPO genes form a highly conserved cluster that likely has ancient origins predating the split of monoderm and diderm bacteria. By coupling microbial cultivation strategies with metagenomics, these studies highlighted the unsampled metabolic versatility latent in microbial communities. We have uncovered the unexpected prevalence, diversity, biochemical specialization, and ancient origins of a unique metabolism central to the redox cycling of phosphorus, a primary nutrient on Earth.

Energy metabolism in extant life is centered around phosphate and the energy-dense phosphoanhydride bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a deeply conserved and ancient bioenergetic system. Yet, ATP synthesis relies on numerous complex enzymes and has an autocatalytic requirement for ATP itself. This implies the existence of evolutionarily simpler bioenergetic pathways and potentially primordial alternatives to ATP. The centrality of phosphate in modern bioenergetics, coupled with the energetic properties of phosphorylated compounds, may suggest that primordial precursors to ATP also utilized phosphate in compounds such as pyrophosphate, acetyl phosphate and polyphosphate. However, bioavailable phosphate may have been notably scarce on the early Earth, raising doubts about the roles that phosphorylated molecules might have played in the early evolution of life. A largely overlooked phosphorus redox cycle on the ancient Earth might have provided phosphorus and energy, with reduced phosphorus compounds potentially playing a key role in the early evolution of energy metabolism. Here, we speculate on the biological phosphorus compounds that may have acted as primordial energy currencies, sources of environmental energy, or sources of phosphorus for the synthesis of phosphorylated energy currencies. This review encompasses discussions on the evolutionary history of modern bioenergetics, and specifically those pathways with primordial relevance, and the geochemistry of bioavailable phosphorus on the ancient Earth. We highlight the importance of phosphorus, not only in the form of phosphate, to early biology and suggest future directions of study that may improve our understanding of the early evolution of bioenergetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato bacterial canker and stem rot are two of the most devastating bacterial diseases of tomatoes worldwide. Tomato cultivars that are resistant to these diseases are not available; thus, alternative control strategies are needed. In this study, the foliar spray effect of five individual phosphites and a fungicide on tomato bacterial canker and stem rot disease development, chlorophyll concentration, dry weight and stem diameter was investigated under controlled greenhouse conditions in two pot experiments. Phosphites inhibited the growth of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) between 50 and 74%, and raised the chlorophyll concentration estimated by SPAD measurements of tomato leaves up to 30% in phosphite sprayed plants. Likewise, phosphites reduced Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) development among 31% and 82% and induced an relative increases in chlorophyll concentration compared to control. Since the increase in dry weight (up to 15%) and stem diameter (up to 3%) of tomato plants varied in the first experiment, no increase observed for the second experiment. Additionally, no statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were figured out in dry weight and stem diameter of tomato plants compared to positive controls in response to both diseases. These results indicated that phosphites could be included effectively in tomato bacterial canker and stem rot disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic, lignin-derived substrates have emerged as desirable biorenewable chemical feedstocks for coupling reactions. A radical-mediated conversion of phenol derivatives to anilines is reported, using unfunctionalized hydroxamic acids as the N-centered radical source. The applicability of this triethyl phosphite mediated O-atom transfer approach, which tolerates a range of steric and electronic demands to naturally occurring phenols and lignin models, has been demonstrated in this work to access the corresponding aniline derivatives.

Three chiral diphosphites, (S,S)-5,17-bis(1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxyphosphanyloxy)-25,26,27,28-tetrapropyloxycalix[4]arene (1), (S,S)-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dipropoxy-26,28-bis(1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxyphosphanyloxy)calix[4]arene (2) and (S,S)-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26-dipropoxy-27,28-bis(1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxyphosphanyloxy)calix[4]arene (3), based on conical calix[4]arene were investigated in the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-dehydroamino esters. High conversions were observed after 24 h under 5 bar of hydrogen whatever the employed diphosphite, and the chiral induction increases in the order 1 < 3 < 2. This may be due to the presence of the calix[4]arene moiety, which by its presence modifies the second coordination sphere of the catalytic center. The larger steric hindrance around the rhodium atom leads to the higher enantiomeric excess.

