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Africa is growing very fast in term of population and economy currently. To enable the productivity and sustainable economic growth across the African continent, the infrastructure development proj...

The Considerate Constructors Scheme (CCS) was introduced in 1997 to improve the image of the UK construction industry and has grown dramatically, with over 6000 construction and infrastructure projects registered valued at £43 billion. While evidence exists that the industry’s image is improving, there is little research into the CCS perceptions of those tasked with scheme delivery. It is not clear if contractors engage with CCS willingly as proactive participants or succumb to the requirements of clients to win work simply. The aim of this paper is to gain an insight into contractor perceptions of CCS to aid clients and contractors ultimately in their delivery of the scheme and ensure that the CCS delivers the maximum benefit for stakeholders. A case study of a single infrastructure project registered with the CCS is utilised. All CCS documents were critically analysed, and interviews were conducted with clients, the contractor and residents. The findings contribute to an unexplored area of research and reveal the motivations behind why a contractor engages with the CCS, the advantages and drawbacks in the scheme’s current enactment and key lessons on how the CCS could be administered and delivered more effectively for the benefit of all stakeholders.

We develop a stock-flow-consistent microsimulation model that comprises all relevant mechanisms of money creation and parametrise it to fit actual data. The model is used to make out-of-sample proj...

Scholars have recognized how new information and communication technologies (ICTs) have reduced and transformed barriers to producing and circulating community-based media. Yet community media projects tend to apply these technologies within established communities whose histories have been shaped by broader socio-spatial factors. This article draws from critical geography and studies of technology and infrastructure to reconceptualize the problem of media accessibility. Rather than programs for addressing disparities in technology or training, community media projects would benefit from recognizing how significantly their media production activities rely on local communication infrastructures and a collective sense of home. This article uses a case study of public access television in San Francisco to demonstrate how cable and telecommunications policy, urban redevelopment, and community-based media groups co-constitutively determine a scale of political extensibility by providing broader access to decision-making arenas beyond local TV programming.

This article details the development of a live design research project working with people who are bereaved, people who are living with dementia and people who are approaching end of life. The proj...

In this paper, we propose a projection-free accelerated method for solving convex optimization problems with unbounded feasible set. The method is an accelerated gradient scheme such that each proj...

This study explores what makes a competent international project manager in emerging and developing countries by applying content analysis and multidimensional scaling method on the reports of project managers nominated by a Chinese nonprofit organization. The results indicate that international project manager competences can be understood from an efficiency-effectiveness−oriented perspective and an input-output−focused perspective. Four competence sets are identified, including fundamental knowledge and skills, goals-oriented competences, uncertainty and change management competences, and stakeholder management competences. The findings contribute to competence research in the international project context and provide insight for companies and individuals on career and competence development.

Tools for identifying and managing risk in geotechnical engineering projects. Risk is an inherent component of all types of projects, no matter the size or discipline. Geotechnical engineering proj...

For an abelian category A , we define the category PEx( A ) of pullback diagrams of short exact sequences in A , as a subcategory of the functor category Fun( Δ , A ) for a fixed diagram category Δ. For any object M in PEx ( A ) , we prove the existence of a short exact sequence 0 → K → P → M → 0 of functors, where the objects are in PEx( A ) and P ( i ) ∈ Proj ( A ) for any i ∈ Δ . As an application, we prove that if ( C , D , E ) is a triple of syzygy finite classes of objects in mod Λ satisfying some special conditions, then Λ is an Igusa–Todorov algebra. Finally, we study lower triangular matrix Artin algebras and determine in terms of their components, under reasonable hypothesis, when these algebras are syzygy finite or Igusa–Todorov.

Purpose: The purpose this investigation was to explore the learning experiences of two teachers from different secondary schools in Scotland as they engaged in their respective action research projects to learn to apply teaching personal and social responsibility in physical education.Method: Both teachers worked within a small community of practice and used qualitative methods to gather data to inform their inquiry. The teachers shared their findings with their coauthors and engaged in further, more focused analyses to explore and understand their learning experiences and the learning experiences of their pupils.Results: Both teachers found that their learning in context was much slower and more challenging than first expected. Over time, both teachers learned to set “new” learning objectives, applied “new” teaching strategies, talked more to their pupils, and reflected with others to evaluate their learning.Discussion/Conclusion: When teachers are committed to their own learning and when the subject of their learning aligns with their core values, professional needs, and the needs of their pupils, then pedagogical change is possible.

