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Since the 1860 discovery of a plan written by Charles Lee during his captivity in the American War of Independence, historians have asserted that he was a traitor or pursued self-serving motivations. A detailed analysis of the plan from the perspective of its intended audience of British commanders, however, reveals that Lee sought to persuade readers that the British could not win the war and should pursue a negotiation strategy. While the plan might represent a technical violation of the articles of war, British contemporary correspondence indicates that British generals considered Lee a dangerous adversary, loyal to the rebel cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under Prime Minister Olof Palme, Sweden worked as a neutral country to bring American prisoners-of-war home from North Vietnam in September 1972. Though the group was small, their release was significant at a time when formal Paris peace talks were stalled. For Sweden, it was a paradoxical success, as Stockholm sought to balance its relationship with the Nixon administration while pursuing a humanitarian effort and supporting the American antiwar movement. Palme's strong antiwar stand earned the lasting rancor of the Nixon White House and led to a diplomatic break between the two nations from December 1972 until the spring of 1974. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 1812, a sophisticated system had emerged in the greater Anglo Atlantic for processing and housing of prisoners of war. This affected American captives of the British in the first decades of the new United States republic. Through the interrogation of three narratives written by captive American mariners, this article explores the connections between the greater Atlantic, the development of British imperial systems, and the development of ideas relating to American identity during the early republic. It underscores the significance of captivity in the Atlantic World and the contested notions of proto-American nationalism and identity that underpinned imprisonment by the British as American prisoners complemented and contested the authority of the British Empire around the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salar Mohandesi's book, "Red Internationalism: Anti-Imperialism and Human Rights in the Global Sixties and Seventies," explores the intellectual history of anti-Vietnam War activism in the 1960s and 1970s. Mohandesi examines the influence of Leninism on radical activists and how anti-imperialist arguments based on national self-determination gained traction. The book also delves into the rise of human rights rhetoric and its eventual supplanting of anti-imperialist internationalism. Overall, Mohandesi's work contributes to the scholarship on the Global Sixties, anti-Vietnam War activism, and the emergence of human rights discourse in the 1970s. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the internment of German civilians in British West Africa during World War II, focusing on the case of Mr. Ernst Friedrichsdorf. It discusses the factors and power dynamics that led to the internment of German subjects in West Africa and highlights the historiographical imbalance in the colonial perspective of internment. The study relies on primary colonial records and provides new insights into the experiences of German civilians in West Africa during the war. The text also discusses the internment of German subjects in West Africa during the First and Second World Wars, highlighting the presence of German-speaking people in the region before official colonization. It examines the treatment of German subjects as enemy aliens during the Second World War and the categorization of enemy aliens in Great Britain. The article also discusses the role of consular representation and protecting powers in protecting the interests of enemy subjects during the war. The internment camps in West Africa provided some privileges and opportunities for the internees, but the unconventional treatment of Germans during the war had long-lasting effects on German presence in the postcolonial period. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the ongoing conflicts in various countries, including Ukraine, Gaza, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. It emphasizes the importance of studying the archaeology and history of conflict to understand the reality of mass violence and its impact on communities. The article also highlights the need for diverse perspectives and the inclusion of indigenous voices in conflict archaeology research. Additionally, it presents summaries of three papers published in the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, focusing on topics such as the preservation of a Civil War battlefield, glass artifacts from World War I, and the military archaeology of the Italian occupation of Croatia during World War II. [Extracted from the article]