The in-fall of meteorites and interstellar dust particles during the Hadean–Archean heavy bombardment may have provided the early Earth with various reduced oxidation state phosphorus compounds and minerals, including phosphite (HPO32−)([Pi(III)]). The ion phosphite ([Pi(III)])has been postulated to be ubiquitous on the early Earth and consequently could have played a role in the emergence of organophosphorus compounds and other prebiotically relevant P species such as condensed P compounds, e.g., pyrophosphite ([PPi(III)]) and isohypophosphate ([PPi(III–V)]). In the present study, we show that phosphite ([Pi(III)]) oxidizes under mild heating conditions (e.g., wet–dry cycles and a prebiotic scenario mimicking a mildly hot-evaporating/drying pool on the early Earth at 78–83 °C) in the presence of urea and other additives, resulting in changes to orthophosphate ([Pi(V)]) alongside the formation of reactive condensed P compounds (e.g., pyrophosphite ([PPi(III)]) and isohypophosphate ([PPi(III–V)])) through a one-pot mechanism. Additionally, we also show that phosphite ([Pi(III)]) and the condensed P compounds readily react with organics (nucleosides and organic alcohol) to form organophosphorus compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research is the property of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phosphite has been sprayed on threatened natural plant communities in southwestern Australia for the past 25 years to mitigate the impact of the globally widespread plant pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi. Of concern is that this may result in an increase in phosphorus concentrations in naturally nutrient deficient soils, causing the loss of plant species that are sensitive to increased phosphorus levels. The impact of aerial spraying phosphite on soil and Proteaceae species richness and abundance was measured at three sites within the Southeast Coastal Province of Western Australia. Healthy and diseased vegetation which had been sprayed with phosphite for 14–26 years was compared with nonsprayed healthy and diseased vegetation. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence that spraying is doing harm to Proteaceae species at the three sites studied. Healthy‐nonsprayed and Healthy‐sprayed areas had generally similar levels of soil total P, and this was associated with similar values for Proteaceae species richness and abundance in these areas. Phosphite spraying of diseased vegetation benefited Proteaceae plant diversity and abundance by preventing the disappearance of some species. Given these results, it was recommended that phosphite spraying be continued as a management action for controlling Phytophthora cinnamomi while research into alternative solutions continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-containing compounds are an essential motif in all disciplines of chemistry and the efficient synthesis of these frameworks is a highly sought-after goal. Presented here is a summary of recent efforts conducted by our group to develop radical-mediated amination strategies for the formal synthesis of primary amines from alkenes with exclusive anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity. We have found that N-hydroxyphthalimide is an effective reagent capable of supplying both the N and H atoms for alkene hydroamination in a group transfer radical addition-type mechanism. Furthermore, allyl-oxyphthalimide derivatives are similarly capable of radical group transfers and allow for the aminoallylation of an external alkene.

Abstract The inclusion of biosafety strategies into strain engineering pipelines is crucial for safe-by-design biobased processes. This in turn might enable a more rapid regulatory acceptance of bioengineered organisms in both industrial and environmental applications. For this reason, we equipped the industrially relevant microbial chassis Pseudomonas putida KT2440 with an effective biocontainment strategy based on a synthetic dependency on phosphite, which is generally not readily available in the environment. The produced PSAG-9 strain was first engineered to assimilate phosphite through the genome-integration of a phosphite dehydrogenase and a phosphite-specific transport complex. Subsequently, to deter the strain from growing on naturally assimilated phosphate, all native genes related to its transport were identified and deleted generating a strain unable to grow on media containing any phosphorous source other than phosphite. PSAG-9 exhibited fitness levels with phosphite similar to those of the wild type with phosphate, and low levels of escape frequency. Beyond biosafety, this strategy endowed P. putida with the capacity to be cultured under non-sterile conditions using phosphite as the sole phosphorous source with a reduced risk of contamination by other microbes, while displaying enhanced NADH regenerative capacity. These industrially beneficial features complement the metabolic advantages for which this species is known for, thereby strengthening it as a synthetic biology chassis with potential uses in industry, with suitability towards environmental release.