Today, the focus on risks and uncertain events is one of the essential goals of any organization. If hazards are not taken into consideration at the planning stage it could be dangerous during proj...

This article analyses the rationale for and impacts of Conservative Party overseas volunteering projects from 2007 to 2017. Using interview data and participant observation, we uncover aims of project founders and explore impacts of volunteering on Party members and policy. We make three substantial contributions. The first focuses on the survival of Conservative Party modernisation strategies launched under David Cameron. Support for development, particularly Party pledges to spend 0.7% of UK gross national income on aid, are poorly explained by existing research. We argue that a focus on volunteering helps explain the survival of this commitment. Second, we argue that volunteering experience may support sustained Party policy change by enhancing ‘issue ownership’. Our final contribution is providing the first analysis of political parties as development-volunteer sending communities. Through new data and distinctive contributions, we demonstrate that understanding Party-supported volunteering promotes improved explanations of Party modernisation persistence and policy change.

How can sociopolitical theories inform participatory action research and what are the implications for development? I answer this question by reflecting on a research, training, and networking project that I conducted with small-scale rooibos tea farmers in postapartheid South Africa. My research team was comprised of community-based farmer leaders who sought representation in an industry marked by acute inequalities. Guided by Freire’s theory of conscientization, we employed a multi-paradigmatic framework to address questions pertaining to governance and identity. Theoretical training enabled my team to systematically interrogate differential power dynamics, illuminating the sociopolitical terrain. In return my co-investigators taught me to embrace a more situated understanding of power, helping us to shift the relations of research and practice. Yet we were unable to scale up outcomes due to material barriers, suggesting that knowledge alone is not power. Our experience illustrates the limitations of conscientization as a model for participatory development as well as its potential for delivering a multi-paradigmatic theory of social transformation.

We study Van den Bergh's non-commutative symmetric algebra 𝕊nc(M) (over division rings) via Minamoto's theory of Fano algebras. In particular, we show that 𝕊nc(M) is coherent, and its proj category ℙnc(M) is derived equivalent to the corresponding bimodule species. This generalizes the main theorem of [8], which in turn is a generalization of Beilinson's derived equivalence. As corollaries, we show that ℙnc(M) is hereditary and there is a structure theorem for sheaves on ℙnc(M) analogous to that for ℙ1.

Software systems (SS) project failure has been a recurring problem for decades. One of the main factors of project success is appropriately chosen project management methodology and its adaption to the project type, company, and its employees. Although some methods have been proposed to address this problem, the number of failed projects shows that the problem is still relevant. Means, that new and more efficient solutions are needed. This article proposes a new approach to simulate a proj ect management flow and anticipate its shortcomings in the initial stages. It is based on dynamic case management model and notation (CMMN) SS project management process modelling and simulation. The proposed method is evaluated with industry case study.

An [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is called closed (neat) projective if, for every closed (neat) submodule [Formula: see text] of every [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text], every homomorphism from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] lifts to [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we study closed (neat) projective modules. In particular, the structure of a ring over which every finitely generated (cyclic, injective) right [Formula: see text]-module is closed (neat) projective is studied. Furthermore, the relationship among the proper classes which are induced by closed submodules, neat submodules, pure submodules and [Formula: see text]-pure submodules are investigated.

We show that if R is a two dimensional standard graded domain (with the graded maximal ideal m) of characteristic p > 0 and I ⊂ R is a graded ideal with l ( R / I ) ∞ , then the F-threshold c I ( m ) can be expressed in terms of a strong HN (Harder-Narasimhan) slope of the canonical syzygy bundle on Proj R . Thus c I ( m ) is a rational number. This gives us a well defined notion, of the F-threshold c I ( m ) in characteristic 0, in terms of a HN slope of the syzygy bundle on Proj R . This generalizes our earlier result (in [13] ) where we have shown that if I has homogeneous generators of the same degree, then the F-threshold c I ( m ) is expressed in terms of the minimal strong HN slope (in char p) and in terms of the minimal HN slope (in char 0), respectively, of the canonical syzygy bundle on Proj R . In the present more general setting, the relevant slope may not be the minimal one. Here we also prove that, for a given pair ( R , I ) over a field of characteristic 0, if ( m p , I p ) is a reduction mod p of ( m , I ) then c I p ( m p ) ≠ c ∞ I ( m ) implies c I p ( m p ) has p in the denominator, for almost all p.

