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Objective: to assess the possibility of using markers of renal injury and carcinogenesis as additional criteria for the choice of the method of surgical treatment of RCC and to minimize the risk of development and progression of kidney injury. Material and Methods. 60 patients with morphologically confirmed RCC T1-3M0N0 operated on in the volume of open nephrectomy or laparoscopic nephrectomy or laparoscopic resection and the kidney were examined. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1: patients after nephrectomy performed for kidney cancer using traditional surgical technique, group 2: patients after laparoscopic nephrectomy and group 3: after laparoscopic resection of kidney tumor. Before surgical operation, on the 5-7 day and after 1 month, all patients were examined by concentrations of urinary excreted lipocalin 2 (NGAL), and serum concentrations of IL-18, MMP-9 and IGF-1. Renal function was estimated using the calculated GFR equation (CKD-EPI 2009) based on serum creatinine level. Immunohistochemical study of histological preparations of distant tumors on proliferation antibodies (Ki-67, PCNA), apoptosis (BAX, Bcl-2) was performed. Differences in clinical data and clinical variables were compared using Spearman rank correlations and t-test. Results. The studied indices of renal damage of IL-18, NGAL, MMP-9 and IGF-1 both in the early (5-7 days) and later (1 month) postoperative period showed a correlation between the surgical intervention method and the degree of tumor cell differentiation. Conclusion. The levels of biomolecular markers of renal damage (IL-18, NGAL, MMP-9 and IGF-1) correlate with the degree of differentiation in thetumoral cells and functional activity of the remaining renal parenchyma in the postoperative period, but also depend on the individual characteristics of the patient's body. A certain level of expression of MMP-9 and IL-18 with a small tumor size can be a guide to determine the indications for the choice of organ-preserving surgery in patients.

Purpose: to improve the results of treatment of the obstructive complications (an urethra stenosis, a bladder neck sclerosis) caused by application of the high-intensity focused ultrasonic ablation (HIFU) concerning treatment of the localized prostate cancer. Material and Methods. An object of the research included 41 patients, with the infravesical obstruction (IVO) which has arisen in the postoperative period to which elimination the holmium laser is used. Results. The bladder neck was the most frequent place of obstruction. Average time before emergence of the first episode of IVO: 8.2±1.3 months. Distinctions on time before development of an episode of IVO depending on the fact of carrying out TURP before HIFU not confirmed (p=0.440). More advanced age for a moment HIFU-ablation has been associated with much higher frequency of IVO (p=0.021). Considerably smaller frequency repeated was observed by IVO at a larger ratio transurethral resection to the initial volume of a prostate (p=0.031). Duration of a laser endoscopic ure-throtomy was 27 [10-70] minutes, serious perioperative or postoperative complications were not determined. Average term before removal of a catheter of Foley: 3 [1-5] days, hospitalization duration included 4 [3-6] days. After treatment considerable improvement on indicators of the maximum speed of a stream of urine (Qmax) and volume of residual urine was observed. The total score according to the questionnaires of IPSS and QoL has considerably improved, significant changes on symptoms of accumulation are noted. After the first holmium laser urethrotomy of 80.4% of patients have noted satisfactory results without recurrence of IVO; 19.6% of patients were required a repeated laser endoscopic urethrotomy. Recurrence term after the first laser urethrotomy is on average equal to 2.5 months. Conclusion. The endoscopic urethrotomy by means of the holmium laser is safe, effective and minimum invasive type of treatment of a stenosis of a neck of the bladder / urethra after ablative cancer therapy of prostate. The advantages are the minimum of traumas of surrounding tissues and preservation of the mechanism of deduction of urine.

The aim of the article is to consider the main theoretical and practical aspects of implementation the program of youth policy in the Saratov State Medical University n.a. V. I. Razumovsky. Authors analyze the educational system and the way it correlates to modern challenges of the Russian society. Special attention is paid to the main conditions of realization and the directions of youth policy in the Saratov State Medical University. The conceptual principles of youth policy of higher school have been worked out by the authors.

Chronic abacterial prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome is one of the most common diseases in urological practice. Physical factors are widely used in treatment of this pathology. This literature review is devoted to study of role of physiotherapeutic methods in treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis and prospects for development of this therapeutic direction.

