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Recently, there is biotechnological interest in secondary metabolites of endophytes since they have been shown to be capable of producing substances of pharmacological importance. Piliostigmathonningii is a tree whose parts are widely employed in Nigeria for diverse medicinal applications. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical composition, the antiradical and in vitro antimicrobial potentials of the crude ethyl acetate extract of Curvularia sp isolated from the leaves of the plant. The endophytic fungus was isolated, purified, and identified using conventional methods. While standard procedures was employed in the determination of the phytochemical constituents, quantitative estimation of the total phenol and flavonoid were done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid and quercetin as standards respectively. While the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH scavenging assay, the agar well diffusion method was employed to screen for its antimicrobial capabilities. Results showed the presence ofimportant phytoconstituents notably alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolics, tannin, saponins among others. While the antioxidant assay showed the total phenolic and flavonoid contents to be 212.55 ± 1.2 mgGAE/g extract and 143.16 ± 0.8 mgQE/g extract respectively, a 74.45 ± 0.11% free radical scavenging activity was observed compared to ascorbic acid standard that exhibited a 87.92 ± 0.17% inhibition. At the highest investigated concentration of 1 mg/mL, the extract produced antibacterial activity only against Escherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that the extract exhibits marked antioxidant and selected antibacterial effects thus justifying the assertion that endophytic bioactive compounds have promising applications in the field of medicine.

Background: Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach) Milne-Redhead [Fabaceae] is a plant widely used locally for the treatment and management of several ailments which include epilepsy in Northeastern Nigeria.Objectives: This study aimed at evaluation of the toxicity and anticonvulsant effect of ethanol leaf extract of Piliostigma thonningii in rats and mice with a view to determining the efficacy of the plant as an anticonvulsant drug.Methods: Fresh leaves of Piliostigma thonningii were air-dried, pulverized and extracted using soxhlet extraction apparatus. Acute toxicity study was carried out by Lorke’s method and the anticonvulsant activity of the ethanol leaf extract was carried using pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced convulsion model on Wistar strain albino rats and mice respectively.Result: The soxhlet extraction yielded 21.04% w/w of extract after being concentrated. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 were ≥ 5000 mg/kg implying that the extract is relatively safe according to literatures. Anticonvulsant effect of the ethanol leaf extract using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), revealed the ability of the extract to confer protection on rats treated with doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/Kg bd. wt. by exerting 60%, 80% and 80% protection on rat against PTZ induced convulsion respectively in a dose dependent manner as well as protected 20%, 60% and 80% of mice against death induced by strychnine when treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanol extract.Conclusion: The ethanol leaf extract of Piliostigma thonningii was able to provide anticonvulsant effect and is relatively safe for consumption as medicine.

Extracts of Piliostigma thonningii were tested for their effectiveness in controlling Meloidogyne javanica eggs and juveniles in the laboratory and on eggplant cv ‘Yalon Data’. A thousand juveniles were placed in 12 petridishes and extracts of P. thonningii (Crude extracts, 5 ml dilution and 10 ml dilution of the crude extracts) were dispensed into the petridishes. One thousand eggs of the M. javanica were placed in 12 petridishes and treated with the same extracts used on the juveniles. For the field experiment, 12 plots of size 2m x2m were prepared and planted with nine plants of eggplant cv ‘Yalon Data’. Seedlings of eggplants were transplanted after three weeks in the nursery to the field into holes drenched with 10 ml of the extracts used in the laboratory tests. Subsequent applications of extracts were done weekly for eight weeks. The results showed that the crude extract was the most effective against both the eggs (87.43 % hatch inhibition) and juveniles (90.23 % mortality). In the field, eggplants treated with the crude extract recorded the tallest plants ((124.78 cm -2017 and 125.00 cm-2018), highest number of fruits/plant (18.51-2017 and 19.55-2018), highest yield (50.45t/ha-2017 and 53.78t/ha-2018) and the lowest galling indices and final nematode population. It is therefore concluded that the crude extract of P. thonningii can be employed for the control of M. javanica in the field.