Selection of a project delivery method in highway construction is a challenging task because of the many decision criteria involved. In addition to quantitative project attributes, the proj...

Let $k$ be a commutative ring, let ${\mathcal{C}}$ be a small, $k$-linear, Hom-finite, locally bounded category, and let ${\mathcal{B}}$ be a $k$-linear abelian category. We construct a Frobenius exact subcategory ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}_{P}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}))$ of the functor category ${\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}$, and we show that it is a subcategory of the Gorenstein projective objects ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}})$ in ${\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}$. Furthermore, we obtain criteria for when ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}_{P}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}))={\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}})$. We show in examples that this can be used to compute ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}})$ explicitly.

We prove that if the strong global dimension η of an algebra A is finite, then Cη+ 1(proj A) is of finite type if and only if for each n ≥ 2, Cn(projA) is of finite type. Moreover, we also prove some implications in order to know if for some positive integer is Cn(projA) of infinite type. We determine the strong global dimension of some piecewise hereditary finite dimensional algebras taking into account their ordinary quivers with relations.

Let $R$ be an associative ring with unit and denote by $K({\rm R \mbox{-}Proj})$ the homotopy category of complexes of projective left $R$-modules. Neeman proved the theorem that $K({\rm R \mbox{-}Proj})$ is $\aleph_1$-compactly generated, with the category $K^+ ({\rm R \mbox{-}proj})$ of left bounded complexes of finitely generated projective $R$-modules providing an essentially small class of such generators. Another proof of Neeman's theorem is explained, using recent ideas of Christensen and Holm, and Emmanouil. The strategy of the proof is to show that every complex in $K({\rm R \mbox{-}Proj})$ vanishes in the Bousfield localization $K({\rm R \mbox{-}Flat})/\langle K^+ ({\rm R \mbox{-}proj}) \rangle.$, Comment: 5 pages

In this paper, we show that if I is a matroidal ideal, then the ideal generated by the i-th multigraded shifts is also a matroidal ideal for every $$i=0,\ldots ,{\text {proj dim}}(I)$$ .

Given a graded monoid A with 1, one can construct a projective monoid scheme MProj ( A ) analogous to Proj ( R ) of a graded ring R. This paper is concerned with the study of quasicoherent sheaves on MProj ( A ) , and we prove several basic results regarding these. We show that: 1. every quasicoherent sheaf F on MProj ( A ) can be constructed from a graded A-set in analogy with the construction of quasicoherent sheaves on Proj ( R ) from graded R-modules 2. if F is coherent on MProj ( A ) , then F ( n ) is globally generated for large enough n, and consequently, that F is a quotient of a finite direct sum of invertible sheaves 3. if F is coherent on MProj ( A ) , then Γ ( MProj ( A ) , F ) is finitely generated over A 0 (and hence a finite set if A 0 = { 0 , 1 } ). The last part of the paper is devoted to classifying coherent sheaves on P 1 in terms of certain directed graphs and gluing data. The classification of these over F 1 is shown to be much richer and combinatorially interesting than in the case of ordinary P 1 , and several new phenomena emerge.

Allocating projects to project managers (PM) is a crucial decision in project management. Choosing the PM must be undertaken in a structured way, and thereby take into account the needs of the proj...