The goal was to determine psychological predictors of reproductive attitudes among medical students. Material and Methods. The survey of 84 students (of the 3rd and the 5th year of medical faculty of Saratov State Medical University n.a. V. I. Razumovsky) was carried out using a combination of methods (questionnaire, testing) aimed to achieve the research goal. Results. Features of reproductive attitudes and reproductive intentions of students, as well as psychological characteristics of youth, such as personal maturity, belief in people and value orientations were studied. Psy- chological predictors of reproductive attitudes among medical students were determined. Conclusion. It was revealed that reproductive attitudes among students of the 5th year were higher than those of the 3rd year. There were gender differences in psychological predictors of reproductive attitudes among students. It was experimentally established that existence of faith in people, high level of personal maturity, high importance of personal values, altruistic values and values of acceptance of others had a positive impact on reproductive attitudes among young people. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were developed with the aim to improve reproductive attitudes and psychological readiness for parenting of medical students.

Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research 2017; 13 (2): 309-313. The article is devoted to the role of professor V. I. Razumovsky in the development of Saratov University and the development of medical science in the Saratov province.

Aim: to analyze the correlation between the unfavorable factors at newborn patients and children and the peculiarities of the course of urolithiasis in adults. Material and Methods. The data were received from questioning of 286 patients and their relatives, analysis of case histories and past medical histories. The material was statistically worked out. Results. The early development of urolithiasis (at patients under 30) was associated with the threat of termination of pregnancy, prematurity, excretory and digestive disorders at childhood in case of severe anamnesis of urolithiasis, and also malnutrition. Bilateral lesions of the urinary system were determined to be associated with artificial feeding and prematurity, digestive diseases and complicated anamnesis of urolithiasis, malnutrition, deprived living conditions and low income. Stones in calyces occurred at patients with different complications at birth. More frequent cases of stone formation in renal pelvis were observed at premature and malnutrition patients and patients with cardiovascular diseases occurred during the childhood. Stones in ureters were considered as a result of respiratory diseases effect. Conclusion. Unfavorable factors occurred at birth and childhood, factors concerned with deprived social conditions and psychological problems influence the onset and the course of urolithiasis.

Objective: to assess the possibility of using the markers of acute kidney injury to predict the preoperative risk for the subsequent decline in glomerular filtration rate in different types of surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Material and methods. 60 patients with histologically confirmed RCC T1-3M0N0 operated in the clinic of urology of Saratov State Medical University n.a. V. I. Razumovsky in the volume of nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy. Before surgery all patients underwent standard examination intended for patients with kidney tumors: ultrasound, MRI, excretory urography and dynamic renoscintigraphy, the perioperative values of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate were determined. Using the method of immuno-enzymatic analysis the concentrations of excreted with the urine NGAL and IL-18 in serum samples at the preoperative stage, after 5 days and after 1 month of postoperative follow-up were investigated. Differences in clinical data and clinical variables were compared by using Spearman rank correlations and t-test. Results. The determined parameters of acute kidney injury markers IL-18 and NGAL in the early postoperative period were increased in patients after open nephrectomy. Moreover, the correlation analysis according to the Spearman method revealed a strong significant correlation between the preoperative levels of IL-18 and GFR after surgery (r=1; p

Purpose: to establish the nature of change of the maintenance of PSA and markers of angiogenesis and inflammation in blood serum at patients with prostate diseases. Material and Methods. 72 patients with the level of the general PSA more than 4 ju/ml were examined. The first group of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with histology conclusion and with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia of low degree included 29 patients, the second group consisted of 9 patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia of high degree, the third group included 5 patients with the localized prostate cancer, the fourth group consisted of 25 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer, and the fifth group with 6 metastatic prostate cancer patients. Results. At patients with prostate diseases the rise of VEGF level in blood serum occurs with increase of the maintenance of PSA and develops at the precancer stage (the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia of high degree) and against high concentration of biomarkers of inflammation. Determination of VEGF concentration in blood serum at patients with "a gray zone" of PSA may have clinical value at the personified maintaining of patients with prostate cancer at the stage of pre-biopsy diagnostics. Conclusion. The simultaneous increase of the VEGF content in blood serum and the general PSA at prostate cancer patients is one of characteristics of a progression of tumoral growth.