The study addresses the capture of Hungarian civilians by Soviet troops in Northern Transylvania during September-November 1944. Approximately 20,000 Hungarian men and boys were forcibly taken. The ages of those captured ranged from 14 to 70 years. They were deported to several forced labor camps in the Soviet Union. The duration of captivity was typically four years, but in some cases, it extended to 8-9 years. The prisoners were compelled to work under harsh conditions in various mines or logging operations. During the summer, they participated in agricultural work on nearby Soviet kolkhozes. Due to the severe working conditions, acute food shortages, and lack of medical care, the prisoners became extremely debilitated. Onethird of them died in captivity. This aspect of our contemporary history was a taboo subject during the Communist era. Only the 1989 Revolution brought about significant change in this regard. This study aims to provide an overview of this tragic event, based on the author’s two decades of research. The source material for the study includes archival data, specialist books, studies, memoirs, data and articles published in contemporary press, as well as interviews with survivors, most of which were conducted by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a book review of "The Liar: How a Double Agent in the CIA Became the Cold War's Last Honest Man" by Benjamin Cunningham. The book explores the life of Karel and Hana Koecher, Czech illegals who infiltrated the CIA during the Cold War. The review highlights Karel's unsuitability for intelligence work due to his rebellious nature and salacious behavior. It also mentions his recruitment by the Czech State Security and his subsequent career at the CIA as a contract translator and political analyst. The review concludes that the Koechers were minor players in the larger context of Cold War espionage. [Extracted from the article]

"Lost in the Cold War: The Story of Jack Downey, America's Longest-Held POW" is a memoir written by John T. Downey, Thomas J. Christensen, and Jack Lee Downey. The book tells the incredible story of John T. Downey's captivity as the longest-serving U.S. prisoner of war and his colleague Richard Fecteau. It explores their unique experience and the interest it sparked in the Director of Central Intelligence, George Tenet, in 1998. The memoirs provide a testimony of Downey's terrible experience and offer insights into the historical and political origins of Sino-U.S. relations. The book is a blend of personal memoir, history, diplomacy, intelligence, and psychology, making it a valuable resource for those interested in intelligence and history. [Extracted from the article]

This study explores two well-known case studies involving the removal of Indigenous war captives from their places of origin to fortifications or to Mediterranean galley ships to do forced labor. I draw on known scholarship on Indigenous war captives in New England and New France during the seventeenth century to consider the local conditions in Europe and North America that created the possibility for the dispersal of captives. Europeans moved Indigenous captives for various reasons and responded to the actions and demands of Indigenous polities, particularly during times of warfare or raiding. Rather than placing Indigenous history into European power frameworks, I focus on how mobility-oriented punishments are simultaneously connected to events in interior continental Indigenous and the European mainland. By doing so, I offer a critique of the settler colonial paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on Abraham Benaroya, a prominent labor leader in southeastern Europe, this research examines his experiences during World War II, a period often neglected in prior studies. Existing scholarship has predominantly highlighted Benaroya's contributions to the Pan-Hellenic labor movement from 1909 to 1924/5, incorrectly assuming that his removal from political power signaled the end of his influence on both Jewish and non-Jewish historiography; however, his wartime writings challenge this notion, revealing a compelling story of individual and familial resistance against Nazi Germany. During the tumultuous years of 1942–1945, amidst the Nazi occupation in Greece, Benaroya's fate took a unique turn. Despite being Jewish, he avoided extermination, and as a Greek Socialist activist he escaped execution and survived internment in various German prisoner-of-war camps. By employing the biographical turn approach and exploring Benaroya's forgotten Holocaust-era letters from captivity, this study presents a narrative of Greek-Jewish individual and familial struggles, choices, and resilience. In doing so, it contributes fresh perspectives to the current bottom-up scholarship, which moves beyond the generalized narrative of Jewish passivity. Instead, the current study offers a profound discourse on the complexities of Jewish survival and resistance under the extraordinary circumstances of the Nazi regime in Occupied Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a little-known raid on Pollard, Alabama during the Civil War. The raid was carried out by a diverse force of Union soldiers, including Black regiments, and aimed to destroy Confederate stores and disrupt supply lines. The raid resulted in the burning of the town and reports of atrocities committed by both sides. The article sheds light on the contributions of Black soldiers in the Gulf South region, which have often been overlooked by historians. [Extracted from the article]

"Wartime North Africa: a documentary history 1934–1950" is a book edited by Aomar Boum and Sarah Abrevaya Stein that brings together a collection of testimonies and documents from North Africa during the rise of Fascism and Nazism, the impact of race laws and internment during World War II, and the challenges faced by survivors in the postwar period. The book includes a diverse range of voices, including Muslims, Jews, West African soldiers, and European refugees, and the sources are translated from multiple languages. The editors provide contextual introductions and footnotes to support the sources, allowing them to speak for themselves. The book sheds light on the experiences of North African Jews during the war, which has received limited scholarly attention, and aims to foster empathy and solidarity across diverse experiences of violence and deprivation. [Extracted from the article]