Abstract Phosphite has been sprayed on threatened natural plant communities in southwestern Australia for the past 25 years to mitigate the impact of the globally widespread plant pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi. Of concern is that this may result in an increase in phosphorus concentrations in naturally nutrient deficient soils, causing the loss of plant species that are sensitive to increased phosphorus levels. The impact of aerial spraying phosphite on soil and Proteaceae species richness and abundance was measured at three sites within the Southeast Coastal Province of Western Australia. Healthy and diseased vegetation which had been sprayed with phosphite for 14–26 years was compared with nonsprayed healthy and diseased vegetation. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence that spraying is doing harm to Proteaceae species at the three sites studied. Healthy‐nonsprayed and Healthy‐sprayed areas had generally similar levels of soil total P, and this was associated with similar values for Proteaceae species richness and abundance in these areas. Phosphite spraying of diseased vegetation benefited Proteaceae plant diversity and abundance by preventing the disappearance of some species. Given these results, it was recommended that phosphite spraying be continued as a management action for controlling Phytophthora cinnamomi while research into alternative solutions continues.

The ability of organic, microbial or mineral-based soil additives to suppress root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi was compared with disease reduction resulting from the use of the fungicides phosphite or metalaxyl. The effect of glyphosate (commonly used for weed control) on plant health was also examined. Avocado plants were grown in a glasshouse in pots with soils collected under mature commercial avocado trees. To simulate 'orchard soil' conditions, chicken manure, wood mulch, and mulch from beneath 20-year-old trees in an avocado orchard were added to the pots. The effect of P. cinnamomi on plant growth and visible root damage was assessed using plants grown under these 'orchard' soil conditions, and treatments with further additives (two microbial soil conditioners, one organic and two mineral-based mulches). In two of three experiments, infestation of soil with P. cinnamomi resulted in no significant reduction on fine root dry weight for plants sprayed with phosphite, or treated with a silicate-based mulch. However, when a combination of these two treatments gave no additive effect. In one experiment, a microbial-based conditioner was also beneficial. Phosphite was preferable to metalaxyl as a chemical treatment, as the latter reduced shoot dry weight by 25% and fine root dry weight by 30% of that in non-inoculated plants. Glyphosate treatment of wheat seedlings growing in the pots with the avocados also reduced shoot dry weight (20%) and fine root dry weight (20%) of non-inoculated avocados. These observations need to be confirmed under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphites are nucleophilic in nature and can act as a good leaving group owing to the stability of the phosphite anion. This dual reactivity makes them good candidates for nucleophilic organocatalysis. However, phosphites were introduced only in 2004 as the umpolung catalyst for acylsilane substrates utilizing sequential Brook rearrangements. Very recently, phosphites have been reported to catalyze aza‐rearrangements and radical reactions. In this review, we discuss the reactivity parameters to understand its lack of use, as well as the potential for catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species in the genus Phytophthora cause significant economic losses in crops and damage to forests and natural ecosystems worldwide. Currently, phosphite is the most effective chemical for disease management, but excessive phosphite concentrations can result in phytotoxicity in plants and the development of tolerance by the pathogen. Two newly developed metal chelates and phosphite (alone and in combination) were tested for their in vitro and in planta efficacy against Phytophthora cinnamomi. In glasshouse trials, 0.25% and 0.5% of each chemical treatment (phosphite, Ca chelate, Zn chelate) and Ca chelate + phosphite were used as a foliar application on 3‐month‐old seedlings of Banksia grandis (experiment not repeated) and Eucalyptus marginata, prior to inoculation with P. cinnamomi. All noninoculated control plants remained healthy, while significant root damage and reduction of dry root weights were observed for inoculated untreated plants. Individually, phosphite and Ca chelate significantly reduced root lesion development of P. cinnamomi compared to the control, with Ca chelate attaining superior results to phosphite at the same concentration. In combination, Ca