Aim: improvement of early diagnostics of prostate cancer by developing a technique, which makes possible to predict its clinical significance in outpatient setting before initiation of invasive procedures. Material and Methods. Clinical data of 398 patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsy in 2012-2014 in SSMU S. R. Mirotvortsev Clinical Hospital, was used to build an artificial neural network, while its output allowed to determine whether the tumour corresponds to Epstein criteria and which D'Amico risk group it belongs to. Internal validation was performed on 80 patients, who underwent prostate biopsy in September 2014 — December 2014. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of artificial neural network were calculated. Results. Accuracy of predicting adenocarcinoma presence in biopsy specimen was 93,75%; accuracy of predicting whether the cancer meets active surveillance criteria was 90%. Accuracy of predicting T stage (T1c, T2a, T2b, T2c)was 57,1%. Prediction of D'Amico risk group was accurate in 70% of cases; for low-risk cancer accuracy was 81,2%. Conclusion. Artificial neural networks may be responsible for prostate cancer risk stratification and determination of its clinical significance prior to biopsy.

Prostate cancer is one of the most urgent problems of modern oncology. The article provides an overview of the methods of treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer, comparative characteristics, the advantages of both independent and combined methods. The results of multicenter studies have been stated.

The article describes the contribution of employees of departments and clinics in providing medical care to wounded and sick patients in evacuation hospitals located in Saratov region during the Great Patriotic War.

The article presents the biographical data of Professor K. I. Myshkin who is one of the most prominent representatives of the Saratov school of surgery. It describes the main directions of his scientific activity. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of K. I. Myshkin to the training of surgical staff for Saratov Medical Institute.

Purpose: to establish the nature of changes in markers of angiogenesis and inflammation in the blood serum and urine in patients with obstruction of the ureteropelvic segment or upper third of the ureter by ureteral stones in different terms of the kidney drainage. Material and Methods. 53 patients with urolithiasis have been examined. The main group consisted of 33 patients with concrements of the upper third of the ureter or renal pelvis-ureteral segment with pres- ent obstructive uropathy. The comparison group consisted of 20 patients with calculi of the kidney without symptoms of obstruction. In the main group patients underwent drainage of the kidney by percutaneous-nephrostomy puncture. Results. Patients of the main group revealed a significant increase in the levels of markers of angiogenesis and inflammation before the kidney drainage. The level of MCP-1 correlated with the level of serum creatinine. In the process of drainage the levels of these markers were decreased as a result of increased GFR. Determination of the concentration of urinary VEGF, IL-8 and MCP-1 in patients may have clinical value in personalized management of patients with obstructive uropathy to determine the optimal terms of the second stage of the surgical intervention. Conclusion. Determination of markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in the urine of patients in conjunction with assessment of renal function by creatinine level is important for determining the term of kidney drainage.

Objective: to improve the treatment results of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (stage l-ll) accompanied with chronic abacterial prostatitis (category III A) by the use of terahertz therapy at frequencies of molecular spectrum of emission and absorption of nitric oxide 150,176-150,664 GHz. Material and methods. Atotal number of 75 patients met the inclusion criteria and were available for analysis. They were divided into three groups: 1st core group — 25 patients with BPH (stage l-ll) accompanied with chronic abacterial prostatitis (category III), which received standard medical therapy in combination with THZ-therapy; second group — 25 patients with BPH (stage l-ll) accompanied with CAP, which received standard medical therapy; third control group — 25 healthy men. Results. The combination of THZ — therapy with standard medical treatment allowed us to achieve marked improvements in the IPSS and QoL system, rapid anesthetic effect, more significant volume reduction of the prostate tissue in the 1st core group. Also THZ-therapy in 1st core group revealed a statistically significant increase of the maximum speed of blood vessels in the prostate tissue, improved a prostate secretion and rheological properties of blood. Conclusion. THZ-therapy as a complementary treatment has a beneficial effect on the clinical course of BPH (stage l-ll) accompanied with CAP (category III).