Background Trees are important components of terrestrial ecosystems; they provide ecological, economic, and cultural services to humans. There is an urgent need for undertaking ethnobotanical investigations and documentation on the indigenous botanical knowledge of the local communities of a given area. This study was conducted to assess and document the categoric ethnobotany of Piliostigma thonningii and the associated indigenous knowledge of the local people related to use, management practices, and the threatening factors in the South Omo Zone of southwestern Ethiopia. Materials and methods Six Kebeles were purposively selected from two districts of the zone and a total of 84 respondents were sampled, with consideration of gender, age, and wealth status. Data were collected using structured and semi-structured interviews, field observations, and group discussions. Relevant descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Ethnobotanical knowledge held by informants were computed using Pearson’s chi-square test and direct matrix ranking and pair-wise ranking was used to prioritize the uses according to community preferences and the level of the destructiveness of the reported threats. Results The results showed that P. thonningii provides different functions to people’s livelihoods as shade, food, fodder, soil fertility, fuelwood, medicine, rope, multipurpose materials (e.g., Borketa for sitting and head support), huts, beehives, farm implements, chairs, fences, and timber. The indigenous knowledge of local people on the uses of P. thonningii has shown significant (P < 0.05) relationship to age groups (being higher for elderly people). The consumption practice of respondents has significant (P < 0.05) association to the Kebeles, age, and income, with higher value for Hamer, lower aged groups, and low-income families. It provides nutritious animal feed to improve browse intake, survival, and productivity of domestic animals and also improve productivity of farm through amelioration of soil fertility. The status of P. thonningii has been decreasing due to agricultural expansion, collection of the species for firewood, dry fencing, and due to browsing. Respondents’ attitude and interest to maintain and conserve the species has shown a significant (P< 0.05) association to gender, wealth, and level of education. Higher interest was observed in men than women, mid-high wealth class households than low income, and people with education than uneducated. Conclusions This study attempted to provide information on the multiple uses of P. thonningii. Given the key roles of P. thonningii for the people and the environment to improve household food security, agricultural productivity, and income sources and the threats to it, the need to protect it in natural forests and woodlands and optimize its uses in agroforestry systems is high. Serious consideration of this species will ultimately allow households to reap the benefits expected to accrue from it in the arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia where plants of this nature are usually rare.

Ecotourism refers to travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas, such as protected areas, with the aim of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and the faunal and floral composition along with its existing cultural aspects. This paper evaluated Tree species composition of Maladumba Lake and Forest Reserve, Bauchi-Nigeria for sustainable eco-tourism development. Wandering quarter method of vegetation analysis was employed for the study where five sampling sites were studied to determine species richness, percentage frequency, basal area, relative density, relative dominance, importance value indices, mean distance between trees, mean area of trees and number of individual stem per hectare of tree species encountered. Results obtained indicated total of eighteen different Tree species in the protected area with Mitragyna inermis (126732.9 cm), Adansonia digitata (31714.9 cm), Balanites aegyptiaca (29727.3 cm), and Piliostigma thonningii (28697.7 cm) as species with the highest basal area. While Funtumia elastica presented the highest frequency of occurrence (80%) followed by Acacia nilotica, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Balanites aegyptiaca and Cassia singueeana with 60% each. Relative densities of Mitragyna inermis (18.1%) stood as the highest, followed by Funtumia elastica (16.6%) and Balanites aegyptiaca (12.5%). Relative dominance suggested Mitragyna inermis (18.1%) with the highest value seconded by Adansoni digitata (12.4%) and Balanites aegyptiaca (11.7%). Mitragyna inermis (49.8) had the highest IVI followed by Balanites aegyptiaca (24.4) then Piliostigma thonningii (11.7). Very low values of mean distance between trees (6.9 m), mean area occupied by individual trees (47.6 m), and density of trees per hectare (210) suggested sparsely populated vegetation cover in the protected area. It was concluded that Maladumba Lake and Forest Reserve is under serious deforestation. As an Ecotourism attraction, serious reforestation program was recommended to salvage the situation before the whole protected lose its value.