chelate + phosphite had the largest reduction in root lesion development in both plant species; however, this result has not yet been replicated but did reflect previous in vitro results. The Zn chelate applications were not effective. Ca chelate has the potential to be developed as a fungicide to control Phytophthora species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three chiral diphosphites, (S,S)-5,17-bis(1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxyphosphanyloxy)-25,26,27,28-tetrapropyloxycalix[4]arene (1), (S,S)-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dipropoxy-26,28-bis(1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxyphosphanyloxy)calix[4]arene (2) and (S,S)-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26-dipropoxy-27,28-bis(1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxyphosphanyloxy)calix[4]arene (3), based on conical calix[4]arene were investigated in the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-dehydroamino esters. High conversions were observed after 24 h under 5 bar of hydrogen whatever the employed diphosphite, and the chiral induction increases in the order 1 < 3 < 2. This may be due to the presence of the calix[4]arene moiety, which by its presence modifies the second coordination sphere of the catalytic center. The larger steric hindrance around the rhodium atom leads to the higher enantiomeric excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphite, a reduced form of phosphate, inhibits the growth and even has toxic effect on plants. To learn more about the mechanism of alfalfa responses to phosphite, the morphological and physiological characteristics, and the metabolites and transcript levels were comprehensively analyzed following the exposure of alfalfa seedlings to phosphite and phosphate under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that phosphite inhibited seedling growth and photosynthesis. However, the absorption efficiency of phosphite was higher than that of phosphate in roots, which was supported by increased total phosphorus concentration of 16.29% and 52.30% on days 8 and 12. Moreover, phosphite stress affected the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates, which were reflected in enhanced glycolipid and sulfolipid in roots and amylose in shoots. Phosphite stress resulted in a decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA) in the whole plant and zeatin in the shoots, which could enable alfalfa to adapt to the phosphite environment. Some genes involved in phosphate starvation response included SPX , phosphate response regulator2 , and inorganic phosphate transporter 1–4 (PHT1;4) in roots were affected by phosphite stress. In addition, some genes that are involved in stress responses and DNA repair were induced by phosphite stress. These observations together suggest that alfalfa responds to phosphite stress by inhibiting growth, regulating the genes induced by phosphate starvation, improving oxidative protection, promoting DNA repair, and adjusting the IAA and zeatin signaling transductions. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular response to phosphite stress in alfalfa. • Phosphite inhibited the growth of alfalfa seedlings. • Phosphite inhibited nitrogen assimilation and promoted sulfate assimilation. • Phosphite stress increased Phosphate starvation induced (PSI) genes. • Phosphite induced stress response genes and promoted DNA repair in alfalfa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title structures of bis(guanidinium) trioxofluorophosphate, bis(guanidinium) trioxofluorophosphate-phosphite (0.716/0.284), bis(guanidinium) trioxofluorophosphate-phosphite (0.501/0.499), bis(guanidinium) trioxofluorophosphate-phosphite (0.268/0.732), and bis(guanidinium) phosphite are crystal-chemically isotypic. Their structures correspond to the structure of bis(guanidinium) trioxofluorophosphate which was determined by Prescott, Troyanov, Feist & Kemnitz (Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2002, 628, 1749–1755). The P and O atoms of the substituted trioxofluorophosphate and phosphite anions share the same positions while the P-F and P-Hhydrido are almost parallel and oriented in the same direction. Two symmetry-independent anions and two of three symmetry-independent cations are situated on the crystallographic mirror planes. The ions are interconnected by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds of moderate strength. The most frequent graph set motif is R 2 2 (8) , which involves interactions between the primary amine groups and the trioxofluorophosphate or phosphite O atoms. Fluorine, as well as the hydrido hydrogen, avoids inclusion into the hydrogen-bond network. The Hirshfeld surface analysis was also performed for the comparison of intermolecular interactions in the title structures of bis(guanidinium