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for recurrence of prostate adenocarcinoma after HIFU therapy. Material and methods: Material for the study was obtained from patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma before and after HIFU treatment. Morphological study was conducted using a standard staining, and immunohistochemical markers: PCNA, Amacr, E-cadherin, Bel2, Andr, Estr, VEGF, P53, PCNA. Results: After treatment in 89% of patients with initial prostate volume greater than 50 cc the signs of recurrence of adenocarcinoma were showed. At low risk for D'Amico after treatment the expression of proliferation markers, VEGF, Amacr significantly decreased. With a high degree of risk — increased expression of Bel2. After treatment the expression of the following markers: PCNA, Amacr, VEGF significantly increased in the group of patients with the presence of invasion. Conclusion: Patients with initial prostate volume less than 50 cc, low risk to D'Amico, the lack of perineural and perivascular invasion have a low risk of recurrence after HIFU therapy; patients at high risk for D'Amico, the presence of perineural and perivascular invasion initial and prostate volume greater than 50 cc, low-grade cribriform form of adenocarcinoma have a high risk of recurrence of adenocarcinoma. Recurrence of adenocarcinoma develops independently of the period after HIFU therapy.

Research objective: to estimate results of treatment of patients with the localized form of a cancer of a prostate at a combination of a transurethral resection (TURP) and HIFU of an ablation. Objects and research methods: From February, 2009 to February, 2014 of 100 patients with the localized form of a cancer of a prostate were selected for research: 26 patients were included into HIFU and 74 group in group of the combined treatment (TURP+HIFU). Selection criteria for HIFU ablation were the localized cancer of a prostate concerning which earlier it wasn't carried out treatments, and level of a PSA at the time of statement of the diagnosis 15 ng/ml. All patients corresponding to these by criteria, were considered as candidates for treatment and inclusion in the analysis. The nadir and stability of PSA, the histologic conclusion, IPSS, quality of life and complication were estimated at time of postoperative supervision. Results: Statistically significant influence of a combination TURP+HIFU for the term of transurethral drainage of a bladder (a median of 40 days against 7 days), incontience frequency (15.4% against 6.9%), infections of urinary ways (47.9% against 11.4%) and IPSS change during the postoperative period (on the average 8.91 against 3.37) is noted. During the short period of supervision it wasn't observed considerable changes in relation to efficiency: in HIFU group the frequency of repeated sessions made 25%, in TUR/HIFU group 4%. Conclusion: HIFU therapy is modern, minimum invasive method of a cancer therapy of a prostate. The combination of a transurethral resection and HIFU ablation significantly reduces the frequency of the complications connected with treatment. Maintaining the patient after combined TURP and HIFU ablation is comparable with maintaining the patient after usual TURP.

The research goal is to optimize the management of patients with serum PSA level falling in the range of 4-10 ng/ ml by designing and educating of an artificial neural network, which may be used to predict prostate gland morphology basing on clinical, laboratory and imaging data. Material and methods. Data of 254 patients, who were admitted to the oncological Department of S. R. Mirotvortsev Clinical hospital for transrectal prostate biopsy, was collected to construct several artificial neural networks with different architecture. External validation was performed on 27 patients, who had prostate biopsy in January-February 2014. Results. One-layer network, consisting of 11 input, 9 hidden and 3 output neurons, was determined to be the most successful: in 92.6% cases it was correct in predicting prostate cancer or its absence. Input factors were evaluated according to their relative importance, from more important to less important: prostate volume, serum PSA, patient's age, prostate consistency, PSA velocity, prostate symmetry, previous negative biopsy, free serum PSA, intake of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Conclusion. Artificial neural networks may be used to predict morphological findings in prostate biopsy. High PSA density and firm prostate consistency should cause suspicion of prostate cancer.

The development of high-technological medical care in Russia has improved the quality of rendering of medical aid to the population, but at the same time the lack of efficient, qualified specialists has been revealed. Today graduates of professional educational institution are characterized by the knowledge in theory and inefficient practical experience, while the employer is interested in the optimal combination of these qualities. All of these facts lead to the necessity of introducing into the educational process technologies of dual training as a tool of approximation theory to practice Saratov. Medical University may share the experience of introduction and organization of elements of the complex educational system in the process of realization of the programs of secondary professional education through the creation of educational-productive cluster on the bases of clinics.

The article considers advantages and success of profile teaching used in Medical lyceum of Saratov State Medical University n.a. V. I. Razumovsky. Specific curriculum, forms and methods of educational and extracurricular activities, formation of educational and research skills and profile teaching help to follow educational, creative and social requirements, self-determination and self-realization of pupils in the field of natural sciences, to promote the image formation of the future doctor. The article analyses the monitoring system of students' knowledge, the results of the State Total Certification and describes the model of a graduate of lyceum, who is a successful and competitive applicant of the Medical University.