New contributions are offered to the theory and practice of the Discrete Empirical Interpolation Method (DEIM). These include a detailed characterization of the canonical structure; a substantial tightening of the error bound for the DEIM oblique projection, based on index selection via a strong rank revealing QR factorization; and an extension of the DEIM approximation to weighted inner products defined by a real symmetric positive-definite matrix $W$. The weighted DEIM ($W$-DEIM) can be deployed in the more general framework where the POD Galerkin projection is formulated in a discretization of a suitable energy inner product such that the Galerkin projection preserves important physical properties such as e.g. stability. Also, a special case of $W$-DEIM is introduced, which is DGEIM, a discrete version of the Generalized Empirical Interpolation Method that allows generalization of the interpolation via a dictionary of linear functionals., Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures

This article presents results from a study of work practices in a Norwegian game development studio. Identifying key challenges faced by the company, the article argues that the combination of project management issues and a lack of human and financial resources led the company into an unfortunate situation where they were simultaneously working on two overlapping projects and thus were forced to cancel one of the projects. Further, the article also discusses how welfare measures related to cultural policy support system and work environment legislation may have impacted upon the process.

This paper presents the results of a master s thesis that aimed to provide a better understanding of the use of intuition during scenario building activities. The research assumes that design proj...

Given a quasi-compact and quasi-separated (qcqs) scheme X of finite type over a Noetherian ring R having an ample family of line bundles, we construct a closed embedding of X into a smooth (qcqs) scheme over R having an ample family of line bundles. Such a smooth scheme arises as an open subscheme of the multihomogeneous Proj of a Z n -graded ring.

Development induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) projects should share their benefits with those affected by them. This paper shows that in the case of the Yangtze-Huai River Diversion Project in China perceptions of compensation received differs amongst different groups of resettled people even if levels of compensation are similar. Based on a survey with displaced people, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation concludes that those with generic skills’ sets are the most satisfied, mainly because they are able to find new work and re-establish livelihoods after resettlement more quickly. On the other hand, those with only agricultural skills find it difficult to re-establish their livelihood and are often dissatisfied. Finally, those who did not have any work before resettlement were found to be satisfied overall as their life quality is said to have improved. The skills of those affected are therefore a key explanatory factor for satisfaction with compensation following resettlement

The paper describes an innovative methodological approach to Public Engagement already tested by the Authors in the healthcare context. We propose to apply our methodology to social innovation projects, focusing on gender perspective when promoting enhancements in health-community. Methodology mixes Psychosocial Participatory Research, Service-Design and “Human-Centered” approach, promoting an interdisciplinary, technological, and sustainable process. The final aim is to find viable solutions to real problems through the engagement of a community of experts and citizens in a three-step process. Awareness-raising actions: to increase people’s knowledge—group understanding of the subject and to stimulate reflection. Activities: Gender-Cafés, Ethnographic-Observations and Narrative-Interviews. Activation actions: group interventions in which initial stimuli are collected and processed into proposals for services and tools aimed at targeted groups. Activities: Barcamps, Generative Labs. Participation actions: multidisciplinary teams realize prototypes and elaborate concrete solutions (tools, services) addressing crucial gender issues. Activities: Hackathon, Service-Design-Labs.

Two iterative algorithms are suggested for approximating a solution of the split common fixed point problem involved in pseudo-contractive operators without Lipschitz assumption. We prove that the sequence generated by the first algorithm converges weakly to a solution of the split common fixed point problem and the second one converges strongly. Moreover, the sequence { x n } generated by Algorithm 3 strongly converges to z = proj S 0 , which is the minimum-norm solution of problem (1). Numerical examples are included.

We give examples of finite-dimensional algebras A for which the silting objects in K b ( proj - A ) are not connected by any sequence of (possibly reducible) silting mutations. The argument is based on the fact that silting mutation preserves invariance under twisting by a fixed algebra automorphism, combined with the existence of spherical modules that are not invariant under such a twist.

This paper was written in order to explain why a risk assessment algorithm will be useful for us to estimate the resources involved in an Internet of Things proj ect. During my experience, I faced different challenges when building this kind of projects. It was very difficult to estimate the complexity of proj ects and the amount of resources used to build them. Being able to have an early overview over IoT projects will ease the processes involved in understanding the needs of such a proj ect. As a quick overview, this paper will present the risk algorithm parameters, how to build the algorithm itself based on them and the general architecture of the application. If a project manager wants to asses and discuss a future proj ect, an application like this will come in handy.

