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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poverty is one of the major issues in the field of economics and a serious focus for finding effective solutions. Population size is also a key factor that can influence the poverty rate. This research aims to evaluate the conditions of poverty and the population of Indonesia in the next five years, from 2023 to 2027. Forecasting methods are used, specifically Exponential Smoothing and Holt's method, due to the presence of trends in the data. With the assistance of machine learning technology, particularly using the R, poverty rates and population figures can be projected. The results of the projections indicate that the population of Indonesia is expected to continue increasing each year from 2023 to 2027 or have a positive trend. On the other hand, the poverty rate in Indonesia is projected to decrease each year or have a negative trend during the same period, from 2023 to 2027. This research has important implications for policymakers, as it underscores the significance of data-driven decision-making and informed policy development. The positive demographic trend suggests the necessity of preparing for the associated challenges and requirements of a growing population. Meanwhile, the declining poverty rate presents an opportunity for socio-economic development, necessitating sustained efforts to maintain this trajectory. The study underscores the importance of data analysis and forecasting in addressing critical issues like population growth and poverty reduction, ultimately contributing to the well-being and advancement of Indonesian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising cost of feed is a major challenge in Nigeria's poultry industry. It impacts production costs and threatens the industry's sustainability and food security. Implementing effective coping strategies for rising feed costs is crucial for poultry enterprises. This study examines poverty level, food insecurity status, and poultry farmers' coping strategies to high feed costs in South-West, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed for this study. Three states (Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo) were purposively selected from the six states in the South-West of Nigeria. In the second stage, 575 poultry farmers from all Poultry Association of Nigeria zones were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data on the production activities of poultry farms were collected from the farmers using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mean per capita household expenditure, household food insecurity access scale, double log regression, multinomial logistic regression, and stochastic frontier production models at p< 0.05. The results of data analysis showed that 48% of the poultry farmers adopted mixed farming to cope with the rising feed cost while 24.7%, 16.1% and 6.2% adopted the use of finished feed, downsizing their flock size and at the verge of exiting the venture, respectively, while 5.2% did not change strategy. At a poverty line of 48,500/year, 70.7% of the poultry farmers were poor. The results also indicated that 25.8% of the poultry farmers were food secure, 1.6%, 27.2% and 45.4% were mildly, moderately and severely food insecure, respectively. The multinomial logit analysis results showed that sex (p<0.1), age (p<0.05), education (p<0.01), farm size (p<0.05), food security status (p<0.01), and access to credit (p<0.01) were factors for coping with rising feed costs in South-west Nigeria. The study concludes that the more educated the poultry farmers are the likely they will adopt the most suitable strategies to reduce the effect of rising feed costs. The study recommends that poultry farmers should engage in mixed farming which enables them to be in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Social Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Społecznych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to evaluate the impacts of village fund allocations on economic empowerment and poverty reduction among low-income populations in Klungkung Regency, Bali. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study engaged 259 participants across 37 villages. Methods included observations, interviews, and in-depth interviews for data gathering. Analytical techniques encompassed descriptive statistics, mean difference tests, and path analysis. Key findings reveal that: (1) village funds significantly bolster economic empowerment for low-income groups; (2) while village funds alone do not directly reduce poverty levels, economic empowerment contributes to a marked decrease in poverty; (3) economic empowerment serves as a complete mediator in the relationship between village funds and poverty reduction; (4) the program's implementation exhibits strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats which collectively influence its effectiveness; (5) post-program poverty levels show a notable decline compared to pre-program figures. This study underscores the scarcity of research measuring community empowerment and poverty in relation to village funds, highlighting its potential as a policy-making reference. Contributing to regional economic development literature, this study supports the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through an integrative analysis of village fund efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the influence of poverty levels, unemployment and economic growth on the human development index in Nusa Tenggara Barat province in 2017-2022. The type of research used is quantitative research. The data used comes from the Central Statistics Agency of Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, totaling 10 Regencies/Cities. The data was