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Purpose: To investigate the effect of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one isolated from mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seeds on atherogenic index, expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and expression of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) genes in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: A total of 25 rats male aged 8 weeks and weighing an average of 200 g were used. They were divided into five groups as follows: (I) normal (N), (II) hyperlipidemic (HL), (III) hyperlipidemic rats treated with simvastatin (HL+SV), (IV and V) hyperlipidemic rats treated with 30 or 90mg, respectively, of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one per 200 g body weight per day for 4 weeks. Atherogenic index (AI) was calculated from the levels of triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) while Nrf2 and GPx gene expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: Two different doses of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one in hyperlipidemic rats significantly reduced their atherogenic index (p < 0.05). Nrf2 and GPx expression levels were lower than (p > 0.05) those of hyperlipidemic group. Conclusion: Seven-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one reduces the atherogenic index and expression levels of Nrf2 and GPx genes in hyperlipidemic rats. Thus, this compound has potential as an antihyperlipidemic agent

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an incurable disease which causes disability and death. The main pathogenesis of COPD is oxidative stress due to cigarette smoke which initiates various reactions and lead to lung elastic fibers destruction. Statins are known to have antioxidant effects and reduce mortality in COPD. We studied the effects of cigarette smoke exposure cessation and rosuvastatin on oxidative stress and the level of elastic fiber destruction in COPD model rats. Thirty 10-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups: Control (n=6, did not received fumigation nor treatment) and Smoking (n=24, received fumigation for 70 days) groups. Afterwards, the smoking group was divided into 4 groups: Sham, R2, R5,R10, and received 0.9% NaCl, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day of rosuvastatin, respectively. Examination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and desmosine serum were conducted to measure oxidative stress and elastic fiber degradation level, respectively. After smoke exposure, MDA and desmosine levels of COPD rats were found to be significantly higher (p=0.000 and 0.000) than controls. The MDA level in Sham, R2, R5 and R10 groups decreased significantly after therapy (p=0.000; 0.033; 0.015; 0.002). However, the post-treatment desmosine level was increase significantly in Sham and R2 groups (p=0.006 dan 0.012) and insignificantly (p=0.117 dan 0.278) in the R5 and R10 groups. It can be concluded that the cessation of exposure to cigarette smoke can reduce oxidative stress, but not elastic degradation process. The administration of rosuvastatin of 5 or 10 mg/kg/day attenuated elastic degradation process.

Hyperlipidemia results in excessive superoxide anion radicals that are the cause of oxidative stress. Phytochemical compounds can reduce oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between ratio of Nrf2/Keap1 and catalase gene expression in livers of hyperlipidemic rats after administration of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one. Twenty-four Rattus norvegicus rats, aged 8 weeks and weighing an average of 200 g were randomly divided into 6 groups i.e. Group 1 was normal group (N), Group 2 was hyperlipidemic rats (HL), Group 3 was hyperlipidemic rats with simvastatin (HL+SV), and Groups 4-6 were hyperlipidemic rats with 7-hydroxy- 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one doses 10 mg (HL+10), 30 mg (HL+30) or 90 mg/200 g BW (HL+90), respectively, administered orally by gavages. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized and the livers were used to analyze the ratio of Nrf2/ Keap 1 and catalase gene expression. Nrf2/Keap1 ratio and catalase gene expression between groups were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test. Spearman’s correlation test was used to analyze the correlations between Nrf2/Keap1 ratio and catalase gene expression. The administration of 3 different doses of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- chromen-4-one on hyperlipidemic rats increased catalase gene expression. There was no correlation between ratio Nrf2/Keap1 and catalase gene expression. In conclusion, administration of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chromen-4-one can improve catalase gene expression in hyperlipidemic rats. However, there is no correlation between the ratio of Nrf2/Keap1 gene expression and the catalase gene expression.