Exceptional cycles in a triangulated category $\mathcal T$ with Serre duality, introduced by N. Broomhead, D. Pauksztello, and D. Ploog, have a notable impact on the global structure of $\mathcal T$. In this paper we show that if $\mathcal T$ is homotopy-like, then any exceptional $1$-cycle is indecomposable and at the mouth; and any object in an exceptional $n$-cycle with $n\ge 3$ is at the mouth. Let $A$ be an indecomposable gentle $k$-algebra with $A\ne k$. The Hom spaces between string complexes at the mouth are explicitly determined. The main result classifies "almost all" the exceptional cycles in $K^b(A\mbox{-}{\rm proj})$, using characteristic components and their AG-invariants, except those exceptional $1$-cycles which are band complexes. Namely, the mouth of a characteristic component $C$ of $K^b(A\mbox{-}{\rm proj})$ forms a unique exceptional cycle in $C$, up to an equivalent relation $\approx$; if the quiver of $A$ is not of type $A_3$, this gives all the exceptional $n$-cycle in $K^b(A\mbox{-}{\rm proj})$ with $n\ge 2$, up to $\approx$; and a string complex is an exceptional $1$-cycle if and only if it is at the mouth of a characteristic component with {\rm AG}-invariant $(1, m)$. However, a band complex at the mouth is possibly not an exceptional $1$-cycle., 29 pages

Constructive journalism has become a popular term in recent years, and has been the basis of a number of seminars, conferences, courses at journalism schools, fellowship programs, and research projects. This article traces the origins of constructive journalism by describing and discussing the proponents, precedents, and principles of the movement. The article shows that constructive journalism is no new term and that its inherent principles share similarities with other well-known movements in the history of journalism. These include action journalism that was popular on both sides of the Atlantic at the turn of last century and public journalism that flourished at the turn of this century. Common for most of these movement are, however, their lack of conceptual clarity. The differences and similarities between constructive journalism, past movements, and more classical conceptions of journalism are analyzed through the framework of the Journalistic Compass that delineates four classical roles within journalism. The article concludes by describing the opportunities–and difficulties – that this recent movement faces as still more persons and organizations lay claim to practicing constructive journalism and it discusses how the proponents might learn from former movements that have gained popularity for a period but whose importance has since diminished.

This paper presents an efficient and accurate method for pricing equity-indexed annuities (EIAs) with cliquet-style payoff structures under time-changed Levy processes. We apply a square-root process to depict the activity rate process in stochastic time change, which enables us to use some Fourier transform methods to price EIAs. As the complexity of payoff structures, we make use of frame duality projection associated with the quadrature rule and the spectral filtering to realize our algorithm. Numerical experiments are reported to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our approach.

Construction professionals agree that building information modelling (BIM) will revolutionize the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry and its impact will be felt by all project stakeholders including owners and facility managers. Statistics show that many owners and other stakeholders perceive BIM as a technology that can make project delivery more efficient because it allows project information to be fully integrated. In the future, owners are expected to demand the use of BIM to prevent over-budget and over-time project delivery. However, as we are preparing this contribution the level of implementation and use of BIM varies widely across the globe. This paper probes the state of BIM in Alberta from three points of view: (i) the current understanding and implementation, (ii) the motivations driving its use, and (iii) the challenges hindering its implementation. The findings of this paper are extracted from individual responses to a web-based survey that was proposed to professionals in the Albertan AEC/FM industries.

In this paper, we show that generalized Nakajima Categories provide a framework to construct a desingularization of quiver Grassmannians for self-injective algebras of finite representation type. Furthermore, we show that all standard Frobenius models of orbit categories of the bounded derived category considered in Keller, Documenta Math. 10: 551–581, 2005 are equivalent to proj 𝓡, the finitely generated projective modules of the regular Nakajima category 𝓡.

Let A be a finite-dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field. We prove that A is of strongly derived unbounded type (see Definition 1.1 ) if and only if there exists an integer m such that C m ( proj A ) , the category of all minimal projective A-module complexes with degree concentrated in [ 0 , m ] , is of strongly unbounded type, which is also equivalent to the statement that the repetitive algebra A ˆ is of strongly unbounded representation type. As a corollary, we can establish the Finite–Strongly unbounded dichotomy on the representation type of C m ( proj A ) , and also the Discrete–Strongly unbounded dichotomy on the representation type of homotopy category K b ( proj A ) and the repetitive algebra A ˆ .