processed using the Eviws 10 application with the panel data regression analysis method with the Fixed Effect Model approach. The results of this study show that partially the value of prob. The poverty level variable of 0.00 is smaller than the significance level (α) of 0.05, which means that the poverty level has a negative and significant effect on the human development index, while the prob. The unemployment variable of 0.84 is greater than the significance level (α) of 0.05, which means that unemployment has a negative but not significant effect and the prob. The economic growth variable of 0.20 is greater than the significance level (α) of 0.05, which means that economic growth has a positive but not significant effect on the human development index in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. Meanwhile, the results of simultaneous testing (F test) of the three variables of poverty, unemployment and economic growth have a joint effect on the human development index. The implications of this research can be a guide for policy makers in efforts to improve human development in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012, the Republic of Mali has been facing numerous security challenges caused by the separatist uprising led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad and many non-State armed groups. This led to a loss of control by the authorities in several areas where the provision of public services and the operation of development programs were disrupted. The base of the economy - the agricultural sector - suffered, on the one hand, due to physical destruction of infrastructure and delays in the construction of new facilities due to limited financial and implementation opportunities, and on the other - due to limited access of households to agricultural resources and modern irrigation methods, which hindered the development of agriculture, expansion of acreage. The devastating consequences also affected other areas of the country. As a result, there is still an urgent need for humanitarian assistance, especially in the northern part of the country, and food insecurity due to the conflict and dependence on weather conditions remains a serious problem. Thus, money transfer programs from major international donors are one of the main sources of functioning of the economy and society of Mali. However, such dependence, in the end, does not benefit the country much in the context of long-term and sustainable development. This is confirmed by the difficulties that have arisen in recent years in connection with the imposed international sanctions. On the other hand, the country has quite attractive investment potential, but foreign investments pursue in most cases purely private interests of investors, ignoring the issue of social responsibility of business and not contributing to the restoration of the social and environmental spheres of Mali. In this regard, the study is devoted to the problem of sustainable development of the country and the possibility of using investment policy tools to implement policy objectives in this area. To this end, the formation and state of Mali’s sustainable development policy is analyzed; the dynamics of the main indicators reflecting the aspects of sustainable development are assessed; the world experience of implementing the concept of “green” investments that had positive environmental and social effects is reviewed. Conclusions are drawn about the need to revise and modernize the policy of attracting investments into the economy of Mali, which will provide additional opportunities for comprehensive development and increasing the level of independence.

This article discusses a study conducted in Ternate City, North Maluku, Indonesia, on the effects of capital expenditure, social expenditure, and economic growth on the poverty rate. The study found that negative behavior has a significant negative impact on poverty, while capital expenditure, social spending, and economic growth alone do not have a significant effect on the poverty rate in Ternate City. The study emphasizes the importance of effective budgeting and well-managed local revenue streams in supporting regional development and reducing poverty. The findings suggest that increasing social spending can help reduce poverty in Ternate City. Further research is needed to explore the impact of a caring economy on poverty reduction. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of the study is to analyze the reasons for low efficiency of state social assistance based on a social contract and to prepare proposals for the program development and its inclusion in the state policy measures system to reduce the poverty level of the population of the Russian Federation. The program effectiveness problems have been studied in the chronology of its regulatory and methodological framework formation and development stages. By now the lack of significant results of the use of the social contract technology as a special type of state social assistance to low-income families in the research has been explained by the lack of a program’s theoretical model with target indicators defined at the basic stage and mechanisms for achieving them. As a possible solution to the problem of increasing the effectiveness of program, the prospects for its transformation into an activating type program have been examined. Various modifications of such programs are now widely used in international practice and recognized as effective tools in ensuring the growth and stabilization of income of poor people.