The objective of this study was to determine the availability and the use of Piliostigma thonningii pods through individual interviews using semi-structured questionnaires, and to evaluate the effect of diet incorporating these pods on growth and parasitic status of goats. The trial consisted in feeding diets to 12 adult West African dwarf goats, divided into three batches of four animals each. Batches 1 and 2 received a diet with 40% Piliostigma thonningii pods, and bamboo charcoal as a zootechnical additive (1g/kg PV) in the diet of batch 2. For batch 3, the animals received a diet without the pods, proportionally replaced by cotton seed cake. The experiment lasted for 78 days including two weeks of adaptation. The Mac-Master technique was used for identification and enumeration of strongyle eggs and coccidia oocysts. The results showed a higher frequency of the use of pods in shredded form (38.18%) compared to crushed (25.45%) and whole (20.00%). The availability of pods was confirmed by 57.1% of the respondents. The ADG obtained with the batches fed diet incorporating the pods were 16.39±4.10 and 24.01±5.97 g/d for batches 1 and 2 respectively, significantly lower than those obtained with the animals in batch 3 that received the cotton seed cake (31.39±5.80 g/d). The level of EPG recorded in animals from batch 1 (50±100) was significantly lower than those obtained with animals from batches 2 and lot 3 (500±455 and 925±736 respectively). The use of Piliostigma thonningii pods could be of great use in goat intensive production improvement programs.

A persistent issue with ruminant production during the dry season in the tropics is scarcity of forages. Producers are faced with the search for alternative feed supplements to address this issue without compromising productivity. Acceptability of Piliostigma thonningii as dry season feed supplement to West African dwarf (WAD) goat was investigated in this study. The WAD goats (n=15) were divided into three treatments of five goats each in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed with Panicum maximum without supplementation at 100% (T1), 90% Panicum maximum+10% Piliostigma thonningii (T2) and 80% Panicum maximum+20% Piliostigma thonningii (T3). Fresh water was also made available throughout the trial that lasted six weeks. Chemical analysis of the forages was observed while feed intake, weight gain and nutrient digestibility were monitored. Results showed that Piliostigma thonningii had a higher (15.25%) crude protein and lower (57.38%) neutral detergent fibre contents than the grass. Both had comparable energy values. Piliostigma thonningii had relatively high mineral contents while the anti-nutrient contents of phytate and oxalate were relatively low. Although the crude protein intake increased with increasing levels of supplementation, the total dry matter intake was not favoured beyond 10% level of Piliostigma thonningii level. It can be concluded that there was no advantage in feeding West African dwarf goat Piliostigma thonningii beyond 10% level.

The study investigated nematicidal activity of phytocompounds isolated from Piliostigma thonningii mature stem bark. Compounds were extracted from the stem bark using solid–liquid extraction. Column chromatography was used to separate the phytocompounds and structures were characterized by LC–MS/MS QTRAP. Nematicidal activity of P. thonningii fractions were evaluated against second stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne javanica. One tetracyclic diterpenoid (1), one glucosinolate (2), and two glycosylated flavonoids (3) and (4) that have strong nematicidal activity against second stage M. javanica juveniles from P. thonningii mature stem bark were identified. Nematicidal activity of the four compounds ranged from 59–99%. Compound 3 exhibited excellent nematicidal activity, 99 ± 1% that was comparable to that of the positive control fenamiphos at 100 mg/ml dose. Its activity increased from 79–99% as concentration was changed from 20 to 100 mg/ml. The results of the present study shows that P. thonningii mature stem bark consist of phytocompounds that have potent nematicidal activity therefore, they could be associated in an integrated pest management program after further investigations.

