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Polymyxin, known as the "last line of defense" against bacterial infection, exerts a significant inhibitory effect on a wide range of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The presence of strains, specifically Proteus vulgaris species, displaying intrinsic polymyxin resistance poses significant challenges to current clinical treatment. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for this intrinsic resistance remains unclear. Bacterial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are abundant in genomes and have been demonstrated to have significant regulatory roles in antibiotic resistance across various bacterial species. However, it remains to be determined whether ncRNAs in Proteus vulgaris can regulate intrinsic polymyxin resistance. This study focused on investigating the foodborne Proteus vulgaris strain P3M and its intrinsic polymyxin resistance regulation mediated by ncRNAs. Through a combination of bioinformatics analysis, mutant construction, and phenotypic experimental verification, we successfully identified the ncRNAs involved and their potential target genes. These findings serve as an essential foundation for the precise identification of ncRNAs participating in the intricate regulation process of polymyxin resistance. Additionally, this study offers valuable insights into the efficient screening of bacterial ncRNAs that contribute positively to antibiotic resistance regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome (HPNS) has recently become a major epidemic in shrimp farms, resulting in enormous economic loss. However, its etiology remains controversial. Diseased Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei), collected from shrimp farms, were analyzed for pathological diagnosis, bacterial isolation, and identification. After that, the effects of the three plant extracts on the primary pathogens of HPNS were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that the primary pathogens of HPNS were Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) with ToxR and TLH gene, V. cholerae with ompW gene, and Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) with rpoA gene. These three bacterial strains exhibited extensive antibiotic resistance. The “Chaiyinhugan” mixture, the “Sanhuanglian” mixture, and the Polygonum hydropiper flavonoid extract inhibited the growth of all three dominant strains. Additionally, the three plant extracts reduced HPNS shrimp mortality, improved shrimp immunity, and attenuated hepatopancreatic pathology. Among them, the Polygonum hydropiper flavonoid extract displayed better effects and could be applied to prevent and treat HPNS in producing and breeding L. vannamei. In conclusion, V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and P. vulgaris are the major pathogens causing HPNS. Herbal extracts such as Polygonum hydropiper flavonoid extract can be applied to prevent and treat HPNS.

Poultry carcasses may be reservoirs for the zoonotic transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans and pose a major public health hazard. During the isolation of Salmonella from poultry and other foods, many of the presumptive typical Salmonella colonies on xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar were found to lack the invA gene, which is the specific target gene for Salmonella spp. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of extensively drug-resistant invA-negative non-Salmonella isolates recovered from native Egyptian chicken carcasses as presumptive Salmonella colonies on XLD agar. The non-Salmonella isolates were detected in 84% (126/150) of the examined native Egyptian chicken carcasses and classified into five genera, with prevalence rates of 64% (96/150), 14% (21/150), 6.7% (10/150), 3.3% (5/150), and 1.3% (2/150) for Proteus, Citrobacter, Shigella, Pseudomonas, and Edwardsiella, respectively. One hundred and ninety-five invA-negative, non-verified presumptive Salmonella isolates were recovered and classified at the species level into Proteus mirabilis (132/195; 67.7%), Proteus vulgaris (11/195; 5.6%), Citrobacter freundii (26/195; 13.3%), Shigella flexneri (8/195; 4.1%), Shigella sonnei (6/195; 3.1%), Shigella dysenteriae (3/195; 1.5%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (6/195; 3.1%), and Edwardsiella tarda (3/195; 1.5%). All (195/195; 100%) of these isolates showed resistance against cefaclor and fosfomycin. Additionally, these isolates showed high resistance rates of 98%, 92.8%, 89.7%, 89.2%, 89.2%, 86.7%, 80%, 78.5%, 74.4%, and 73.9% against cephalothin, azithromycin, vancomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, cefepime, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Interestingly, all (195/195; 100%) of the identified isolates were resistant to at least five antibiotics and exhibited an average MAR (multiple antibiotic resistance) index of 0.783. Furthermore, 73.9% of the examined isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant, with an MAR index equal to 0.830. The high prevalence of extensively drug-resistant foodborne Proteus, Citrobacter, Shigella, Pseudomonas, and Edwardsiella isolated from native chicken carcasses poses a great hazard to public health and necessitates more monitoring and concern about the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals. This study also recommends the strict implementation of GHP (good hygienic practices) and GMP (good manufacturing practices) in the chicken meat supply chain to protect consumer health.