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the evolution of interpretation of the poverty as a category. In addition, among the aims of the article is analysis of the dynamics of the poverty level in Ukraine and Lviv region as well as determination of the most effective economic factors affecting the poverty level. Methodology / approach. An analysis of the importance of the impact of annual growth of Ukraine’s GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and other possible factors on poverty level was carried out using statistical tools, namely the Pearson’s, Kendall’s, Spearman’s and Fechner’s correlation coefficients. Research methodology is a systematic approach to the study of the phenomenon of poverty using general scientific methods, as well as statistical methods. The questionnaire method was used to interview residents of cities and villages of Lviv region; methods of correlative-regression analysis were used to assess the importance of individual factors on the poverty level in Ukraine. Authors built VAR-model for the optimal analysis of the poverty level in Ukraine and factors of its influence. Results. After analyzing the value of the coefficient of determination, the authors concluded that the most significant factors of poverty in Ukraine are GDP per capita, PPP (R2 = 0.50), unemployment rate (R2 = 0.42), interest rates on loans (R2 = 0.21), inequality of income distribution (Gini index) (R2 = 0.20), taxes on income and profits (R2 = 0.15). GDP annual growth rate accounts for more than 64% of changes in poverty level in the second period. The value of the inequality of income distribution measured by the Gini index in the dynamics of the poverty level increases from 3.9% in the second period to 5.2% in the 10th period. In addition, value of the interest rate on loans and NBU’s account rate increase over time, accounting for approximately 10.0% and 2.4% of the variation in the level of poverty, respectively. Thus, level of interest rates is an important factor influencing the dynamics of poverty level in Ukraine. Originality / scientific novelty. An analysis of the dynamics of the poverty level in Ukraine was conducted, including a survey of residents of towns and villages in the Lviv region. A direct relationship between the interest rate on loans and the level of poverty has been established. In addition, the direct relationship between the inequality of income distribution and poverty level was confirmed. Practical value / implications. It is proposed to use the correlation coefficients of Pearson, Kendall, Spearman and Fechner to calculate the strength of connection between the poverty level and its economic factors. Authors suggest applying VAR-model for optimal analysis of the poverty level in Ukraine.

Poverty remains a multifaceted economic challenge that necessitates a variety of solutions. The method that must be pursued focuses on enhancing economic, social wellbeing, and equalizing people's purchasing power to satisfy life's requirements rather than only economic growth. The purpose of this study is to discover and assess the impact of mudharabah finance, zakat, and inflation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia, both individually and collectively. The data utilized is secondary data from associated agencies such as the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the National Zakat Amil Agency (BAZNAS), Bank Indonesia (BI), and the Central Agency of Statistics (BPS) for 2006-2022 period. The study employed a multiple linear regression model and hypothesis testing utilizing E-Views 12 Software, with mudharabah funding, zakat, and inflation serving as independent factors and poverty level serving as the dependent variable. The findings of the regression tests show that mudharabah and zakat finance have a considerable negative influence on poverty, but the inflation rate has a negligible positive effect on poverty. The government, as a policymaker, can maximize the distribution of mudharabah and zakat finance for poverty alleviation initiatives; nevertheless, government must continue to pay attention to the inflation rate in order to regulate and distribute people's buying power in a balanced manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the mean reversion in household consumption expenditure in 38 African countries; the expenditure series used were the percentage of nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP), each spanning 1990 to 2018. Due to a small sample size of time series of household expenditure, with possible structural breaks, we used the Fourier unit root test approach, which enabled us to model both smooth and instantaneous breaks in the expenditure series. The results showed non-mean reversion in the consumption expenditure pattern of Egypt, Madagascar and Tunisia, while mean reversion was detected in the remaining 35 countries. Thus, the majority of African countries are on the verge of recession once shocks that affect the growth of GDP are triggered. Findings in this paper are of relevance to policymakers on poverty alleviation programmes in those selected countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Human Improvement File is a marker used to quantify one of the significant perspectives connected with the nature of monetary advancement results, to be specific the level of human improvement in view of three pointers, in particular wellbeing, training accomplished, and expectations for everyday comforts. Poverty is a condition of the population who is unable to meet the minimum basic needs for a decent life. Poverty results in a decrease in the quality of human resources which is a global problem in development. Aim: This study expects to examine the impact of Territorial Unique Income, Capital Use and Financial Development (Gross domestic product) on the Human Advancement File and Destitution Levels in the Rule/City of the Bangka Belitung Islands Region in 2017-2021. Method: The insightful technique utilized is board information relapse with the Normal Impact Model methodology through