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ll volume raccoglie 11 contributi che da diverse ottiche disciplinari e metodologiche affrontano il tema dell’uso che della scrittura è stato fatto in diverse società e diversi momenti del mondo antico – in particolare nel Mediterraneo orientale – dalla comparsa dei primi documenti cuneiformi, e del complesso problema del rapporto tra lingua, scrittura e immagini, alla diffusione degli alfabeti classici. Che la scrittura, nelle sue diverse manifestazioni, dalle monumentali iscrizioni ‘ufficiali’ alle sue più modeste espressioni quali i graffiti sia uno strumento privilegiato di informazione e conoscenza, è dato più che acquisito. Come si evince dal titolo il focus del volume è posto piuttosto sulla molteplicità dei piani di lettura riconoscibili in ogni tipo di testo considerato in relazione al supporto, e più in generale al contesto di produzione e di uso nelle sue numerose articolazioni, di strumento amministrativo, contabile, politico, propagandistico, la cui efficacia spesso va al di là della stessa comprensione immediata dei testi. Si propongono quindi riflessioni sul rapporto tra segni, lingue e immagini, tra scrittura lingua e identità, tra scrittura, lingua e controllo politico, come spunti per ulteriori riflessioni e approfondimenti. Le livre rassemble 11 contributions issues de différentes optiques méthodologiques et disciplinaires qui traitent de l'utilisation de l'écriture dans différentes sociétés et différentes époques du monde antique – en particulier de la Méditerranée orientale – de l'apparition des premiers documents cunéiformes et du problème complexe de la relation entre langue, écriture et images, à la diffusion des alphabets classiques. C’est un fait acquis que l’écriture, dans ses diverses manifestations, depuis les inscriptions « officielles » monumentales jusqu’à ses expressions plus modestes telles que les graffiti, est un instrument privilégié d’information et de connaissance. Comme le montre le titre, le livre met plutôt l’accent sur la multiplicité des plans de lecture reconnaissables dans chaque type de texte considéré en relation avec son support, et plus généralement dans le contexte de la production et de l’utilisation dans ses nombreuses articulations, en tant qu’outil administratif, politique, de propagande, dont l’efficacité va souvent au-delà de la compréhension immédiate des textes. Nous proposons donc des réflexions sur la relation entre les signes, les langues et les images, entre la langue l’écriture et l'identité, entre l'écriture, la langue et le contrôle politique, autant de suggestions pour des réflexions et des discussions ultérieures.

À partir de son « invention » et de sa diffusion dans le monde méditerranéen, l’écriture décore de nombreux objets du « quotidien », différents quant à leur matière, leur aspect, leur fonction, et dont l’interprétation est souvent ambigüe et/où a l’origine de débats variés. On a ainsi proposé une première et fondamentale distinction à partir au moins du moment où l’on écrit sur l’objet : on peut évidemment reconnaître une volonté d’origine, si le texte est écrit dès le début – c’est le cas des « légendes » sur les vases grecs –, tandis que les graffitis et toute inscription réalisée après cuisson sur un objet prêt à être vendu ou déjà sur le marché, révèlent une utilisation secondaire. Un cas particulier est représenté par les vases et tout objet réalisé par moulage ; ils sont souvent produits à une grande distance du lieu et même de l’époque d’origine, grâce à la circulation des moules et à la pratique du surmoulage, qui changent le rapport entre producteur et client : l’interprétation des signes, dans plusieurs cas transformés en pseudo-inscriptions, devient alors difficile. Tel est le cas pour les lampes produites en quantité a Gerasa entre le vie et le viiie siècle apr. J.-C. et dont le réservoir est orné de lettres grecques, possible survivance d’une véritable inscription. S’agit-il de textes/lettres seulement décoratifs ou suffisant à évoquer, auprès d’acheteurs qui parfois ne parlent ni ne comprennent plus le grec, le message originel ? Since its invention and diffusion in the Mediterranean world, writing appears on daily use objects no matter their material, form or function, creating multiple interpretative issues. However, a fundamental distinction between intentionality and causality (or secondary purpose) should be made when dealing with writing on such objects. Words or symbols incised and/or painted on a vase prior to its firing tell us about their primary intentionality, whereas the same writing realized after the vase has been produced should be rather connected to a secondary phase of life of the object itself (indication about the content, trade purposes, etc.). Specifically, inscriptions on mould-made objects represent an even more interesting case. Because of moulds high mobility in the ancient world, the objects realized with them might be found far away from their place of origin. Furthermore, modification to the moulds might occur in the meantime, generating a whole spectrum of variabilities between the finished product and the producer. As far as moulds with inscriptions concern, such change make the interpretation and meaning rather problematic, suggesting perhaps the existence of pseudo-inscriptions. This is particularly true in the case of a group of mould-made lamps from Gerasa (Jordan), mostly dated to the period between the 6th and the 8th c. CE. These lamps have all inscribed Greek letters on top, possibly to be connected to a no-longer present inscription. The debate about the interpretation of such artefacts is still open: were they merely decorative letters/short texts or the Greek words were able to evoke, in the non-Greek speaking buyers, the original message?