A la recherche de moyen de lutte contre les agents pathogènes, une enquête ethnobotanique a été menée dans des villages Tagbana (Département de Katiola, Côte d’Ivoire). 102 tradithérapeutes dont 67 femmes et 35 hommes, utilisent 29 espèces de plantes pour leur effet antifongique. La famille des Euphorbiaceae avec 5 espèces, soit 17,85% est la plus représentée. Piliostigma thonningii avec une fréquence de citation de 24,24%, apparait comme l’espèce la plus sollicitée. Le criblage phytochimique réalisé sur les extraits aqueux et éthanolique 70% des feuilles de Piliostigma thonningii a mis en évidence la présence des tanins, des flavonoïdes, des saponines, des stérols, des alcaloïdes et des terpènes. Le potentiel antifongique des extraits aqueux et éthanolique 70% a été évaluée par la méthode de la double dilution en milieu Potato, Dextrose, Agar. Les résultats ont montré que seul l’extrait hydroéthanolique 70% des feuilles de Piliostigma thonningii possèdent des propriétés antifongiques à la fois sur Colletotrichum musae (concentration minimale inhibitrice est 12,5 mg/ml et concentration minimale fongicide est 50 mg/ml) et Sclerotium rolfsii (concentration minimale inhibitrice est 12,5 mg/ml et concentration minimale fongicide est 50 mg/ml). Cette étude met en évidence le pouvoir thérapeutique des plantes médicinales et les principes actifs qu’elles contiennent. Elle pourrait être d’un grand apport dans l’agronomie, dans le cadre de la lutte contre les champignons phytopathogènes. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots clés: Plantes antifongiques, Piliostigma thonningii, Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum musae, Côte d’Ivoire English Title: Ethnobotanical study of antifungal plants traditionally used in ivory coast and the potential of Piliostigma Thonningii (schumach.) milne-redh. (fabaceae) in the control of telluric English Abstract In search of a means of fight against pathogens, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Tagbana villages (Katiola Department, Ivory Coast), of which, 102 traditherapists including 67 women and 35 men, use 29 species of plants for their antifungal effect. The family Euphorbiaceae with 5 species, 17.85% is the most represented. Piliostigma thonningii with a citation rate of 24.24%, appears as the most requested species. Phytochemical screening on the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Piliostigma thonningii leaves revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, alkaloids and terpenes. The antifungal potential of the aqueous and ethanolic 70% extracts was evaluated by the double dilution method in Potato, Dextrose, Agar medium. The results showed that only the 70% hydroethanolic extract of Piliostigma thonningii leaves had antifungal properties on both Colletotrichum musae (minimum inhibitory concentration is 12.5 mg/ml and minimum fungicide concentration is 50 mg/ml) and Sclerotium rolfsii (minimum inhibitory concentration is 12.5 mg/ml and minimum fungicide concentration is 50 mg/ml). This study highlights the therapeutic power of medicinal plants and the active ingredients they contain. It could be of great help in agronomy, in the fight against phytopathogenic fungi. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Antifungal plants, Piliostigma thonningii, Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum musae, Ivory Coast

Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. — Habit: Tree. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF; up to 1 900 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. Reference: Fries & Fries (1927b)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1927 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. X. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (91): 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994819"]}