e-sees 10 programming. Finding: The consequences of this study demonstrate that Territorial Unique Income, Capital Consumptions and Monetary Development (Gross domestic product) to some extent fundamentally affect the Human Improvement File, and Provincial Unique Income and Financial Development (Gross domestic product) to some degree essentially affect the Neediness Level, while Capital Uses affect the Destitution Level. All the while, Territorial Unique Income, Capital Uses and Financial Development (Gross domestic product) essentially affect the Human Advancement Record and Destitution Levels in the Rule/City of the Bangka Belitung Islands Region in 2017-2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the actual problems of the methodology for constructing criteria used in determining low-income households. The purpose of the research is to clarify the criteria developed by Russian statistics based on the accounting of monetary features. The approach proposed in the research to combining monetary and material components allows forming multidimensional criteria reflecting the minimum required level of household provision with financial and material resources, as well as resource capabilities of various household groups. The estimates developed on its basis also make it possible to identify intergroup differences for household groups formed according to multidimensional characteristics. The approbation of the proposed approach in the research was carried out on the basis of the data from the Russian official statistics of living standards, developed under the section «Income, expenses and living conditions of households». According to the approbation results, the deprivation characteristics of the decile income groups of the Russian population were revealed by the level of their provision with housing conditions, durable goods and resources for improving housing conditions. On the basis of criteria developed taking into account non-monetary components, in the low-income households the research identified groups with the status of extreme, desperate and moderate poverty, as well as a group with increased risks of changes in property status. According to the estimates, in 2019 restrictions on housing conditions and the availability of durable goods were fixed in all decile groups of households with per capita monetary incomes up to 35 thousand. rub. per month. This level can be considered as a criterion determining the boundary below which the corresponding income groups of households can be classified as poor on the basis of material resources.

The article examines migration processes in the Kyrgyz Republic, analysing the dynamics of the population, natural increase, mortality, life expectancy of the population, and the level of poverty of the population. Diagnostics of changes in the demographic situation, as well as the intensification of migration processes, showed an increase in both quantitative and qualitative indicators of migration and in the forms and directions of movement of the migration vector. The findings suggest that migration processes have a significant impact on the socio-economic situation in the republic, the balance of the labour market, and changes in the economic and social situation of the population. These outcomes are often accompanied by a change in the vector of educational and professional training, and the expansion of the needs of people participating in migration.

The article illuminates current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine and substantiates the prospects for overcoming it, taking into account the necessity to increase the level of well-being of the population. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the scientific works of modern researchers, the theoretical aspects of the concept of «poverty» are considered and its substantive content is determined. As a result of the study, current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine are identified, taking into account the diagnosis of the impact on the standard of living of the population of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, hostilities and temporary occupation of territories. Thus, among the negative tendencies affecting the well-being of the population, it is worth noting the low level of incomes and their significant differentiation, a decrease in the level of employment and the shadowing of the economy. Therefore, first of all, to overcome poverty, it is important: to optimize the level of differentiation of incomes of the population based on the principle of social justice; to ensure the development of entrepreneurship, which will provide opportunities to create new jobs; to form effective mechanisms for price regulation and anti-inflationary policy; increase minimum social standards and create conditions for decent wages. The up-to-date statistical information on poverty levels, incomes and expenditures of the population, and other indicators of living standards is highlighted. The authors’ vision of the prospects for overcoming the problem of poverty of the population in Ukraine is substantiated on the basis of the determined directions for the implementation of leading foreign experience. In particular, the need for prospective measures aimed at reducing poverty in Ukraine has been identified, including the following measures: revising the minimum social standards and bringing them in line with the social standards of the developed EU countries; reducing the tax burden on the wage fund; development of entrepreneurship; improving the mechanisms for providing social support on the basis of increasing the targeting of payments and control over the targeted use of funds; deshadowing of employment and remuneration, development of non-traditional forms of employment and self-employment of the population; introduction of lifelong education, improvement of educational and scientific spheres; reimmigration of Ukrainians and creation of conditions for the realization of their potential in Ukraine; formation of effective mechanisms of the State regulation; budget financing, taking into account the priority of the social sphere. Prospects for further research in this area are to determine the priorities for improving the level of well-being of the population at the stage of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