‘La scrittura è un’invenzione del diavolo!’ Con questa incisiva definizione Ferdinando II di Borbone reagiva al giudizio negativo sulla sua condotta durante i moti del 1848 espresso su un giornale francese del tempo, confermando la convinzione, peraltro ampiamente condivisa, che vedeva nell’istruzione in generale e nell’alfabetizzazione in particolare, un pericoloso strumento di sovversione quanto meno da controllare. È questa una delle infinite vicende che hanno accompagnato, e in qualche mi...

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Seventeen samples of thin walled pottery from the Roman port of Neapolis (late II century BC - early III century AD) were studied in order to ascertain the type of clay and temper utilised, and their provenance. Seven samples of thin walled pottery from a homogeneous group (based on mineralogical and chemical characteristics) represent a local production of this ceramic class within the Neapolis area. This group was manufactured with a low-CaO clay, that probably derived from a weathered or alluvial deposit, together with reworked pyroclastic material (e.g., Sorrento area or Sebeto River plain) and volcanic sand from the Neapolitan area, containing both Somma-Vesuvius and Phlegraean Fields products. Two other fragments could be attributed to different Campanian production areas, such as the Pozzuoli area. Eight outlier fragments found in the port of Neapolis probably originate from extra regional production sites (e.g., southern Tuscany or the Arno valley).

In the last few decades, urban archaeology in Naples has contributed to outline the history of the city. The discovery of a great amount of pottery gave information about the daily life of ancient Naples. It was therefore decided to draw up a thematic archaeological map of the ceramics finds to reconstruct their production and distribution from the 4th century B.C. to the 7th century A.D. The project ceraNEApolis consists of a pottery map linked to a bibliographic database, which will be made available online: a working tool for experts, useful to outline the cultural city stratification and to understand the Neapolitan archaeological sites through the material. It is useful in defining the topography of production (workshop, raw materials, and resources), distribution (communication routes, harbour, market), uses and consumption patterns (house, habitat, sacred areas, burials) in the city, even if lacking monumental evidence. It contributes to the reconstruction and analysis of the cultural and urban landscape, taking into account the geomorphological elements and the data contexts even in diachronic and transversal multi-disciplinary perspective. The analysis of some significant cases shows its validity also for potential alternative fruition. The integration of virtual reality systems is a possible extension also for the knowledge, enhancement, communication and use of cultural heritage.

Ce fut le grand exploit et la fierte des Empereurs romains que d’avoir fonde l’approvisionnement de Rome sur des bases nouvelles et plus sures. Pour expliquer leur succes, il ne faut certes negliger ni l’acquisition d’importantes nouvelles sources d’approvisionnement (l’Egypte), ni l’amelioration des moyens de transport et de stockage, ainsi que des installations portuaires, ni les progres de l’administration (le prefet de l’annone). Mais la concentration des armees aux frontieres et leur relative independance economique constituent un autre element d’explication. Tout au long du Principat, l'armee reguliere, dans l’ensemble, resta eloignee de Rome. Les deux groupes de consommateurs les plus importants de l’Empire n’etaient pas en concurrence. Leurs systemes d’approvisionnement etaient separes et distincts ; chaque concentration importante de soldats, aux avant-postes de l’Empire, se trouvait au centre d’une economie administrative et militaire relativement autonome.

L’Asia Minore non ha mai avuto un ruolo significativo nei rifornimenti granari di Roma, né in età repubblicana, né in età imperiale. Al contrario, testimonianze epigrafiche segnalano momenti di difficoltà per la provincia, attribuiti, nella bibliografia moderna, in parte alla scarsità della produzione locale, in parte al venir meno di rifornimenti esterni, soprattutto egiziani, per effetto della politica di Roma. I dati archeologici oggi disponibili — per quanto scarsi-insieme ad una rilettura dei testi, suggeriscono viceversa l’immagine di un paese relativamente autosufficiente, in cui le crisi segnalate dipenderebbero non dalla diminuzione della produzione, ma dall’aumento del consumo. Asia Minor has never played a significant role in the grain supply of Rome, neither in the Republican nor in the Imperial age. On the contrary, epigraphic evidence indicates difficult times for the province, attributed, in the modern literature, in part to the scarcity of local production, in part to the failure of excternal supplies, especially Egyptian, as a result of the policy of Rome. The archaeological data available today-few as they are-together with a re-reading of the texts, suggest vice versa the picture of a relatively self-sufficient country, in which the crises noted would depend not on the diminution of the production, but on the increase of consumption.

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