The PROJ method for pricing European options on one underlying asset was proposed by J. Lars Kirkby and then was applied to price Bermudan and Asian options. In this paper, we extend the method to higher dimensions, especially two-dimensions in which some exotic options can be priced. Our method does not rely on a-priori truncation of the integration range and exhibits excellent performance compared with other state-of-the-art methods, particularly for fatter-tailed short maturity models. We also discuss the errors introduced in each approximation and give corresponding error bounds. Numerical results on implementation of this method to price for popular two-assets options, under both the geometric Brownian Motion and Variance-Gamma dynamics, demonstrate remarkable accuracy and robustness.

For a finite-dimensional algebra $A$ over a field $K$ with $n$ simple modules, the real Grothendieck group $K_0(\operatorname{\mathsf{proj}} A)_\mathbb{R}:=K_0(\operatorname{\mathsf{proj}} A) \otimes_\mathbb{Z} \mathbb{R} \cong \mathbb{R}^n$ gives stability conditions of King. We study the associated wall-chamber structure of $K_0(\operatorname{\mathsf{proj}} A)_\mathbb{R}$ by using the Koenig--Yang correspondences in silting theory. First, we introduce an equivalence relation on $K_0(\operatorname{\mathsf{proj}} A)_\mathbb{R}$ called TF equivalence by using numerical torsion pairs of Baumann--Kamnitzer--Tingley. Second, we show that the open cone in $K_0(\operatorname{\mathsf{proj}} A)_\mathbb{R}$ spanned by the g-vectors of each 2-term silting object gives a TF equivalence class, and this gives a one-to-one correspondence between the basic 2-term silting objects and the TF equivalence classes of full dimension. Finally, we determine the wall-chamber structure of $K_0(\operatorname{\mathsf{proj}} A)_\mathbb{R}$ in the case that $A$ is a path algebra of an acyclic quiver., Comment: 31 pages

Sparse Representation-based Classification (SRC) is an effective solution of face recognition as there have been many studies around it. However, classical SRC needs a large train data for the galley to produce an over-complete dictionary which result in high accuracy. This paper purposes to show that when there is only one sample per subject for the gallery, the simple linear Discriminant Scaled Space (DSS) can outperform classical SRC and is competitive with new single sample version of that along with significantly less runtime. In addition, it will be shown that SRC methods can be computed on the data proj ected to DSS which result in higher accuracy with less run time. To show the effectiveness of DSS, it is compared with different kinds of SRC on 11 public databases.

Non-commonality of the assessment method due to the diversity of member types and characteristics seriously causes deviation in overall and accurate diagnosis of smart grid demonstration project. Taken multilateral participant into consideration, the proposed method models the cost and benefit, according to the direct and indirect value flow, which is based upon the relationship between devices, service and added value. The application of value-tracing in a practical case shows that, compared with conventional power grid benefit calculation methods, value flow analysis makes smart grid assessment more precise and more actual because it calculates indirect value of multiple subjects and members.

Inspired by τ-tilting theory [3], we introduce the notion of ν-stable support τ-tilting modules. For any finite dimensional selfinjective algebra Λ, we give bijections between two-term tilting complexes in K b (proj Λ), ν-stable support τ-tilting Λ-modules, and ν-stable functorially finite torsion classes in modΛ. Moreover, these objects correspond bijectively to selfinjective cluster tilting objects in 𝒞 if Λ is a 2-CY tilted algebra associated with a Hom-finite 2-CY triangulated category 𝒞. We also study some properties of support τ-tilting modules over 2-CY tilted algebras, and we give a necessary condition such that algebras are 2-CY tilted in terms of support τ-tilting modules.

Nowadays, there are more and more science and technology proj analyze the business process of the science and technology projects to be evaluated, in order to propose a process model and a role-based access control model. Through collating the business process data, we determine the logical stru ects to be declared. The traditional way of applying and reviewing project has been unable to meet the needs. In this paper, we cture of the database model. At last, we complete the system by using the architectures of J2EE and MVC design pattern.