During 1914–1918, the French Army deployed almost 270,000 Muslims from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. As early as August 1914, the Germans captured the first of them. For the Germans, the POWs were Muslims who should show solidarity with Muslim Ottoman Empire and, therefore, join the Turkish Army. Such stigmatization of the captives' identity provoked unexpected reactions. Some prisoners declared that ties linking them with the territory in North Africa from which they came and communities living there were more significant than religious links. This article stresses that the identity of the captives was multi-layered and the subject of a game played by both sides. The Germans had specific goals for the prisoners, and recognition of the religious layer of the soldiers' identity was directed towards these goals. The captives had their own plans and did everything they could to achieve them. Qualitative analysis of French documents explains the intentions that prisoners of war from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia had in emphasizing selected layers of their identity. Choosing one layer of their identity for self-presentation at the expense of another was a means to that end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, immigration detention has been marked by physical and psychological abuse. Researchers and activists alike have sought to understand why a seemingly administrative practice such as immigration detention is so violent. To answer this question, the existing scholarship situates immigration detention within the space of legal exceptionalism where the safeguards of regular law do not apply. This, the literature argues, causes the violent nature of immigration detention. In contrast, I provide a different genealogy of immigration detention by tracing its history through vagrancy and anti-Roma laws and the use of prisoner-of-war camps in World War I and how they gave rise to the institutionalization of immigration detention targeting Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe in 1920s Germany. This brings to the fore the colonial, capitalist, and racist underpinnings of immigration detention and reveals that immigration detention was designed to exclude or exploit the "racial other" and is thus by default violent. What this ultimately shows is that immigration detention is not a space of exception which allows for the inhumane treatment of those inside it, but rather that processes of racialized dehumanization render people excludable from the state's legal protections and allows for the abuse they experience in immigration detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1942 and 1945, Jewish inmates of a forced labour camp and later Auschwitz subcamp at Blechhammer (Blachownia Slaska, Upper Silesia) worked alongside British prisoners of war on the construction site of a giant synthetic fuel facility, the Oberschlesische Hydrierwerke. This paper examines the multifaceted forms of interaction between these two groups, who were situated at the opposite ends of a spectrum ranging from high survival rates to certain death. By reframing the Jewish inmates' perceptions of the POWs, it seeks to shed new light on a controversial debate on the nature of the relationship between them and the British prisoners. The paper argues that important aspects have been missing from this debate, as the Jewish inmates were not sufficiently represented and not viewed as active protagonists. The relations between Jews and British POWs were not one-sided, but rather interdependent in complex ways. Both groups used these contacts to gain strategic information on the war and jointly contributed to the Allied resistance effort. The barter with British POWs played a crucial role in the collective and individual survival strategies of Jewish inmates, whereas the British increasingly depended on the Jewish inmates to procure basic foods, when German rations ceased to be allocated. An analysis of the effects of British aid-giving showed that the actual impact on the physical survival of the emaciated inmates was negligible. However, these gifts were commonly interpreted as humanitarian gestures by both sides. Altogether, the British were encouraging symbols of resistance against the Nazi regime in the eyes of the inmates. Negative experiences were rarely corroborated and were often linked to poor English language skills, or a stronger identification with other nationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Soviet soldiers were impacted by captivity in German-run POW camps within the USSR during World War II, focusing specifically on how the camps stripped POW s of their ability to act out their masculinity. Using the Slavuta POW camp as a case study, it argues camp life prevented prisoners from embodying two dominant versions of masculinity from the 1940s: the heroic Red Army soldier, and Lilya Kaganovsky's concept of the masculinity of lack. This was true according to the Soviet state, but also reflects the narratives of POW-survivors, who made no attempts to claim that their struggle to survive in the notoriously deadly German POW camps was heroic. It draws on written accounts from POW survivors, sketches created by two POW-artists who spent time in the camp, and documentary photographs taken by Soviet state investigators after the camp's liberation, all