The Village Fund Program is a central government program to improve the welfare of rural communities. Each village received a relatively large amount of village funds. However, after their Covid-19, the village funds were diverted to handling the Covid-19 problem. Village funds distributed by the government in general aim to improve the welfare of rural communities due to the unequal welfare conditions between people in rural areas and urban areas. Thus, the village fund program is also expected to eradicate the poor in rural areas. Besides, it is following sustainable development goals (Sustainable Development Goals)./SDGs). The objectives of this research are 1) To analyze the significance of differences in the use of village funds before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Klungkung Regency; 2) to analyze the effect of using village funds in 2020 after the Covid-19 pandemic on the welfare level of villagers in Klungkung Regency. This research was conducted in Klungkung Regency, especially Klungkung mainland, with the classification of respondents of 3 village officials, 3 village community members, and 1 village community leader. Hence, the respondents in each village are 7 people. The number of villages on Klungkung mainland is 37 villages. Thus, the total number of respondents was 259 people throughout Klungkung Regency. The number of respondents was determined by quota sampling. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling combined with snowball sampling, which was included in the non-probability sampling. For respondents, the village apparatus used probability sampling in each village. In addition, purposive sampling was used for the required informants. Data collection methods were observation, interviews, and in-depth interviews, using descriptive statistical data analysis techniques, regression analysis, and average difference test. The results of the analysis showed that: 1) There was a significant difference in the use of village funds in 2019 and 2020 during the pandemic. In 2020, the use of village funds prioritized handling the Covid-19 pandemic. While the use of village funds in 2019 was used for village administration, village development, community development, and community empowerment; 2) There was a significant positive effect on the use of village funds in 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic on the welfare level of the population in Klungkung Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over time, the role of women in the world of work has evolved and despite the implementation of new laws whose objective was to build a society and a more inclusive, participatory, democratic state, without discrimination, racism, hatred, or division. There are still inequalities towards women. This document will analyse the impact of labour inequalities in the informal market in the period 2006-2019 through the application of an econometric model of time series in relation to the variables Minimum Wage, Unemployment Women, Salaried Workers, and Level of Poverty. The results of the model lead us to conclude that the barriers imposed on women in the formal labour market led to unemployment among women continuing to increase and unfortunately, they have to seek income on a day-to-day basis, moving further into the informal sector in Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exacerbation of socio-economic challenges necessitates the assessment of the effectiveness of the social policy, and one of the indicators of which is the level of poverty. This highlights the feasibility of comparing existing methodological approaches to measuring poverty, substantiating their objectivity and the feasibility of using it to assess the effectiveness of the national social policy. The results of the study revealed the diversity of existing approaches to the definition of ‘poverty’, which combines economic, social, and political aspects; the existing approaches and criteria for determining poverty are summarized. The paper specifies the methodological features of assessing the scale of poverty within an objective approach to 1) monetary criteria (absolute and relative poverty line, other monetary limits in accordance with the methodology of the World Bank and the EU), 2) non-monetary poverty line (based on identifying multiple derivations deprivation). The author’s position is that the assessment of the extent of poverty should also be carried out within the framework of a subjective approach, which involves self-identification and self-assessment of their own standard of living (according to the survey). The analytical study of trends and scales of poverty according to all methodological approaches and criteria for its definition is carried out. The novelty of this study is to identify trends and the overall level of effectiveness of national social policy in terms of all indicators of poverty. According to the results of comparative analysis of poverty indicators, the author's position on the objectivity of their reflection of the level of effectiveness of national policy is substantiated, the advantages, disadvantages, expediency and reservations on the application of existing methodological approaches to determining poverty to assess the effectiveness of the social policy.