Purpose: to establish efficiency of a range of uric and serum biomarkers of bladder cancer for diagnostics and the prognosis of risk of development of disease recurrence. Material and methods: TPA and TPS, VEGF level research in blood serum, UBC in urine in 176 people, among which 135 patients with bladder cancer (RMP) have been conducted. Group of comparison has included16 patients (patients with cystitis). The control group has been made of 25 almost healthy men. 75 patients had non-muscle invasive RMP (Ta-1N0M0). Results. It has been statistically determined that reliable growth of of TPA, TPS in blood serum and UBC in urine in patients with non-muscle invasive RMP in comparison with patients in groups of control and comparison has been established. The increase of UBC in urine of patients of this group with recurrence of tumoral growth within a year has been noted. In comparison with cytological research of urine sedimentation, molecular markers of RMP (the uric UBC and serum TPA, TPS) possess diagnostic sensitivity, allow to confirm the presence of disease, to carry out diagnostics of stages of organ and extra invasion. RMP is possible to consider as an additional prognostic serum marker increase in the VEGF level in blood serum. Conclusion. Inclusion in diagnostic process in the clinical research of biomarkers showed that identification of NMIRMP increased from 18,1% in 2006 to 55,6% in 2011. The chosen volume of complex treatment allowed to reduce recurrence and lethality in the first two years from 32 to 15,5%.

The article concerns the main points of the organization and development of Stomatologic faculty. It was organized in 1988. Scientific stomatologic school in Saratov Medical University n.a. V. I. Razumovsky has been formed by the period of 25 years. A number of professionals in the sphere of scientific and practicing stomatology have been prepared.

Research objective: Creation of mathematical prognosis of model of local relapsing tumors in patients with prostate cancer after treatment by high-intensive focused ultrasound (HIFU). Objects and Research Methods: Results of treatment are estimated at 102 patients with morphologically localized prostate cancer proved at biopsy. For the purpose to analyze interrelation of prognostic factors and postoperative morphological research of prostate control biopsies after HIFU ablation with frequent development of relapses comparative statistical research of received data has been conducted. For construction of mathematical models of relapse prognosis after HIFU of prostates two methods of mul-tifactorial analysis of the data have been used: the discriminant analysis and logistical regress. Results: While planning treatment of patients after HIFU ablation of prostates it has been necessary to estimate morphological risk factors of local relapse of a neoplasm such as preoperative level of serum PSA, the sum of Gleason, severity of disease, presence of lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The offered formulas are worth while using in revealing of probability of development of relapses. The comparative analysis of mathematical models has showed that accuracy of prognosis of results of HIFU of prostates is high enough.

Research objective: The study investigates the antifibrotic nephroprotective effects of aliskiren on the condition of renal hemodynamics, changes of profibrotic cytokines level and markers of renal damage in patients with nephrolithiasis undergone various types of surgery. Materials and methods: Patients have been divided into 2 groups. The investigations have been performed before the surgery and in a month period. Concentrations of TGF-p, markers of acute renal tubulointerstitial damage — NGAL and p2-microglobulin in urine, levels of ET-1 in serum and indicator of endothelial dysfunction have been determined. Assessment of renal blood flow state by Doppler ultrasonography has been carried out in the same terms. Results: As a result of aliskiren treatment the decrease of mediators of tubulointerstitial damage and nephrofibrosis, significant improvement in renal blood flow in a month period after the surgery have been marked in comparison with the group which had not received nephroprotective therapy. Conclusion: Direct renin inhibitor aliskiren may be used as a means of renal protection therapy in treatment of patients with nephrolithiasis.

The aim of the study is a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic value of determining of concentration of cyto-kines in the serum and urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis. Materials and Methods: The study of cytokine profile in blood serum and urine has been performed in 21 patients with acute pyelonephritis aged from 23 to 63 years. The concentration of interleukin (IL-1 p, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) receptor antagonist, IL-1 (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor — alpha (TNF-a), C-reactive protein (CRP), in serum and urine of patients under the survey have been determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the appropriate reagent sets «Vector-Best» (Novosibirsk). The study of all these biomarkers in patients with acute pyelonephritis has been performed three times: at admission before antibiotic therapy (1 point); in a 5-7 days-period from the beginning of treatment (2 points); 1.5 months after completion of treatment (3 points,). Results: Before the treatment there has been an increase in levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1RA, TNF-a, CRP in serum. Simultaneously, the concentration of these substances in the urine has been higher. In 2 and 3-point changes the level of cytokines has been different; however, the content of them in the urine has been determined to be higher than in the serum. Conclusion: Analysis of changes in levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein in serum and urine showed that these biomarkers in acute pyelonephritis may be used as indicators of inflammatory activity. The data received suggest that the study of cytokine levels in the urine may be used to assess the severity of inflammatory changes in the renal parenchyma and in monitoring of therapy effectiveness.