of which can be found within the files of the Soviet investigative body the Extraordinary State Commission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the study of an effective model formation of staff training in the penitentiary system. The role and importance of an effective model of professional training for the activities in the penitentiary system of Ukraine are determined. A comparative analysis is carried out according to the scientists' opinions on the definition of the concept of "professional competence". The place of professional training of penitentiary staff in the reform of the State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine is investigated. For a long period of time in the territory of modern Ukraine there has been a problem of uneducated penitentiary staff. In order to ensure the penitentiary staff acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills in modern Ukraine, an effective model of professional training of penitentiary staff has been constantly searched. The article pays special attention to the study of historical stages of formation of the training model of the penitentiary system staff in modern Ukraine. The author analyzes the current state of legal support for the staff training of the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The specialized educational institutions that provided training for the penitentiary staff of Ukraine during the XXth century and provide training, retraining and advanced training for the penitentiary staff of Ukraine in the XXIst century. The author characterizes the training model of the penitentiary system staff in the territory of modern Ukraine at each stage of its development. The importance of the selection of penitentiary staff for the formation of an effective model of professional training of penitentiary staff in Ukraine is revealed. The article examines the process of reforming the penitentiary system of Ukraine, in particular, the change in the structure of the penitentiary system of Ukraine and its impact on the formation of an effective model of staff training of the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The article considers the normative and legal acts that accompanied the process of reforming the penitentiary system of Ukraine, as well as their provisions on the professional training of penitentiary staff in Ukraine. The significance of the Strategy for Reforming the Penitentiary System for the period up to 2026 in the field of formation of an effective model for staff training of penitentiary bodies, institutions, pre-trial detention centers and prisoner of war camps of the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The main directions for improving the system of penitentiary staff training in Ukraine are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines the problematic issues of countering the criminal subculture in the conditions of the penitentiary system of Kazakhstan. Currently, the administration of these institutions, various state bodies, and numerous public organisations are engaged in the rehabilitation of prisoners. Through joint efforts, it was possible to stop the wide spread of criminal ideology in places of detention. At the same time, a detailed study of the current situation shows that the criminal subculture, primarily the phenomenon of "code-bound thieves", still plays a certain role there, since it was formed over many decades of Soviet and post-Soviet history. In modern conditions, this phenomenon has been significantly transformed, but nevertheless, it seeks to strengthen its influence in the penitentiary system of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though often under-represented in the official and national narratives and in Canadian military historiography more broadly, the intimate and personal lived experiences of Canadian prisoners of war (POW) during the Second World War can be found in archives, photography collections, and collections of war art. In an attempt to see past the mythologised versions of POWs that appear in Hollywood films, best-selling monographs, and other forms of popular culture, it is through bits of ephemera—including wartime log books and the drawings carefully kept and sent home to loved ones along with handwritten letters—that the stories of non-combatant men and women who spent their war as POWs, can be told. Together, Canadian POWs created and curated community and fostered unconventional family ties, sometimes called "emotional communities", through the collection and accumulation of drawings, illustrations, paintings, and other examples of war art on the pages of their wartime log books while living behind barbed wire. This article uncovers some of these stories, buried in the thousands of boxes in the George Metcalf Archival Collection—the textual archives—at the Canadian War Museum (CWM) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this article is to examine and analyze Kang Hang's Ganyangnok, one of the few existing eye-witness accounts of Japan during the Imjin War. Kang, a nobleman who was abducted to Japan during the second and final phase of Japan's invasion of Korea from 1596-1598, wrote Ganyangnok to not only record what he heard and saw in Japan during the late 16th century, but to remind the Korean government of the importance of ensuring adequate preparations before the advent of a war and maintaining a wary eye on the possibility of Japan launching a similar invasion in the future. Ganyangnok is nevertheless important for understanding the origins of Korea's distrust and alarm towards Japan's attempt at territorial expansion and is a unique document that took the form of a travelogue and yet functioned as a policy report, informing Koreans about the nature of Japanese feudalism before the Imjin War. Rather than divorcing the form of the text from its function, as much of the existing scholarship has done by either focusing on Ganyangnok as a travelogue or a war captive's diary, the work ought to be understood holistically since the observations Kang recorded became the basis of his policy reports, which comprise the second part of Ganyangnok. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the issue of conversion among war captives in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century and examines the release process of captives in relation to religious conversion. Starting from the Treaty of Carlowitz, the article first discusses the changes in the release process of captives based on treaties. Since conversions were considered as exceptional cases in which the converted captives were excluded from release, methods and procedures to detect conversion, as well as manipulative and pragmatic practices in the application of conversions, are studied in detail. Hence the issue of whether conversions were made voluntarily or by force is evaluated with examples. Finally the study focuses on the issue of conversion among child captives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representing neither the glory of World War II, nor the anguish of the Vietnam War, the Korean War continues to occupy an obscure place in American history and culture. Similarly, those who fought in this conflict – including African Americans – have been overshadowed by the combatants who served before and after. Yet the Korean War was enormously significant, not least because it was the first conflict fought by a racially integrated American fighting force. For the first time, black and white soldiers ate, slept, and fought side by side. Films about the Korean War made during the 1950s explored this new racial dynamic. Focusing on the representation of African Americans in The Steel Helmet (1951) and Pork Chop Hill (1959), this article examines the ways in which screen representations both reflected and challenged popular attitudes regarding African American military service during the Korean War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the first important comprehensive efforts by US mathematicians to survey, translate, and disseminate the work of Chinese mathematicians resulted from Cold War geopolitical and scientific competition and economic pressures that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. The success of the American Mathematical Society's (AMS) translation program and its journal Chinese Mathematics depended less on official diplomatic channels and more on an informal network of Chinese American mathematicians and librarians in the United States, which provided the infrastructure and hidden labor necessary for transnational mathematical exchange and translation. The history of the Chinese translation project demonstrates the importance of moving beyond the biographies and work of established mathematicians to capture the broader transpacific social history of Chinese American mathematical research and technical labor in the early Cold War. Moreover, the article demonstrates the importance of bringing Asian American history and the history of Cold War science together, as the mathematical and linguistic expertise and labor required came from recently immigrated Chinese American mathematicians caught at the nexus of Cold War anticommunist politics and the incomplete repeal of Chinese exclusion. Historians of mathematics have mostly narrated the late 1940s and early 1950s as a time of anti-communist purges that impacted the lives of Chinese scientists and derailed US–China scientific exchange. Meanwhile, the 1960s have remained unexamined. Instead, we see the ways in which the AMS's translation program generated important mathematical exchanges that widely impacted mathematics and adjacent fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a historical perspective, presidents have frequently directed the use of military force without explicit permission from Congress. Yet, presidents still court legislative approval on select occasions. Why do presidents sometimes seek congressional authorization and other times do not? I explain authorization‐seeking behavior according to variations in presidential bargaining strength. I argue that both weak and strong presidents prefer authorization‐seeking; by obtaining congressional backing, weak presidents conceal a lack of national resolve from international audiences, while strong ones use approval to enhance their coercive authority. Presidents with mid‐level bargaining strength, however, prefer unilateral action; on the one hand, unilateral action may demonstrate resolve in the face of potential legislative resistance, while on the other, it avoids contentious debate that risks "muddying" the diplomatic waters. I illustrate these arguments by revisiting four prominent historical cases: the Korean War, the Gulf of Tonkin crisis, the invasion of Cambodia, and the Persian Gulf War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article has two objectives. The first one is to advance the existing studies on civil wars by developing a comparative approach. It explores similarities and differences between the Finnish and Korean experiences. The broader objective of the article is to initiate a project to explore potential connections between the Nordic region