Piliostigma thonningii (Fabaceae) is a versatile medicinal plant used as a traditional remedy, especially in African countries. In the present study, ethyl acetate, methanolic and water extracts of different parts of (fruits, leaves, stem barks) P. thonningii were evaluated for their bioactive contents, enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Antioxidant potentials were also displayed in various methods like phosphomolybdenum assay (0.79-5.94 mmol TE/g), radical scavenging assays (DPPH: 20.39-471.28 mg TE/g; ABTS: 42.43-654.14 mg TE/g); reducing assays (CUPRAC: 102.98-1207.42 mg TE/g; FRAP: 45.30-656.25 mg TE/g) and metal chelating activity (2.55-22.32 mg EDTAE/g). In particular, the methanolic and water extracts showed better antioxidant potential. Except for a few, the extracts were also found to act as inhibitors of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (2.35-5.35 mg GALAE/g), butyrylcholinesterase (0.83-13.80 mg GALAE/g), tymsinase (4.03-143.86 mg KAE/g), amylase (0.21-1.39 mmol ACAE/g) and glucosidase (3.52-7.13 mmol ACAE/g). Additionally, all the tested extracts possessed significant antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration: 0.11-0.61 mg/ml) and antifungal (MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration: 0.04-0.61 mg/ml) effects. Indeed, the data garnered from the present study provides a bright scope for the advanced investigation on this particular plant possessing pharmacologically active traits. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Firewood and charcoal are relatively abundant in sub-Saharan Africa and have low cost of production, hence their continued dominance as an energy source. However, very few studies have documented any information on pyrolysis kinetics and combustion performance characteristics for firewood and charcoal in sub-Saharan Africa. This information is needed to develop environmentally friendly combustion reactors suitable for these firewood species and charcoal as well as guide policy decisions on fuels appropriation for different purposes. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the thermo-chemical conversion characteristics of five local commonly used firewood species, namely Dichrostachys cinerea, Morus lactea, Piliostigma thonningii, Combretum molle, and Albizia grandibracteata and their charcoals produced after slow pyrolysis. Firewood was characterized by a fibrous network, while charcoal showed a dentritic network structure with micropores. The pyrolysis process resulted in a significant increase in lignification in the process of charcoal formation with highest lignin values recorded for Albizia grandibracteata. The lowest rate of lignification was observed for Morus lactea firewood species. Peak temperatures for firewood species and charcoal ranged between 515.4–621.7 °C and 741.6–785.9 °C. Activation energy of Morus lactea was 16.3 kJ/mol, which was the lowest among firewood species. Activation energy of Piliostigma thonningii was the highest among firewood species at 29.5 kJ/mol. For charcoal, activation energy was highest for both Morus lactea and Dichrostachys cinerea (35.9 kJ/mol). Piliostigma thonningii charcoal had the lowest combustion performance results with maximum burning rate at 0.68%/min, flammability index at 0.18 × 10−5%/min °C, and combustion characteristic index at 0.02 × 10−8%/min2°C3.

The vagaries in climatic changes disrupt the prevailing weather conditions leading to temperature extremes and protracted rainfall pattern which subsequently affect the quality of forages. Ruminant animals had been implicated as a major source of enteric methane production to the greenhouse effect. Grazing on this low-quality forages extends the time of fattening thereby increasing the amount of methane produced. In this case, effort has been shifted to the feeding of agroforestry plants (browse and tree species) which are available all year round with high nutritive profile. Leaves of selected agroforestry plant species Thevetia peruviana (Pers) K. Schum, Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redhead, Spondia mombin L. and Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem were harvested, dried, milled and analysed for their chemical constituents, mineral composition, in vitro and methane gas production. Data collected were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Significant (p

The anticoccidial activity of Phyllanthus amarus (Hurricane weed), Jatropha curcas (purging nut) and Piliostigma thonningii (monkey bread) was tested on seventy five Eimeria tenella infected Isa-brown male day-old chicks in a completely randomized design as an alternative measure of controlling coccidiosis. Each chick was orally challenged with 15 000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts. There were five groups infected chicks. The first, second and third groups received , the decoction of Phyllanthus amarus, Jatropha curcas and Piliostigma thonningii, ad libitum respectively for five days post-inoculation as drinking beverage. The fourth group was treated with Amprolium orally for also five days post-infection and the fifth group was the infected untreated control. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, lesion score, proportion of bloody droppings, survivability, morbidity and oocyst excretion were evaluated. The results showed an efficacy of Phyllanthus amarus in the reduction of oocyst excretion with a reduction rate of 87% compared with the infected untreated control group oocyst excretion. Moreover, macroscopic lesion intensity reduction and low presence of bloody diarrhoea were observed with the Phyllanthus amarus treated chicks. The oocyst excretion reduction rate was 74% with Jatropha curcas infected treated chicks. The growth performance results were similar among the infected treated chick groups. Piliostigma thonningii was less effective in reducing oocyst excretion compared with the other two medicinal plants. Further spectroscopic studies are needed to value the active anticoccidial ingredients in these plants.