Objective: This report describes characteristics of patients who had high out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on mental health care relative to income., Methods: A sample of 8,923 U.S. adults with outpatient mental health visits was drawn from the 2018-2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Respondents who spent ≥10% of their disposable family incomes on OOP mental health visits were defined as having a high OOP cost burden., Results: Using weighted percentages, the authors found that 2.4% of psychiatric outpatients had a high OOP burden; among those below the federal poverty level, 12.8% had a high OOP burden. Patients with a high (vs. low) OOP burden were statistically significantly more likely to be uninsured (7.5% vs. 2.4%) or diagnosed as having a substance use disorder (8.7% vs. 2.8%) or bipolar disorder (14.5% vs. 8.0%)., Conclusions: Despite federal policies extending the availability of insurance for mental health care, many low-income psychiatric outpatients experience high OOP cost burden., Competing Interests: The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

AimThis study aimed to explore the correlation between social determinants and overweight and obesity in children and youths with epilepsy.MethodsThe study data were derived from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) 2016–2017 and 2018–2019, a cross-sectional sample of young people aged 10–17. Three groups participated by weight: 423 in body mass index (BMI) 5th–84th group (normal weight), 108 in BMI 85th–94th group (overweight), and 124 in BMI ≥ 95th group (obesity). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted. The three subgroups were divided to explore the correlation between social determinants and overweight and obesity.ResultsA total of 655 children were included. After adjusting for sex, age, race, use of cigarets, cigars, or pipe tobacco inside, afterschool activity, and physical activity, children in poor physical condition reported by their parents [OR = 1.573 (95% CI, 1.164–2.125)] were associated with overweight/obesity. There were negative correlations between parents with higher education and overweight/obesity, especially in children and youths with previous or current epilepsy groups. Also, overweight/obesity was correlated with the 200%–400% family poverty level (FPL) [the adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.156 (95% CI, 0.028–0.876)] and above 400% FPL [the adjusted OR = 0.121 (95% CI, 0.023–0.641)] in children and youths with mild symptoms of epilepsy, and above 400% FPL [the adjusted OR = 0.103 (95% CI, 0.023–0.460)] in children with moderate to severe epilepsy.ConclusionPoor physical conditions were correlated with obesity in childhood epilepsy. Parents with higher education and FPLs were negatively correlated to childhood obesity. Therefore, this study was intended to advocate for a greater emphasis on BMI for children and youths with epilepsy in families with lower-educated and low-income groups.

Economic development in Indonesia is a process of building a complete human being, so that it can improve the community welfare. The main goal of economic development is poverty alleviation. The government through Nawacita is committed to developing Indonesia from the periphery, including by increasing development in villages. One of the government expenditures aimed at reducing poverty in rural areas is through financial assistance, namely the Village Fund. In addition to village funds, the quality of human resources also determines the poverty levels in each region. The quality of human resources includes the dimensions of one's education and health. The research objective was to analyze the effect of village funds and the quality of human resources on the poverty level and community welfare in the regencies/cities of Bali Province. The data used is panel data for regencies/cities in Bali Province in 2015 – 2019 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency for Bali Province, the Bali Province Community and Village Empowerment Service and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DPJK)-Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results of the research analysis show that the village funds have no negative and insignificant effect on poverty levels. The quality of human resources has a negative and significant effect on the level of poverty. Village funds have no positive and insignificant effect on community welfare. The quality of human resources has a positive and significant impact on community welfare. The poverty levels have a negative and significant effect on community welfare. The Village funds indirectly have no significantly effect on community welfare through poverty levels. The quality of human resources indirectly has a significantly on community welfare through the poverty levels in the regencies/cities in the Province of Bali.

Regencies/cities in the Province of Bali as one of the areas experiencing problems with the rate of economic growth, income disparities and the development of poverty levels are not evenly distributed between regions These problems can be influenced by several factors, such as the tourism sector and the quality of human resources. Research purpose is to analyze the influence of the tourism sector and the quality of human resources on economic growth, income disparities and poverty levels in regencies/cities in Bali Province. The data used is secondary data, namely regency/city panel data in the Province of Bali in 2010-2019 which was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency for the Province of Bali. The data is then analyzed by path analysis using Partial Least Square. The results of the analysis show that the tourism sector and the quality of human resources have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The tourism sector and economic growth have a positive and significant effect on income disparities, but the quality of human resources has a negative and insignificant effect on income disparities. The tourism sector and economic growth have a negative and insignificant effect on the level of poverty and the quality of human resources has a negative but significant relationship to the level of poverty, while income disparity has a positive and significant effect on the level of poverty. The tourism sector indirectly has no significant effect on income disparities through economic growth, while the quality of human resources indirectly has a significant effect on income disparities through economic growth. The tourism sector and the quality of human resources indirectly have no significant effect on the level of poverty through economic growth and income disparities, while economic growth indirectly does not significantly affect the level of poverty through income disparities in regencies/cities in Bali Province.