Research objective: To study the role of prognostic factors in the estimation of risk development of recurrent prostate cancer after treatment by high-intensive focused ultrasound (HIUF). Objects and Research Methods: The research has included 102 patients with morphologically revealed localized prostate cancer by biopsy. They have been on treatment in Clinic of Urology of the Saratov Clinical Hospital n.a. S. R. Mirotvortsev. 102 sessions of initial operative treatment of prostate cancer by the method of HIFU have been performed. The general group of patients (n=102) has been subdivided by the method of casual distribution into two samples: group of patients with absent recurrent tumor and group of patients with the revealed recurrent tumor, by morphological research of biopsy material of residual prostate tissue after HIFU. The computer program has been used to study the signs of outcome of patients with prostate cancer. Results: Risk of development of recurrent prostate cancer has grown with the PSA level raise and its density. The index of positive biopsy columns

The research goal is to study probability, period of development and characteristics of a clinical course of chronic prostatitis against the background of androgen deficiency in the aging male. Materials and methods: The Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) rating scale has been applied for androgen deficiency evaluation and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) — for chronic prostatitis evaluation. 57 men with chronic prostatitis in combination with androgen deficiency in the aging male have been examined. Results: It has been concluded that the development of chronic prostatitis against the background of androgen deficiency in the aging male occurs in a shorter time period and about 1.5 times more frequently compared to androgen deficiency in the aging male at the background of chronic prostatitis. The analysis of time periods between the onset of chronic prostatitis symptoms against the background of androgen deficiency in the aging male and androgen deficiency in the aging male symptoms against the background of chronic prostatitis showed that androgen deficiency in the aging male symptoms have been revealed 1-2 years earlier than the onset of chronic prostatitis. The development of androgen deficiency in the aging male against the background of chronic prostatitis has showed a backward tendency. Signs of chronic prostatitis have been more frequently occurred in a period of four-five years earlier the androgen deficiency in the aging male development. Conclusion: The risk of development of chronic prostatitis against the background of androgen deficiency in the aging male during the next two years is actually four times higher in comparison with the development of androgen deficiency in the aging male against the background of chronic prostatitis. According to the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), patients with chronic prostatitis in combination with androgen deficiency in the aging male showed higher degree of severity than patients with isolated development of chronic prostatitis.

Research objective: to estimate efficiency of treatment of prostate cancer using high-intensive focused ultrasound on the basis of laboratory analysis of postoperative level prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Objects of research. Objects of research consisted of 110 patients treated in urological clinic of Hospital n.a. S. R. Mirotvortsev (Saratov State Medical University) during the period February, 2009 — March, 2012. Patients took 110 sessions of primary operative treatment of prostate cancer by HIFU therapy method. Technique and research methods. Concentration of PSA in blood changed in all patients every 1,5 month within 6 months after operation, irrespective of its kind (including after repeated HIFU), further — after every 3 month till one year, and later on after 6 months. We were guided by references of the International Consensus, which considers PSA level more than 0,5 ng/ml in blood after 3 months of treatment to be unsatisfactory result. We also headed for PSA level before treatment and oncological risk degree. Results. Median nadir formed 0,5 ng/ml PSA by 3 months after treatment. Patients demonstrated different indicators of PSA dynamics depending on oncological risk, stage and hormonal therapy management. Patients with low oncological risk had initially lower PSA concentration, further PSA concentration reached nadir level faster. At patients with widespread forms of prostate cancer accurate dependence of PSA concentration according to prevalence of process was traced. Time of PSA nadir amount did not differ and was marked as 12-14 weeks on average. At patients received hormonal therapy, lower value of PSA nadir was marked. The conclusion. Monitoring of PSA concentration (PSA nadir by 3 months, dynamics of PSA concentration change) is of great importance in early revealing of relapse after prostate HIFU therapy. High level of PSA nadir and PSA growth according to time period are important prognostic factors.