and the Korean peninsula. There are various direct and indirect linkages between the Nordic countries and Korea. Finland had long been part of Sweden and then part of Russia. Finland achieved independence, but it was immediately overshadowed by the war. Korea had long been influenced heavily by China and then colonised by Japan. Independence brought sunshine on the peninsula, but it soon disappeared with the Korean War. Against this backdrop, the article investigates the civil wars in Finland and Korea. In order to go beyond the existing research, the article pays attention to popular culture (film) depicting the two wars. The article also sheds light on how Finland and Korea have tried to pave the way to reconciliation. If the war still divides Finland even after 100 years, the reconciliation process in Korea would be much more complex and difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in heightened feelings of loneliness due to lockouts and social restrictions. In the present study, we examined the association of loneliness during the pandemic with anxiety and depression, while exploring the moderating role of the tendency to use two emotion-regulation strategies (expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal). We chose to examine these associations in a sample of older adults, because they faced higher risk for loneliness and health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, 174 Israeli veterans and ex-prisoners of wars from the 1973 Yom Kippur war (mean age = 69) completed self-report scales tapping loneliness, depression, anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak (April-May 2020). Findings revealed a stronger association between loneliness and depression among participants who had a greater tendency of using suppression. The tendency to use suppression did not significantly moderate the link between loneliness and anxiety. Additionally, a weaker association between loneliness and depression was found among participants who has a greater tendency of using reappraisal. However, these participants showed a stronger association between loneliness and anxiety. These findings highlight the complexity of reappraisal and adds to the growing body of work on emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the impact of Chinese military strategy during the Korean War and its interplay with US intelligence at the time. It posits that intelligence analysts must grasp Chinese military strategy as a cornerstone of their training to enhance their effectiveness in estimative, current, and warning intelligence for operational gains. Drawing from an array of authoritative primary and secondary sources, it seeks to illuminate instructive insights through a juxtaposition of Chinese strategic maneuvers and US intelligence efficacy. By joining select multiservice and multiagency experiences, this article propels the performance of the US intelligence community today, offering a yardstick to gauge contemporary advancements. Intelligence analysts and operational planning teams markedly enhance their achievements by drawing from historical precedents to decipher Chinese intentions and capabilities. Embracing this paradigm equips military operations to adeptly tackle the realistic tactical, operational, and strategic challenges confronting US forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Holy Qur'an is a permanent miracle and a complete plan for the worldly and afterlife life of mankind. Scientists of various sciences have discovered the Qur'anic references so that they can open the gates of science in this way. One of the sciences mentioned in the Holy Quran is the science of politics, politics means the method of managing society; In such a way that the material and spiritual interests of the individual people are realized, and in other words, politics is the religion of statecraft, therefore, in this definition, holiness lies in politics and, contrary to popular belief, it is not associated with trickery and deceiving others. From the perspective of the Holy Quran, there is no separation between religion and politics and both are the same. The Holy Qur'an knows all the issues related to the world, politics, society, economy, all the issues related to the side of the issue that the people of the world are not aware of. All its rulings are mixed rulings with politics. Examples of political issues in the Holy Quran are: legislation, the existence of criminal laws, preparing military equipment and forces, the quality of defense and war, and dealing with prisoners of war, preserving independence, hiding secrets, lack of friendship with enemies, social justice, the importance of council, lack of political deception, keeping promises, respecting economic principles, international relations, etc. are political issues. Some of the prophecies of the Holy Quran in politics are: The victory of divine prophets, the victory of truth over falsehood, the establishment of the true religion, and the inheritance of the righteous on earth, etc., are historical issues predicted by the Holy Quran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Elana Broch's quest to uncover details about her grandmother's evacuation on the MS Apapa in 1940 and her subsequent connection with Sandra Robinson, another Apapa evacuee, and descendants of Captain Edward Vaughan Davies, the ship's captain. Topics include Broch's search for information about her family's history, her encounter with Robinson through social media, and the meaningful exchange with Davies' descendants, shedding light on the captain's heroic legacy.