Methanol extract and solvent fractions of Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh. and Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook) Raf. (Fabaceae) stem barks were investigated for antiproliferative effect on guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) seeds, cytotoxicity on tadpoles (Raniceps ranninus), in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing power activities. All tested agents of both plants at 0.25 - 5.0 mg/ml gave significant decreases in mean radicle length of guinea corn seeds (antiproliferative action) which was concentration-dependent. Growth inhibition ranking at 72 h for both plants at the most active concentration, 5 mg/ml was: aqueous fraction > methanol extract > chloroform fraction. However, the aqueous fraction of D. regia (95.3% inhibition) was more active than that of P. thonningii (62.6%). With the cytotoxic assay, the chloroform fractions (LC50, 5.0 mg/ml and 6.0 mg/ml respectively, for P. thonningii and D. regia) were more active than their aqueous fractions. Extracts and fractions of these plants yielded inactive DPPH radical scavenging activity at the tested concentrations of 20 - 100 µg/ml. In the concentration-dependent ferric reducing power model, the methanol extracts of both plants were more active than their partitioned fractions as antioxidant agents at 100 µg/ml. Although D. regia stem bark was richer in phenols (0.321 - 0.339 mg gallic acid equivalent /g) and flavonoids (0.041 - 0.046 mg quercetin equivalent /g) than P. thonningii, phenolic contents of these plants were five-six times more than that of their flavonoids. Data reported herein showed that D. regia was a better antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative plant than P. thonningii . These findings hereby justify the folkloric use of P. thonningii and D. regia in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases.Keywords: Piliostigma thonningii, Delonix regia, antiproliferative activity, cytotoxicity, antioxidant assay

Aim: Mistletoes are highly utilized in traditional medicine to treat different kinds of diseases such as heart diseases, diabetes and malaria, among others. The chemistry of African mistletoe is not sufficiently documented. This paper is therefore, aimed at determining the phytochemicals present in the crude extracts of mistletoe parasitic on plants that are commonly seen as hosts. Study Design: This study was designed to compare the phytochemical profiles of mistletoe stem barks obtained from different plant hosts. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria, between August and September, 2018. Methodology: Powdered stem bark of mistletoe was extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica gel precoated plates in 9:1 (hexane/ethyl acetate), 1:1 (hexane/ethyl acetate), and 7:3 (ethyl acetate/methanol) mobile phases for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts respectively. Results: The study revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins/phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids and triterpenoids. It was evident from TLC analysis that mistletoes from various plant hosts contain similar chemical profile. Conclusion: We therefore debunk the claim by some herbalists that medicinal values of mistletoes vary due to host plant. This is the first time a study of this kind is reported on mistletoe parasitic on Vitellaria paradoxa Pilostigma thonningii, Combretum fragrans.