Increasing interest devoted to technology of high intensity focused ultrasound (high-intensity focused ultrasound, HIFU), basically, is explained by a wide spectrum of potential fields of application at minimum invasiveness of the given method. In oncourology HIFU is applied in prostate and kidney cancer. In case of tumors of renal parenchyma the given technique is being clinically tested, while HIFU is currently used in the practice of European oncourologists in treatment of prostate cancer. The majority of the references describing the results of HIFU application in prostate cancer is based on data of a number of clinical observations. It has been proved that HIFU is a possible method of treatment of highly — and moderate-differentiated tumors, and local relapses after remote radial therapy.

It is stated that kidney cancer takes one of the leading places in the cancer incidence. Particular attention should be paid to renal cell carcinoma. By means of modern methods of volume visualization it is possible to diagnose small renal tumors, to prognose the process of tumor development and to save organs by surgical intervention.

The article presents information about the history of neurology in Saratov.

The purpose of the article is to identify the most characteristic and significant changes in indicators in patients with bladder cancer during diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging (DWIBS). Materials: From September 2009 till 2011 98 patients have been examined (61 (62,24%) with morphologically verified bladder cancer and 37 (37,76%) with cystitis. Results: The study has revealed that the sensitivity of DWIBS-study in detecting bladder cancer is 98,36%, specificity of 10,81 %, the efficacy of 65,38%. Conclusions: DWIBS is an informative noninvasive method for screening diagnostics of bladder cancer, to identify suspicious areas on regional, and distant metastases

The article considers innovative methods used in the pre-university education at Saratov State Medical University and directed to the modernization of educational program. It points out that competence-based approach includes the following components — problem teaching and adaptive system, heuristic teaching, personal approach to teaching, computerization, distant education technologies and integration-module technology

The research goal is the comparative analysis of Russian and foreign studies concerned the possibility of radiological methods of diagnostics of cancer of urinary bladder. The problem of early diagnostics of initial tumor and tumor recurrence, determination of stages of bladder cancer, its prognosis and outcome remains an actual one

The article is devoted to the innovations in the higher medical education. Particular attention in this sphere is paid to the detailed analysis of the subject as a mechanism of cognition and psycho-emotional aspect. It should be noticed that the development of the university education demands the integration of functional systems to study the general medicine and the art of healing. In conclusion it has been found out that the new methodological approach is necessary to bring the teacher closer to the subject particularly to integrate the relation of the opposites.

The diagnostic significance of molecular markers was evaluated by immunohistochemical research of surgical and biopsy material of 106 patients with diseases of bladder and 57 patients with diseases of prostate. They received treatment at Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Uronephrology with monoclonal antibodies: Ki-67, PCNA, p63 (markers of proliferative activity), p53 (suppressor of tumor growth), Bcl-2, Bax (markers of apoptosis), EGFR (receptor of epidermal growth factors), PSA, PSMA, AMACR (prostate-specific antigens) and cytokeratin profile. The morphometric research was conducted on the basis of automated analysis system of digital images Ariol SL50 (Genetix)

The article presents biographic information about academician A.N. Bakulev, his scientific and practical contribution to the development of cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, neurosurgery and creation of scientific surgery school in the USSR

The article presents data of history of organization, scientific and practical function of the Physico-medical society and its contribution to the development of medical education and health care in the Saratov region in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries

The aim of this study was the estimation of clinical importance markers of renal damage at surgical treatment of nephrolithiasis. We studied results of operations in 110 patients with nephrolithiasis. The study presents new candidates for biochemical markers of acute kidney injury and renal interstitial fibrosis, with potentially high sensitivity and specificity. In this study were measured the concentrations of these biomarkers in urine. We suggested, that increased concentrations molecular mediators of renal damage (L2, IL-18) and interstitial fibrosis (MCP-1, TGFp, IGF1) in the patients with nephrophibrosis and strongetubulointerstitial injury, saved long-time period after operation, has been shown of progression chronic kidney disease

The article presents biographic data of professor N. R. Ivanov and reflectshis contribution to the development of the national department of infectious service and the department of children infectious diseases at Saratov Medical University.