Alternative methods of controlling glucose levels in patients with diabetes is by type of food, either by utilizing yam flour. At the flour contained inulin and resistant starch that can activate the enzyme AMPK-α2. Activation of these enzymes will stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle and liver, thus causing a decrease in glucose production. Varying doses of flour is expected to affect the expression of AMPK-α2. This study aims to dosage relationship yam flour (Dioscorea esculenta) with tigkat-α2 AMPK enzyme expression in the nucleus skeletal muscle and liver in mouse models of diabetes mellitus. The study was a quasi-experimental design with Post Test Only Group Design. Rats were divided into 5 (five) groups, healthy mice, the mice with type 2 diabetes, and type 2 groups of diabetic rats with dietary intake yam flour addition of 1.25 g (TG-1:25),), 2.5 g (TG -2.5), 5.0 g (TG-5.0). Yam flour is mixed into the rat diet feed with varying doses. The results showed no significant correlation between the dose of yam flour with AMPK-α2 expression levels in skeletal muscle nuclei (p = 0.312) and liver (p = 0.474) in a mouse model of DM. The need for other studies using other types of food as an alternative arrangement of food for patients with diabetes Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 2, AMPK-α2, yam flour Abstrak: Metode alternatif pengendalian kadar glukosa pada penderita DM adalah dengan pengaturan jenis makanan, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan tepung gembili. Pada tepung terdapat inulin dan pati resisten yang dapat mengaktivasi enzim Ampk-α2. Aktivasi enzim ini akan menstimulasi transpor glukosa di otot skelet dan hepar, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan produksi glukosa. Dosis bervariasi dari tepung diharapkan mampu berpengaruh terhadap ekspresi Ampk-α2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk hubungan dosis tepung gembili (Dioscorea esculenta) dengan tigkat ekspresi enzim Ampk-α2 di nukleus otot skelet dan hepar pada model tikus Diabetes Melitus. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah eksperimental kuasi dengan rancangan Post Test Only Group Design. Tikus dibagi ke dalam 5 (lima) kelompok, yaitu kelompok tikus sehat, tikus DM tipe 2, dan kelompok tikus DM tipe 2 dengan asupan makanan penambahan tepung gembili 1,25 g (TG-1.25), ), 2,5 g (TG-2.5), 5,0 g (TG-5.0). Tepung gembili dicampurkan ke dalam pakan diet tikus dengan dosis yang bervariasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi bermakna antara dosis tepung gembili dengan tingkat ekspresi Ampk-α2 di nukleus otot skelet (p = 0,312) dan hepar (p = 0,474) pada model tikus DM. Perlu adanya penelitian lain menggunakan jenis makanan lain sebagai alternatif pengaturan makanan bagi penderita DM. Kata kunci : diabetes melitus tipe 2, Ampk-α2, tepung gembili

Cangkringan is a mountainous area with the possibility of low iodine sources in the soil. Additionally, Cangkringan area is the area nearest to where eruptions of Merapi mountain have occurred, which further could reduce iodine levels in the soil. This study examined the incidence of hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency and potential links to stunting events on the slopes of Merapi mountain. By using ELISA methods, a total of 97 mothers were tested to detect the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels to determine the frequency of hypothyroidism, while 97 children were assessed to check the stunting rates by measuring height compared to age. We found hypothyroidism was 3 (3.1%) out of 97 mothers examined and 30 (30.9%) out of 97 children examined were stunted (18.5% short stature and 12.4% very short stature). There was a significant difference between the mothers’ TSH levels among very short stature and normal stature. We concluded that hypothyroidism in mothers is correlated with stunting children in Cangkringan, Sleman sub-district. Further research is needed to determine the frequency of hypothyroidism and stunting in other slopes of Merapi mountain, where the low-iodine soil composition is potentially related to hypothyroidism and stunting incidence. Thus, further treatment is needed by local health staff and governments to address the negative effects of hypothyroidism and stunting.

Background and Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to a defect of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are increasing evidence that active compounds of medicinal plants may be used to treat diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-chroman-4-one flavonoid compound of the Swietenia macrophylla King seed on homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) gene expression in diabetic rats.

Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by an increase in serum lipid levels. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for many metabolic syndrome diseases because it triggers oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be reduced by endogenous antioxidant enzymes triggered by exogenous antioxidant compounds, such as 7-OH-2- (4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one isolated from the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla King. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one compounds on cholesterol level, LDL level, Mn-SOD levels and SOD2 gene expression of hyperlipidemic rats. Thirty rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) were divided into 6 groups, normal group (N), hyperlipidemia group (HL), hyperlipidemia group with simvastatin (P), hyperlipidemic group with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one with dose 10 (F10), 30 (F30) and 90 (F90) mg/200g body weight (BW). Cholesterol and LDL were analyzed with CHOD-PAP method, Mn-SOD level was analyzed by ELISA method and SOD2 gene expression was analyzed by qPCR method. The decrease in cholesterol and LDL levels were most prevalent in group F90 with dose 90 mg/200g BW of 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one, with average difference each of them was 172.43 mg/dL and 36.12 mg/dL. The rats fed on high-cholesterol diet exhibited a significant elevation in Mn-SOD levels (p 0.05). 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one with dose of 90 mg/200g BW improved cholesterol levels, LDL levels, Mn-SOD levels and SOD2 gene expression in hyperlipidemic rats.

Background and Aims: Hyperglycemia increases inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Goat and soybean milks have been known to reduce inflammation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of goat milk and soybean milk kefir on IL-6 and CRP levels in diabetic rats. Materials and Method: A total of 25 male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) normal rats; 2) diabetic rats; 3) diabetic rats with intake of goat milk kefir; 4) diabetic rats with intake of soybean milk kefir; and 5) diabetic rats with combination of both types of kefir. Before kefir administration for 4 weeks, plasma glucose was measured. After treatment, plasma glucose, CRP and IL-6 levels were assessed. Results: There was a significant decline of plasma glucose in diabetic rats with goat milk kefir (p=0.021), and in diabetic rats with the combination of both goat milk and soybean milk kefir (p

Plants provide excellent sources of medicinal compounds. Over 5000 flavonoids have been isolated and identified from plant sources. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds mainly recognized as pigments which produce the colors found in flowers, fruit and leaves. Dietary polyphenols are commonly found in plants and are abundant in fruit, vegetables, chocolate, and nuts. These polyphenols also found in beverages including tea, coffee, wine, and soy milk. Flavonoids are known to lower glucose levels, decrease cholesterol and triglycerides, and increase liver enzyme levels most likely by stimulating pancreatic insulin release. By activating cell-signaling pathways involved in controlling blood glucose levels, flavonoids aid in carbohydrate digestion, and adipose deposition. Flavonoids containing isoflavones, flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins have been studied from clinic study until pre clinic study. However, not all of the studies conducted had adequate results. Isoflavone is one of the potential flavonoids that still can be explored for future research. Research on isoflavone supplementation in animals and humans in reducing blood glucose levels is still limited. Short-term supplementation did not improve blood glucose levels in postmenopausal women, while other studies suggest that the long-term isoflavone supplementation can reduce postmenopausal blood glucose levels. These findings found that isoflavone is a component of flavonoids that have potency in reducing blood glucose levels.