Cancer is a multistep disease and its management is exceedingly expensive. Nowadays medicinal plants are gaining more attention in drug discovery and approximately 70% of anticancer drugs were developed from natural products or plants. A strong candidate from medicinal plant with anticancer potential should have four major properties: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and cytotoxic activities.In order to assess Togolese traditional healer's claims about the anticancer potential of medicinal plants and obtain candidate plants for anticancer drug discovery, some species were selected from surveys and evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and cytotoxic activities.Four species, Cochlospermum planchonii (CP), Piliostigma thonningii (PT), Paullinia pinnata (PP), and Securidaca longipedunculata (SL) were selected and analyzed to detect the phytochemical components. The mentioned bioactivities were evaluated using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays.Relative to SL extract, CP and PT have shown significantly high polyphenols and flavonoids content. The DPPH, FRAP, and TAC of the extracts revealed that CP, PT, and PP have a potent antioxidant effect compared to SL. MDA analysis revealed the same antioxidant activity as CP, PT and PP showed a minor MDA level. The egg albumin denaturation assay showed that IC50 of CP and PP was significantly higher than control (P 0.05). In contrast, the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) results showed a nonsignificant effect (P 0.05). Notably, SL extract was nonsignificant to control in both Egg Albumin and BSA. Furthermore, angiogenesis assay showed that SL at 50 μg/ml and PP at 100 μg/ml effectively reduced the number of blood vessels than control and showed a potent anti-angiogenic effect (2.7-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, P 0.05). No cytotoxicity on PBMC was reported for CP, PP, and PT up to 1000 μg/ml, whereas SL at 1000 μg/ml exhibit benign cytotoxicity (P 0.0001).This study provided in vitro evidence supporting further evaluation on cancer cell lines and tumors in vivo.

Plants have been used traditionally by people in treating and the management of diseases since time immemorial. Traditional medicines including the herbal medicines are used for primary healthcare in some domains in almost every country. Approximately 80% of the population in developing coutries depend on plants as their source of medicine for combating diseases. New and effective antimicrobial agents that have novel mechanism of actions are required. Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. is a species of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. Different parts of the P. thonningii plants such as the roots, leaves, seeds, and fruits have been used in treating wounds, heart pain, and gingivitis and as cough remedy. This study focused on determining the antimicrobial properties found in the pods of P. thonningii. The sample was prepared by grinding the dried pods into a fine powder. Successive extraction and extraction with 1 : 1 DCM: methanol was used. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the broth microdilution and MTT assay. The microorganism used for the tests was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida krusei and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The most potent extract was then used to determine its effect on microbial cell membrane integrity. The results showed that methanol extract had the highest percentage yield of 5%. The extract with the highest antimicrobial effects was ethanol extract with the 100 μg/mL concentration inhibiting the growth of cells to 26%, 87%, and 90% for P. aeruginosa, M. smegmatis, and C. krusei, respectively. The ethanol extracts caused significant leakage of proteins in these microorganisms. In conclusion, the pods of P. thonningii contain phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties. The pods of the plant can be a source of phytochemicals that can serve as sources of lead compounds with antimicrobial effects. One of the mechanisms of action of these phytochemicals is via membrane-damaging effects on microbes.

The aim of this study is to perform phytochemical screening of the leaves of Piliostigma reticulatum and Piliostigma thonningii, to determine the phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, and sugars content in their methanolic extracts, evaluate their antioxidant activity using the DPPH and the ABTS tests, and test their anti-inflammatory effect in vitro using the heat-induced albumin denaturation inhibition method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols and alkaloids in the leaves of both plants. Yields of the extracts in this study ranged from 7% to 18% for P. reticulatum and 4% to 16% for P. thonningii. The phenolic content in the methanolic extract of P. reticulatum is 74.66 ± 1.76 μg GAE/mL, which is significantly higher than that of P. thonningii (56.54 ± 1.24 μg GAE/mL). Both plants showed good antioxidant activity. In fact, for the DPPH test, the IC50 value is 8.88 ± 0.11 μg/mL for P. reticulatum and 17.64 ± 0.68 μg/mL for P. thonningii. For the ABTS assay, the IC50 values of the two plants are, respectively, 9.78 ± 1.83 μg/mL and 13.47 ± 2.62 μg/ml, statistically comparable and significantly higher than the IC50 of the standard 30.76 ± 0.18 μg/ml. Leaf extracts from both plants were effective against heat-induced denaturation of albumin. The activity of P. reticulatum is indeed comparable to that of the standard with an IC50 value of 121.43 ± 1.55 μg/mL and higher than that of P. thonningii with an IC50 value of 170.15 ± 1.09 μg/mL. These results show that both plants exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, their chemical compounds could have potential applications as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Background: In Togo, few data are available on the traditional treatment of Buruli ulcer, so this study aim to inventory and identify the plants and recipes included in the herbal medicines in the maritime region where this disease is more common. Method: The methodology was based on ethnobotanical semi-structural individual interviews of 16 traditional healers in the maritime region. The Data were collected and analyzed in Microsoft excel 2013. Results: 10 of the traditional healers were male and the average age of all the respondents was 42.31 ± 4.24 years. A total of 27 plant species belonging to 20 families were identified. The most represented families were: Caesalpinaceae with 3 species, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Sapindaceae and Annonaceae with 2 species each. In the preparation methods, the decoction is the most used (37%), followed by the black powdered incorporated in an ointment (24%), the maceration (15%), the infusion (12%), the spraying (6%) and poultices (6%). These modes of preparation, were administered mainly externally by massage, disinfection of the lesion and orally. The most used parts of the plants were leaves (48%), roots (21%), and bark (10%). The species with the highest frequency of use were Blighia sapida KD Koenig, Amaranthus spinosus L, Ocimum canum Sims, Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh, Aloe verra L, Anacardium occidentale L, Paullinia pinnata L and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. Conclusion: By highlighting these plant species of interest, this study has an applicability in therapeutic innovation. It can contribute to the chemical, pharmacological and clinical evaluations of their molecules leading to development of phytomedicines to produce new drugs to strengthen the already existing therapeutic arsenal.