Polymyxin, known as the “last line of defense” against bacterial infection, exerts a significant inhibitory effect on a wide range of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The presence of strains, specifically Proteus vulgaris species, displaying intrinsic polymyxin resistance poses significant challenges to current clinical treatment. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for this intrinsic resistance remains unclear. Bacterial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are abundant in genomes and have been demonstrated to have significant regulatory roles in antibiotic resistance across various bacterial species. However, it remains to be determined whether ncRNAs in Proteus vulgaris can regulate intrinsic polymyxin resistance. This study focused on investigating the foodborne Proteus vulgaris strain P3M and its intrinsic polymyxin resistance regulation mediated by ncRNAs. Through a combination of bioinformatics analysis, mutant construction, and phenotypic experimental verification, we successfully identified the ncRNAs involved and their potential target genes. These findings serve as an essential foundation for the precise identification of ncRNAs participating in the intricate regulation process of polymyxin resistance. Additionally, this study offers valuable insights into the efficient screening of bacterial ncRNAs that contribute positively to antibiotic resistance regulation.

Phenotypic identification of bacteria by staining technique and biochemical tests. This practical was carried out to identify Proteus vulgaris using biochemical test, this test includes, citrate utilization, indole, carbohydrate fermentation, methyl red, voges Proskauer, motility, production of hydrogen sulphide, catalase, and oxidase tests. Results obtained shows that Proteus vulgaris was positive to indole, motility, methyl red and urease. Proteus vulgaris was unable to utilize citrate for carbon and energy, and does not synthesis the enzyme amylase to break down starch. The bacteria fermented glucose to produce acid and gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Proteus vulgaris, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of human infections, particularly urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to assess the multidrug resistance patterns of Proteus vulgarisisolated from diverse clinical samples, shedding light on its impact on healthcare-associated infections. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 300 clinical samples were collected, including 100 urine samples, 50 wound samples, 50 vaginal samples, 50 blood cultures, and 50 sputum samples. All samples were selected in the same number (50:50), except the urine samples (100) because the urine samples in this study were more available in the collection from the study patients, which gave more advanced UTIs. Phenotypic and molecular techniques were employed to identify and characterize these bacteria, focusing on detecting resistance genes such as UreC and blaCTX-M. Results: Among the 300 clinical samples, 150 yielded positive cultures for Proteus species. These isolates were obtained from various clinical samples, including 48% from urine, 32% from wounds, 10% from vagina, 8% from blood, and 2% from sputum. Of the 100 P. vulgaris isolates, 88% harbored resistance genes on chromosomal DNA and plasmids. Specifically, 75% carried the UreC gene, and 50% carried the blaCTX-M gene. The highest prevalence of these resistant genes was observed in urine and wound pus samples. Conclusion: This study revealed a concerning prevalence of highly resistant multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. vulgaris isolates, particularly in female urinary tract infections. The genomic presence of the UreC gene, which encodes the urease enzyme, and the blaCTX-M gene, which confers resistance to cefotaxime, underscores the urgency of effective antimicrobial strategies in combating these infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research implies the development of a reliable, inexpensive, better, and eco-friendly way to fabricate Cd(OH)2 and CdO nanoparticles (NPs) green synthesis approach using three different source materials. The veldt grape leaf acts as a chelating agent. The physical properties of prepared samples were analyzed by various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDAX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and UV-visible spectrometer (UV-Vis). The investigation of the structural analysis showed the existence of Cd(OH)2, mixed Cd(OH)2/CdO and CdO NPs. The optical absorption wavelength at 294 nm in the UV-Vis spectra confirmed the reduction of Cd2+ ions. FTIR spectra display the vibrational modes of veldt grape leaf extract involved in chemical bonding and reductions. The EDAX spectrum confirmed the presence of Cd and O elements in the prepared samples. SEM and HRTEM images revealed nanorods, platelet, and spherical morphologies with particle sizes ranging from 5.7 to 29 nm. The photocatalytic activity of prepared NPs was tested by degrading anionic and cationic dyes like Congo red, Methyl orange, and Crystal violet under UV-light irradiation. As well as antimicrobial activity was evaluated against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative Proteus vulgaris, and fungus—Aspergillus niger. Comparing these three products, CdO NPs exhibit high performance on both microbial and photocatalytic activities without a secondary product. Thus, the prepared CdO NPs may further use in sewage treatment and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythrina variegata is a potent medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. Present