Cara membatik di Indonesia mulai banyak beralih dari pemakaian bahan alami menjadi bahan cat sintesis. Cat sintetis yang digunakan sering kali mengandung logam berat di antaranya timbal (Pb) dan kromium (Cr). Pemakaian logam berat dalam waktu lama akan mengganggu kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan kadar logam Pb dan Cr dalam darah dan limbah dengan kadar hemoglobin (Hb) dan packed cell volume (PCV) serta mengetahui prevalensi gejala toksisitas yang dirasakan pada pekerja di tiga sentra batik di Kecamatan Lendah Kulon Progo. Sebanyak 76 pegawai di tiga sentra batik terdiri atas 37 orang dari sentra SB, 20 orang dari FA dan 19 orang dari SA ditentukan kadar Hb, PCV, kadar Pb dan Cr-nya dengan metode inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Air limbah lingkungan dari ketiga lokasi sentra batik diambil dan diperiksa kadar Pb dan Cr-nya. Hasil antara ketiga lokasi diujinormalitasnya dan dianalisis dengan analisis varian atau Kruskal-Wallis. Hubungan antara kadar Pb dan Cr baik darah maupun limbah dengan kadar logam berat dalam darah dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Pearson atau Spearman. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p < 0,05. Gejala penyakit yang dialami pekerja yang diperkirakan berhubungan dengan toksisitas logam berat dihitung frekuensinya. Hasil pemeriksaan antropometri, tekanan darah, kadar Hb, PCV dan logam berat dari ketiga lokasi yang diperiksa tidak berbeda bermakna (p > 0,05). Kadar Pb darah dan krom di sentra SB dan FA berbeda bermakna dengan di sentra SA (p < 0,05). Tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan secara statistik antara kadar Pb darah, Cr darah, dan Pb limbah dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala iritasi kulit, pusing, dan nyeri sendi dirasakan oleh 36,8-48,7% responden. Kadar timbal dan krom darah pembatik di sentra SB dan FA lebih tinggi dari pada di sentra SA. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara toksisitas Pb dan Cr dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala toksisitas di antara pekerja batik diperkirakan dapat terjadi karena toksisitas logam berat kronis akibat pemakaian cat batik. KATA KUNCI batik; hemoglobin; kromium; sel darah; timbal ABSTRACT The dye used to color batik has changed from natural to synthetic materials in several places in Indonesia. Synthetic paints often contain heavy metals including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Chronic use of heavy metals can affect health. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between blood and waste water levels of Pb and Cr with hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), and to determine how many workers felt the toxicity symptoms in three batik centers in Lendah, Kulon Progo. A total of 76 batik center employees, consisted of 37, 20, and 19 people from the SB, FA, and SA centers were recruited. Determination of Hb, PCV, Pb and Cr levels were conducted with the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Waste water from the three batik centers is taken and examined. The data were analyzed by Oneway ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Correlation analyses were performed with Pearson or Spearman correlation test. Results were considered significant if p < 0.05. Disease symptoms experienced by workers that were estimated to be associated with heavy metal toxicity were calculated in frequency. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, Hb levels, PCV and heavy metals levels were not significantly different between centers (p>0.05). Blood Pb and Cr from the SB and FA were significantly different from those at the SA center (p

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia and associated with increased oxidative stress. The polyphenol property in pomegranate juice was reported to hav e significant antioxidant effect. The present study aims to investigate the hypoglycemic and antioxidative effect of pomegranate juice in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty healthy male rattus norvegicus with age of eight weeks and weighing at average of 200 g were randomly assigned into four groups. Diabetic models were induced by using 60 mg/kg body weight (BW) streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. The rats were allocated into four groups, group treated with 0.1 mg/kg BW glibenclamide, groups supplemented with 1, 2 and 4 mL/200 g BW pomegranate juice, respectively. Evaluation of hypoglycemic and antioxidative effect were performed by measuring blood glucose level, lipid peroxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) before and after treatment. Lipid profile was also measured before and after treatment. Treatment with glibenclamide and supplementation with three different doses of pomegranate juice in diabetic rats were significantly reduced blood glucose level. Supplementation with 2 mL/200 g BW pomegranate juice was significantly reduced MDA concentration, whereas the AGE concentration was not significantly decreased by pomegranate juice supplementation. Lipid profile related to total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not significantly reduced. Furthermore, high density lipoprotein was not increased significantly after each treatment. Pomegranate juice has hypoglycemic and antioxidative effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Nicotine can cause atherosclerosis by activating nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) pathway lead to induce proinflammatory cytokines release as C-reactive protein (CRP) main regulators. The increase of CRP can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase of malondialdehyde (MDA). Quercetin has been proven to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study was conducted to evaluate effect of quercetin on serum CRP and MDA concentrations in rats induced by nicotine. This was a true experimental study with post test only control group design. Thirty six of male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Group I as normal control received 1 mL/kg BW of NaCl 0.9% solution. Group II as negative control received 2 mg/kg BW of nicotine and Group III as positive control received 2 mg/kg BW of nicotine and atorvastatin at dose of 5 mg/kg BW. Group IV-VI as treatment groups received 2 mg/kg BW of nicotine and quercetin at dose of 25; 50 or 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. Nicotine was given subcutaneously whereas atorvastatin and quercetin were given orally once per day for 28 days, consecutively. Serum CRP and MDA concentrations were measured using Rat hs-CRP ELISA kit and TBARS assay kit, respectively. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) continued using LSD post-hoc test. The results showed that quercetin reduced serum CRP and MDA concentrations in dose dependent manner. Serum CRP concentration on Group V (173.39 ± 34.85 ng/mL) and Group VI (114.15 ± 43.62 ng/mL) were significantly lower than that Group II (244.77 ± 37.95 ng/mL) (p