Background This study examined the ameliorative effect of D‐3‐O‐methyl‐chiroinositol, isolated from the stem bark of Piliostigma thonningii, on cadmium chloride‐induced osteoporosis in male Wistar rats. Methods Thirty‐six rats were assigned to three treatment groups (n = 12). Group A (2 mL distilled water), group B: (2.5 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2) and group C: (2.5 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 and D‐3‐O‐methyl‐chiroinositol 2 mg/kg b.w.). Bone ash, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and zinc content, as well as bone histological changes were determined at the end of months 1, 2, and 3. Results There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the weight of the cervical, tibia, and femoral bones in all groups. The serum concentration of CdCl2 was significantly different across the three groups with time. There was significant variation (P

Primates are ecologically flexible and generalist feeders yet selective in choice of diet. Insufficient information on the plants consumed by primates hinders appropriate and deliberate conservation measures. I therefore seek to identify the plants species, dominant part consumed in Pandam Wildlife Park (PWLP). Direct observation method was adopted along 2km line transect to record food plants species and part consumed by primates for a period of 6 months. Proximate composition of food plants were determined using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and ANOVA at (p

The roles of woody vegetations and Africa savanna in human development and survival as attracted interest in their conservation to prevent the depletion or loss of those resources. However, there is need for accurate data on species composition, distribution and conservation of woody species in many parts of Africa for adequate planning, monitoring, management and conservation efforts. This study assessed woody species composition, distribution and diversity in Kwara State University, Malete Campus. Simple random sampling technique was applied using plot method which was achieved using geographic information system (GIS) application to overlay the area boundary with grids of cell of 100 x 100 m plots. Data were collected from each plot, all woody species were identified, counted, and trees basal covers were measured. Species frequency, density, abundant, dominance, importance value index (IVI) and diversity were determined. A total of 46 trees and 10 shrubs species belonging to 20 families of tree and 8 families of shrubs were identified. Abundant tree species were Daniella oliveri and Azadirachata indica while the abundant shrubs species were Piliostigma thonningii and Acacia nilotica. Shannon diversity index and Shannon measure of evenness revealed that the diversity for trees species was higher (H’=2.4309 and J= 0.6349) than shrubs species (H’=1.1166 and J= 0.4849). There was spatial variation in diversity of trees and shrubs within the university which has more tree species than shrubs species. Hence, university management and community should pay attention to conservation planning and management activities with special consideration on their ecological implication. Key words: Diversity, tropical forest, savanna ecosystem, humid savanna, D. oliveri, A. indica, P. thonningii.