One of the medium-term goals of Russian social policy is to halve poverty. In order to track progress towards this goal, a reliable data source is needed, as well as an adequate assessement tool. Also, in addition to the general dynamics of poverty headcount in Russia, it is important to see changes in poverty headcount at the regional level since social support for people in need is the responsibility of regional governments in Russia. Using data from a representative household survey conducted annually by Rosstat, the authors have proposed a methodology for ranking regions according to the effectiveness of their policies in supporting people in need. A feature of the proposed approach is that it allows for a more objective assessment of the contribution of each region's efforts both to achieving the national goal of reducing absolute poverty and in overcoming the neediness associated with intraregional income inequality. In addition, the authors have proposed to improve the method of accounting for the income of rural households in order to take into account the contribution of personal subsidiary plots to financial situation. At the first glance, the ranking results may seem unexpected: not only economic leaders, but also the regions that are far from the richest can demonstrate the best efficiency in reducing poverty, and vice versa, a relatively high or low initial poverty level in the region does not predetermine the result. The analysis shows that the key to efficiency is using such a measures of social support that are aimed at the poorest (targeted benefits), and setting the amount of benefits progressively differentiating the amout of benefit depending on the degree of need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of poverty has become a complex and chronic problem both at the national and regional levels. The province of East Nusa Tenggara is one of the provinces with the highest poverty rate in Indonesia. The development of the poverty rate in NTT reflects the heavy burden on the government in alleviating the poverty of its population. Most of the natural conditions in East Nusa Tenggara Province are arid and barren, drought and food insecurity seem to be routine disasters faced by NTT residents almost every year. so that the prevention requires an appropriate and sustainable strategy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of investment, capital expenditure, and the quality of human resources on economic growth and poverty levels in the districts / cities of NTT Province. As well as to analyze trends / trends in poverty levels in the districts / cities of NTT Province. This study uses secondary data for the period 2013-2018 from 21 districts and 1 city with 132 observations. The data analysis technique used path analysis. The results showed that investment, capital expenditure and human resource quality had a positive and significant effect on economic growth and investment, and capital spending, human resource quality and economic growth had a negative and significant effect on the level of poverty as well as investment, capital spending, and human resource quality directly affects the level of poverty through economic growth in the regencies / cities of East Nusa Tenggara Province. The trend / trend in poverty levels in districts / cities of East Nusa Tenggara Province show a trend of high poverty disparities between cities and villages in NTT.

This article has analysed the effect of development aid flows on poverty volatility in developing countries, including through the economic growth volatility channel. Using a sample of 106 countries over the period 1980-2017, and the two-step system Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM) technique, the analysis has shown that development aid flows dampen the positive poverty volatility effect of economic growth volatility: the magnitude of the negative effect of development aid on poverty volatility rises as the degree of economic growth volatility increases. Additionally, development aid exerts a higher negative effect on poverty volatility as countries face higher poverty rates. These findings highlight the importance of development aid for stabilizing poverty rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most under-developed countries are facing the problem of low economic growth and receive limited financial assistance programs for the economical year 2020-2021. They are unable to provide the basic hygienic facilities, clean water and to control climate changes. It's a very difficult task for low-income countries to produce or manage the COVID-19 vaccine due to limited research and financial infrastructure. The government of Pakistan is still struggling to control polio and other genetically transferred diseases, but this commination disease creates another medical problem all over the country. Recently, collaboration was engaged between Pak-China medical research institutions to facilitate the community as much as possible. From various control group studies, the government starts the vaccination of frontline paramedical staff to keep their life secure. But the question is that is it possible for the government to manage 220 million doses with high poverty rate, low economic growth, immature behavior of religious scholars, and high police pressure from the opposition parties. The objective of this study is to provide a framework by elaborate on their challenges and priorities. Due to limited workforce and financial support, large burden of early communication and placebo diseases, the current pandemic is demanding a comprehensive framework to control the speedy spreadness of COVID-19 and quick health and economic recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The issue of poverty is still a strategic development issue carried out by the Bali Provincial Government. The poverty reduction efforts have been carried out by the regencies/cities of Bali Province with various development programs, but the number of poor people still shows that there is a level of poverty inequality between regencies/cities in Bali Province. This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of social and economic factors on poverty levels in the Bali Province, Indonesia. The social factors in question are population density, unemployment rate, education, and life expectancy. While several economic factors studied included investment, income distribution, and contribution of the agricultural sector. The data in this study are panel data covering socio-economic data and poverty levels in nine regencies/cities in Bali Province during the period 2007-2017. Data analysis was carried out with a quantitative approach using panel data multiple regression methods and equipped with descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that education, investment, and the contribution of the agricultural sector has a negative effect on poverty levels. Population density, unemployment rate, life expectancy, and income distribution has a positive effect on poverty levels. Suggestions to policy makers, first, the regencies with low investment levels (Bangli, Karangasem, and Jembrana Regencies) to make innovative breakthrough efforts to attract investors to invest according to the potential of each region to support the sustainable development of Bali; and second, the consistency of pro-poor principles of social assistance spending policies.