trioxofluorophosphate and bis(guanidinium) phosphite. The title crystals were also characterized by vibrational spectroscopy methods (FTIR and Raman) and the second harmonic generation (SHG). The relative SHG efficiency considerably decreases from bis(guanidinium) trioxofluorophosphate to bis(guanidinium) phosphite for the fundamental 1064 nm laser line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the previously reported (enH2)[Co(H2PO3)2Cl2] (enH2 = ethylenediammonium cation), we successfully prepared its analogs with other divalent transition metal cations: Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+. These compounds are isostructural to each other and the archetypic hydroselenites, (enH2)[M(HSeO3)2X2]. Despite evident similarities, some essential differences are observed between hydroselenites and hydrophosphites, both in chemistry and in structural details. Due to smaller size of H2PO3− relative to HSeO3−, only chloride phosphites could be prepared; the reducing capacity of H2PO3− permits preparation of FeII compound but not that of CuII. A single attempt to introduce piperazinediium cation instead of ethylenediammonium results in formation of (pipH2)[Co(H2PO3)2Cl2] with a structure different from (pipH2)[Cd(HSeO3)2Cl2]. Another serendipitous product is the 1-methylpiperazinediium derivative, (mpipH2)2[Co(H2PO3)2I3][H(H2PO3)2], which features a yet unique complex hydrogen-bonded network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The electrodialysis and hydrothermal coupling process was newly provided. • Nearly complete oxidation efficiency of hypophosphite and phosphite was achieved. • Non externally added •OH radical acted as the green and strong oxidant. • High quality of Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 OH and Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 was separated from heavy metals. Hypophosphite is an ideal reducing agent used in industries such as electroplating. However, the presence of high concentrations of hypophosphite and phosphite in industrial wastewater necessitates the consumption of large amounts of strong oxidants to oxidize hypophosphite to phosphate for subsequent removal by precipitation. This study introduces an innovative application of green hydrothermal process for the oxidation treatment of inorganic materials, combined with the ion enrichment advantages of electrodialysis. This novel coupling process achieves efficient enrichment and rapid oxidation of high-concentration hypophosphite and phosphite with minimal chemical consumption and more economical operating costs, yielding high-quality phosphate resources. Under electrodialysis conditions with a particle electrode dosage of 3 %, a voltage of 20 V, and a residence time of 10 h, the total phosphorus in the middle chamber was reduced from 2801.17 mg/L to 119.05 mg/L, achieving an anodic enrichment rate of 95.75 %. Under hydrothermal conditions of 400 °C for 15 min, with an H 2 O 2 doping ratio of 7 % and a Ca(OH) 2 doping ratio of 35 g/L, the peak oxidation rates of H 2 PO 2 − and HPO 3 2− reached 99.38 %, and 99.39 % of phosphorus was transferred from the liquid phase to the solid phase in recyclable forms such as Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 OH, Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 , and FePO 4. H 2 O 2 enhances the hydrothermal oxidation process by increasing the concentration of free radicals. Ca(OH) 2 acted as a catalyst to enhance •OH generation during the hydrothermal reaction, provided Ca2+ required for phosphorus recycling, and increased the pH to obtain crystalline products with a high Ca/P molar ratio. Compared to conventional advanced oxidation processes, the electrodialysis and hydrothermal coupling process offers a clean alternative for treating high-concentration hypophosphite and phosphite in plating wastewaters, achieving a cost saving of 22.99 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphite, a reduced form of orthophosphate, is characterized by high solubility, and transportation efficiency and can be used as potential phosphorus fertilizer, plant biostimulant and supplemental fertilizer in agriculture. However, the effects of phosphite fertilizer on soil properties and microorganisms are poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of phosphate and phosphite fertilizers on the different forms of phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and phoD-harboring bacterial community in the alfalfa (Medicago sativa) field. The study used four concentrations (30, 60, 90, and 120 mg P2O5 kg−1 soil) of phosphate (KH2PO4) and phosphite (KH2PO3) fertilizers for the alfalfa field treatment. The results showed that both phosphite and phosphate fertilizers increased the total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contents in the soil. The phosphorus content of the phosphite-treated soil was lower than that of the phosphate-treated one. TP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and AP negatively regulated ALP activity, which decreased with increasing phosphate and phosphite fertilizers concentrations. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing analysis identified 6 phyla and 29 families, which were classified from the altered operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the soil samples. The redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that pH, TP, AP and Pi were significantly related to the phoD-harboring bacterial community constructure. The different fertilizer treatments altered the key families, contributing to soil ALP activities. Frankiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Rhizobiaceae positively correlated with ALP activity in phosphite-treated soil. Moreover, the structural equation model (SEM) revealed that ALP activity was affected by the phoD-harboring bacterial community through altered organic phosphorus (Po), AP, total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), and pH levels under phosphate fertilizer treatment. However, the effect was achieved through positive regulation of pH and AP under phosphite fertilizer. Thus, the changes in soil properties and phoD-harboring bacteria in response to phosphate and phosphite treatments differed in the alfalfa field. This study is the first to report the effects of phosphite on the soil properties of an alfalfa field and provides a strong basis for phosphite utilization in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction to forge the atropisomeric biaryls has seen remarkable progress but exploration of this chemistry to directly forge chiral C(aryl)‐C(alkene) axis is underdeveloped. The replacement of arene substrates by alkenes intensifies the challenges in terms of reactivity, configurational atropostability of product and selectivity control. By meticulous ligand design and fine‐tuning of reaction parameters, we identified a highly active 3,3′‐triphenylsilyl‐substituted phosphite ligand to realize arene‐alkene Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of hindered aryl halides and vinyl boronates under very mild conditions. The axially chiral acyclic aryl‐alkenes were generated in commendable efficiency, enantioselectivity and E/Z selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Phosphorus (P) is essential to life in the form of various phosphate esters that make up DNA, RNA and other cellular structures. It mainly exists in the form of phosphate. However, other reduced-oxidation-state P compounds have also been found in natural waters, in living organisms, and in natural glasses formed by lightning called fulgurites. Iron meteorites often bear a P mineral, schreibersite, which corrodes in water to produce various P species including reduced-oxidation-state compounds such as phosphite. This form of natural P is reactive and unstable as ultimately the phosphides and phosphites convert into phosphate, the most stable form of P on an oxidizing world. Previous analyses of 3.5 billion rocks identified various P species including phosphite revealing that phosphite was present on the early Earth and, despite its reactivity, it was stable under geologic timescales. In the present communication, we present the analyses of a meteoritic sample, the pallasite Seymchan, which is rich in the mineral schreibersite and was allowed to corrode for eight years in water. At room temperature, the schreibersite corroded in water to give P species including phosphate and phosphite. These results indicate that phosphite is not an ephemeral species and it is stable enough to be detected in multiple environments. In-fall of extraterrestrial material including meteorites and interstellar dust particles during the late heavy bombardment are known to have brought substantial amounts of reduced oxidation-state phosphorus to the early Earth in the form of siderophilic minerals, e.g., schreibersite ((FeNi)3P). In this report, we present results on the reaction of meteoritic phosphide minerals in the Seymchan meteorite in ultrapure water for 8 years. The ions produced during schreibersite corrosion (phosphite, hypophosphate, pyrophosphate, and phosphate) are stable and persistent in aqueous solution over this timescale. These results were also compared with the short-term corrosion reactions of the meteoritic mineral schreibersite's synthetic analog Fe3P in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions (ultrapure water and formamide). This finding suggests that the reduced-oxidation-state phosphorus (P) compounds including phosphite could be ubiquitous and stable on the early Earth over a long span of time and such compounds could be readily available on the early Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]