There is a long history of starvation, including reports dated back to antiquity. Despite exceptional scientific developments, starvation still exists today. The medical aspects of starvation were well established in the twentieth century, particularly following studies related to the 1943–1944 Bengal famine in India and starved prisoners of war and survivors of World War 2. The refeeding of the starved victims provided disappointing results. Nevertheless, those studies eventually led to the development of a new branch of research in medicine and to the definition of what is now known as refeeding syndrome. This paper briefly reviews the history and groundwork that led to today's understanding of starvation and refeeding, with a particular emphasis on the observations from studies on starved Holocaust survivors and prisoners of war after World War 2. The relevance of these studies for modern times is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 14 July 1943, soldiers of the Oklahoma Army National Guard's 1st Battalion, 180th Infantry Regiment brutally murdered more than 70 German and Italian prisoners of war in two separate incidents in the vicinity of the Santo Pietro Airfield near the village of Santo Pietro di Caltagirone, Sicily. These killings, erroneously known as the 'Biscari Massacre,' stand as some of the most brutal atrocities committed by American forces in Europe during the Second World War. Despite this, the US Army generally failed to hold the massacres' perpetrators accountable for their crimes due to the US Military's desire to keep details of the atrocities secret. Of the roughly two dozen soldiers who directly participated in the killings, only two-faced indictment under the 92nd Article of War. Of these, only one suffered punishment. That said, the War Department released the convicted war criminal a mere 14 months into his life sentence due to a potential public relations crisis in relation to issues of command responsibility. In the end, the US Army refused to accept responsibility for the atrocities and actively protected those culpable at the highest levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Romania joined the Allied Powers (23 August 1944), the fate of American and British prisoners became uncertain, as they were in danger of either being captured by German troops or falling into the hands of the Red Army. As the archive documents show, at that time, there were 1,262 prisoners (1,123 American and 39 British) in Romania, interned in camp no. 13 Bucharest (Pedagogical School on "Sfânta Ecaterina" Street and "Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital) and camp no. 14 Timișu de Jos1. In the rescue operation, with the support of the Romanian authorities, Lieutenant Colonel James Gunn was transported by a plane, piloted by Captain Constantin Bâzu Cantacuzino, in Bari, Italy, where the 15th Air Force Command was located. All American and British prisoners in Romania were transported to Italy during Operation Reunion, organised by the 15th Air Force, on 31 August, 1 September, and 3 September 1944. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the longstanding issues within the correctional officer occupation (e.g., high turnover, absenteeism), decades of research have tended to focus solely on the negative consequences of correctional officer work, rather than on the unique personal characteristics of the officers themselves. This omission is surprising as it is highly probable that each person experiences correctional work differently, with variation potentially hinging on the unique views and characteristics individuals bring with them to the job. Just as the "importation model" of prison adaptation recognizes the importance of pre-prison characteristics in explaining offender behavior, we argue that the unique personal experiences and social histories correctional officers import with them might shape the way they react to prison work. Thus, by thematically, descriptively, and multivariately examining three theoretically germane pre-prison work characteristics of 673 pre-service correctional officers (career motivations, attitudes toward prisoners, occupational histories), this call for research aims to raise awareness of the less studied factors within the correctional officer literature. Understanding the backgrounds and attitudes of newly hired correctional officers may potentially assist in the recruitment and retainment of these crucial employees in the prison system both in the United States and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teorija in Praksa is the property of Teorija in Praksa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the concept of settler colonialism and its application to events in Israel and Palestine, as well as the Hawaiian Islands. It explores the historical processes by which European and U.S. empires brought nonwhite societies under their control during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The author focuses on the 1893 haole revolution in Hawaii and the subsequent efforts to secure U.S. annexation, highlighting the ways in which marginalized empires like Portugal and Japan contested the situation. The article also examines the Hawaiian Republic's policies and debates regarding nonwhite citizenship and voting rights, ultimately condemning the nineteenth-century U.S. nation state and the local white residents who participated in overthrowing the Hawaiian monarchy. The author suggests the need for serious solutions to address past wrongs, but also acknowledges the complexity of replacing the nation state with a nonstate entity that values equality under the law for all residents. [Extracted from the article]

Focusing on the government-led health service in the UK, this paper explores the experiences of family caregivers, responsible for co-ordinating the healthcare of older adults experiencing vulnerability during the pandemic. Data were collected through a 6-month covert netnography, culminating in 322 relevant forum topics and 2607 posts. The findings reveal that both ageing consumers and their carers experience service captivity, which leads to vulnerability. Furthermore, older adults experience vulnerability most when service cessation occurs, involving premature discharge from hospital, eviction from care homes and in-home caregivers withdrawing services, leaving the consumer without an essential health service. Recommendations are made to health service organisations to aid in preventing service captivity and cessation in government-led health services, especially during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]