The main problem in the current poverty reduction effort is related to the fact that economic growth is not evenly distributed. The research will classify based on the data of poor people obtained from Tibawa District by using data mining technique. Attributes to be used in classifying the population are Age, Education, Work, Income, Dependent, Status (Married / Unmarried). The method to be used is the Naïve Bayes Classifier method, which is one of the classification techniques in data mining. Based on the research, it is concluded that, the classification system of the poor in the administrative area of Tibawa sub-district, Gorontalo regency can be engineered and Based on the result of confusion matrix testing with split validation technique, the use of naïve Bayes classification method to the dataset which has been taken on the research object obtained the level of accuracy 73% or included in the Good category. While the Precision value of 92% and Recall of 86%.

An important indicator of the welfare and living standards of the population is the level of the poor population in the given country. As practice shows, in economically developed countries the policy in the population income sphere is one of the key elements of economic management. In countries with transforming economies such as Armenia, the problem of population income regulation is extremely topical. In resolving many of social policy issues the need to compare the living standards of families with different structures arises. The work is devoted to the construction of equivalence scales which take into account the actual purchasing power differences of similar incomes in different size households.

Since different methods for determining poverty and social inequality produce different results, they should be used in a comprehensive manner. Only in this case it becomes possible to obtain a reliable evaluation of poverty in the country and justify the main directions of social policy to overcome it. Poverty profiles differ depending on monetary and non-monetary approaches: high risks of monetary poverty are inherent in children, and non-monetary poverty is higher among older age periods, When using monetary approaches, the highest risks of poverty are typical for large families and for families that simultaneously include children and the unemployed. Households with three or more children have also increased risks. When using non-monetary criteria, the group with the highest risks of poverty is households that consist only of people in the older age periods (60 years and older). Conditions of life of more than a quarter of Ukrainians do not meet even the minimum standards of the European Union for food, consumption of non-food goods and services, proper living conditions, etc. It is proved that the high level of poverty in Ukraine has increased the market for commercial surrogacy. Particular attention is paid to the rules of current Ukrainian legislation governing surrogacy. Based on results of the study of characteristics of surrogacy institution in Ukraine, the authors identified the main mechanisms of legal regulation of surrogacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways in which the government in Central Kalimantan Province moves the regional economy is to develop an expansionary region which is expected to be able to further improve the economy of the community with the potential to support the pace of economic growth in the region for the welfare of its people. The aim of this study was to analyze The Economic Performance of Community Welfare in the Development District of Central Kalimantan in 2010-2017. This study uses quantitative method and panel data. Proxy Economic Performance is a variable of Economic Growth, Unemployment Rate and Poverty Level as an independent variable, Community Welfare is proxied to be the Human Development Index as the dependent variable. The results of the study show that partially Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate do not significantly influence Community Welfare while the Poverty Level affects the Welfare of the Community. Simultaneously Economic Growth, Unemployment Rate, and Poverty Level have a significant effect on Community Welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]