investigation was carried out the preliminary phytochemical screening of the Erythrina variegata to evaluate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, quinones, saponins by using different parts of the plant extracts such as leaf, stem and root in five different solvent systems (methanol, butanol, chloroform, ethanol, and distilled water) by cold maceration technique. According to our evaluation the high intensity of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and glycosides were strongly observed in leaf butanol extract and complete absence of saponins except in aqueous solvent was seen. In stem extracts butanol and chloroform were more efficient solvents for alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and moderate for phenols and steroids. The results of root extract revealed the strong presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides inbutanol extract. Due to its efficiency in butanolic extract Erythrina variegata was used to test anti-bacterial activity. Which showed the highest zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis in leaf and root extract whereas in stem butanolic extract highest zone of inhibition was against Proteus vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous pyogenic spondylodiscitis (SPS) is an uncommon disease. The most common causative organism of SPS is Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Gram-negative bacilli in 4%–30% of the cases. Polymicrobial SPS is very rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of polymicrobial SPS in a 43-year-old male who was recently diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis with cirrhosis of the liver and presented with a 1-month history of progressive low backache with radiation to both the legs. Initially, he was managed as a case of Pott's spine with antitubercular therapy on the basis of immunocompromised status with positive ascitic fluid Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction. However, due to lack of clinical and radiological response after 6 weeks, he underwent computed tomography-guided biopsy of the affected region. The culture from the biopsy specimen yielded Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus vulgaris. He was managed with culture-sensitive antimicrobials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of polymicrobial SPS caused by K. oxytoca, P. vulgaris, and M. tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous pyogenic spondylodiscitis (SPS) is an uncommon disease. The most common causative organism of SPS is Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Gram-negative bacilli in 4%–30% of the cases. Polymicrobial SPS is very rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of polymicrobial SPS in a 43-year-old male who was recently diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis with cirrhosis of the liver and presented with a 1-month history of progressive low backache with radiation to both the legs. Initially, he was managed as a case of Pott's spine with antitubercular therapy on the basis of immunocompromised status with positive ascitic fluid Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction. However, due to lack of clinical and radiological response after 6 weeks, he underwent computed tomography-guided biopsy of the affected region. The culture from the biopsy specimen yielded Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus vulgaris. He was managed with culture-sensitive antimicrobials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of polymicrobial SPS caused by K. oxytoca, P. vulgaris, and M. tuberculosis.

Two indigenous hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria strains, designated as TKZ and QGR were isolated in oil rich Niger Delta of Nigeria. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding 16S rRNA allowed TKZ and QGR to be identified as Proteus vulgaris and Serratia marcescens. Hydrocarbon degradation potential of the strains was confirmed on hydrocarbon mineral salts medium (1 %, v/v) at 37 °C. Assessment of oil degradation capability of the isolates was monitored using gas chromatographic analysis (GC). The ability of the strains to utilize benzene, diesel, kerosene, and naphthalene was also studied. The results show maximal increase in optical densities at 540 nm and total viable counts was proportional with decrease in pH of the culture media. Percentage degradation in the culture medium showed that the two isolates exhibited biodegradation efficiency above 90 % for kerosene. The two bacterial strains also possess a plasmid of about 9.1 kb size which is suspected to influence the bacterium’s hydrocarbon degradation potential.

The study was carried out to detect the identity of Proteus spp. isolated from various clinical specimens in Erbil City by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Specimens were of urine, wounds swabs, burn swabs, vaginal swabs, ear swabs, eye swabs, and sputum. Fifty-one Proteus isolates, (47) Proteus mirabilis, and (4) Proteus vulgaris, were undergone PCR assay using specific primers, targeting the genes ureR and Urease C (ureC), that encode for urease enzyme as a virulence factor of Proteus species. It was found that all isolates of Proteus mirabilis yielded positive result for ureR gene with an amplicon length of 225 bp, as well as, all isolates of Proteus vulgaris exhibited positive PCR products on gel for ureC gene with an amplicon length of 263 bp. Our results indicate that ureR and ureC based PCR method seems to be an appropriate method for characterization of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris respectively.