Vitamin E is one of essential micronutrients. It is an antioxidant which potentially protects bioinolecules against oxidative damage. One ofparameters ofoxidafive damage is MDA or lipid peroxide. In this study, concentrations of plasma vitamin E as an antioxidant and MDA as one of oxidative damage markers were measured. The subjects consisted offive groups: (I) male medical students (young adult), (II) female medical students (young adult), (III) nursery inhabitants in Yogyakarta province (Abiyoso), (IV) nursery inhabitants in Manado, North Sulawesi Province (Senja Cerah), as the old ages, and (V) pregnant women within third trimester (of Prenatal Care Unit in Sardjito Hospital). The concentrations of Vitamin E (mg/dl) and MDA (nmol/ml) were as follows: Young Adult Male (n= 28) 20,8 + 3,8 and 0,190 + 0,057 ; Young adult Female (n-28) 21,9 + 4,5 and 0,123 + 0,057 ; Old age Yogyakarta (n=41) 30,6 + 10,4 and 0,291 + 0,062 ; Old age Manado (n=40) 26,5 + 4,5 and 0,391 + 0,081 ; Pregnant Women (=28) 39,9 + 11,3 and 0,165 -f 0,067. Groups of people who were hyperlipemic tend to have high concentration of Vitamin E, while group IV who eat less vegetable protein and more PUFA tend to have higher MDA concentration.

Background: Vitamin C and vitamin E are antioxidants that trapp free radical that is continuously formed in aerobic organism as an effect of aerobic respiration in mitochondria and substrate oxidation. The quantity and quality of breast feeding (ASH are influenced by nutritional status and health of the mother. The ASI vitamin C level is very much related to everyday intake and plasma vitamin C of the mother.Objective: To know the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation on peroxide lipid (MDA) of lactating women.Methods: This was pretest and post test experimental design. The subjects were twenty three lactating women who live in Pakem District, Sleman 19-38 year olds they received 75 mg vitamin C and 2 mg vitamin E every two days for a period of one month. Blood sample was taken from cubit vein before and after supplementation. Determination of vitamin E level used spectrofluorometer, whereas vitamin C and MDA level were determined by spectrophotometer. The data was analyzed with Pearson correlation test Results: the correlation of vitamin C vs MDA; vitamin E vs MDA and vitamin C together with vitamin E vs MDA were r - 0.528; r square 0.276 and p = 0.05; r -0.671, r square 0.451, p = 0.009 and r 0.690; r square 0.476 and p= 0.028, respectivelyConclusion: the effect of vitamin E to MDA was stronger than vitamin CKeyword.: vitamin C - vitamin E - peroxide lipid - free radical - lactating mother

Background: Usually, people who live in goiter areas have iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency increases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in blood that can promote product of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can produce free radicals that can promote lipid peroxidation. One of the lipid peroxidation products is MDA (malondialdehyde). Vitamin E is an antioxidant that can trap free radical in cell membrane and plasma lipoprotein so it can protects lipid peroxidation by free radical.Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out whether there is some possibility of differences between vitamin E and MDA concentrations in the blood of pregnant women living in goiter and those of women non goiter areas.Method: A Cross Sectional study was conducted, in which 60 women from goiter endemic and 60 women from non goiter endemic were randomly selected to serve as subjects. The blood sample was taken from venous cubiti. Vitamin E was measured by spectrofluorometer and MDA was measured by spectrophotometer. T test was employed to analyze the data.Results: The vitamin E level of the women living in goiter and non goiter endemic areas, 33.17 + 9.13 ìg/ml versus 32.39 + 11.13 ìg/ml respectively, were not significantly different (p=0.677; CI:-4.455; 2.905), but the MDA level of those, 12.07 + 2.75 nmol/ml versus 8.73 + 3.04 nmol./ml respectively, were significantly different (p=0.000; CI:- 4.386; -2.287). The correlation between vitamin E and MDA levels was not significant (p=0.403; CI:-0.034; 0.085).Conclusion: There is significantly difference of MDA level of the women living in goiter and non goiter endemic areas but the MDA was not correlated with the vitamin E level.Keywords : vitamin E, malondialdehyde, pregnant, goiter