A hemin-requiring Proteus vulgaris small-colony variant (SCV) was isolated from a urine culture. This isolate was grown on 5% sheep blood agar but not on modified Drigalski agar. The single nucleotide substitution was found in the SCV of the hemC gene (c.55C > T), and this substitution caused a nonsense mutation (p.Gln19Ter). Porphyrin test results showed that the biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid stopped up to porphobilinogen and not pre-uroporphyrinogen due to a mutation in the hemC gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hemin-requiring P. vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared HSP-enabled AuNPs stabilized with xanthan gum (XA), referred to as HSP@XA@AuNPs. The HSP@XA@AuNP formulation was evaluated for particle size (43.16 nm), PDI (0.565), zeta potential (−31.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (56.7%). The HSP@XA@AuNPs gel was developed by incorporating selected formulation grades into a 1% Carbopol gel base and characterized by physical evaluation and rheological studies. The color of the HSP@XA@AuNP gel was light pink, and the texture was very smooth and non-greasy. The gel was shown to be odorless. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape of HSP@XA@AuNPs further. The drug release was 73.08% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs and 86.26% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel in 500 min. The prepared gel showed antimicrobial activity against P. vulgaris with an MIC of 1.78 μg/mL. In conclusion, the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel could be an advanced modality for treating P. vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Glochidion velutinum (GV) family Euphorbiaceae, a medicinal plant, is reported to possess various therapeutic applications such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, etc. However, the compounds responsible for therapeutic value have not yet been isolated. The present study reports the isolation of a compound from the leaves of GV. The compound is identified as a cinnamic acid derivative (p-pentadecayl ethyl cinnamate) through extensive spectral studies. Its antioxidant nature such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activities have been evaluated. The compound exhibited lower antioxidant properties compared to the standard. It has shown moderate antimicrobial activity against ten bacteria and significant antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris compared to standard ciprofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteus vulgaris and Hafnia alvei were identified as specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) isolated from the refrigerated lightly‐salted large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). In this work, the inhibitory effects of pH, salinity, and tea polyphenols concentration on both strains were investigated. Modified Gompertz models were used to estimate the kinetic parameters μm (maximum specific growth rate) and λ (duration of lag phase) of the two strains under different conditions, demonstrating that their growth rates decreased with the decrease of pH as well as the increase of salinity and tea polyphenols concentration, and the growths of both strains stopped while the salinity and tea polyphenols concentration increased to 0.05 and 5%, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three‐level three‐factor Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the combination of these three antibacterial factors. The results showed that the optimum inhibitory conditions were: tea polyphenols concentration 0.05%, salinity 3.46%, and pH 6.96 to inhibit the growth of P. vulgaris; tea polyphenols concentration 0.05%, salinity 3.45%, and pH 6.94 to inhibit H. alvei. Validation experiments were performed and demonstrated that under these conditions, the growth of the two SSOs could be 100% inhibited. This research provided references for the inhibition of the SSOs of lightly‐salted large yellow croaker and the extension of its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the causative agent responsible for massive mortality in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus cage farms. The infected pangasius were lethargic, not taking feed, and had exophthalmia, deep ulceration, and hemorrhage on the ventral body surface. Pathogens were isolated from infected pangasius tissue samples, and the strain was preliminarily identified as Proteus vulgaris based on morphology, biochemical tests, 16S rRNA PCR sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. The microbiological analysis revealed that P. vulgaris was associated with the disease outbreak and mortality of P. hypophthalmus, as confirmed by the biofilm formation, swimming activity, and survival assay results. The isolated P. vulgaris was resistant to several antibiotics, including Doxycycline, Dicloxacillin, Polymyxin B, Chloramphenicol, and Imipenem, exhibiting multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes. Furthermore, a host-pathogen model was developed to investigate the in vivo effect of emerging P. vulgaris infection in striped catfish. Results showed that P. vulgaris infection exhibited varying degrees of cellular changes in the kidney, liver, and gill tissues of infected P. hypophthalmus samples. The transcription analysis further highlights that P. vulgaris modulates the antioxidants, immune activation, growth regulator, homeostasis, degradation of invading DNA, and DNA damage-related gene expression in liver, kidney, spleen, skin, and gill tissue samples of infected P. hypophthalmus. The lessons learned from the study could be critical in understanding the P. vulgaris infection patterns and pathobiology necessary to enable risk assessment and develop management measures to control the bacterium's virulence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Poultry carcasses may be reservoirs for the zoonotic transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans and pose a major public health hazard. During the isolation of Salmonella from poultry and other foods, many of the presumptive typical Salmonella colonies on xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar were found to lack the invA gene, which is the specific target gene for Salmonella spp. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of extensively drug-resistant invA -negative non- Salmonella isolates recovered from native Egyptian chicken carcasses as presumptive Salmonella colonies on XLD agar. The non- Salmonella isolates were detected in 84% (126/150) of the examined native Egyptian chicken carcasses and classified into five genera, with prevalence rates of 64% (96/150), 14% (21/150), 6.7% (10/150), 3.3% (5/150), and 1.3% (2/150) for Proteus , Citrobacter , Shigella , Pseudomonas , and Edwardsiella , respectively. One hundred and ninety-five invA -negative, non-verified presumptive Salmonella isolates were recovered and classified at the species level into Proteus mirabilis (132/195; 67.7%), Proteus vulgaris (11/195; 5.6%), Citrobacter freundii (26/195; 13.3%), Shigella flexneri (8/195; 4.1%), Shigella sonnei (6/195; 3.1%), Shigella dysenteriae (3/195; 1.5%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (6/195; 3.1%), and Edwardsiella tarda (3/195; 1.5%). All (195/195; 100%) of these isolates showed resistance against cefaclor and fosfomycin. Additionally, these isolates showed high resistance rates of 98%, 92.8%, 89.7%, 89.2%, 89.2%, 86.7%, 80%, 78.5%, 74.4%, and 73.9% against cephalothin, azithromycin, vancomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, cefepime, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Interestingly, all (195/195; 100%) of the identified isolates were resistant to at least five antibiotics and exhibited an average MAR (multiple antibiotic resistance) index of 0.783. Furthermore, 73.9% of the examined isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant, with an MAR index equal to 0.830. The high prevalence of extensively drug-resistant foodborne Proteus , Citrobacter , Shigella , Pseudomonas , and Edwardsiella isolated from native chicken carcasses poses a great hazard to public health and necessitates more monitoring and concern about the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals. This study also recommends the strict implementation of GHP (good hygienic practices) and GMP (good manufacturing practices) in the chicken meat supply chain to protect consumer health.

Antibacterial activities of as‐synthesized nanoparticles have gained attention in past few years due to rapid phylogenesis of pathogens developing multi‐drug resistance (MDR). Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on surrogate pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli (MTCC no. 739) and Proteus vulgaris (MTCC no. 426) was evaluated under culture conditions. Three sets of colloidal CuNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction method with per batch yield of 0·2, 0·3 and 0·4 g. As‐synthesized CuNPs possess identical plasmonic properties and have similar hydrodynamic particle sizes (11–14 nm). Antibacterial activities of CuNPs were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests, cytoplasmic leakage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. MIC and MBC tests revealed dose dependence bactericidal action. Growth curves of E. coli show faster growth inhibition along with higher cytoplasmic leakage than that of P. vulgaris. This might be because of increased membrane permeability of E. coli. CuNP–microorganism interaction induces oxidative stress generated by ROS. Leakage of cytoplasmic components, loss of membrane permeability and ROS generation are the primary causes of CuNP‐induced bacterial cell death. As‐synthesized CuNPs exhibiting promising antibacterial activities and could be a promising candidate for novel antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Large apical openings are encountered as a result of pulp necrosis in immature teeth, apical resorption, or over-enlargement of the apical foramen. Cleaning, shaping, obturation and apical seal of root canal systems are essential for the success of root canal treatment. There is scarce data comparing coronal leakage of teeth prepared to different apical sizes and obturated with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apical preparation size on the leakage of MTA obturated root canals. Materials and Methods: A total of 125 extracted human teeth were divided into five groups each containing 25 samples and prepared to apical file sizes 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70. Twenty teeth served as positive and negative controls. Obturation was completed with grey MTA. Bacterial leakage was investigated after 120 days using Proteus vulgaris. Data was analysed using Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The average time for leakage of apical preparation sizes 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 were 58.5, 70.2, 64.8, 59.0 and 55.2 days, respectively. No significant differences in leakage were observed between apical preparation sizes 30 to 70. Conclusions: Based on the present results, it appears leakage of MTA filled root canals is largely unaffected by varied apical size. MTA appears to seal well regardless of the apical size and is considered the material of choice for obturation of larger sized apices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Selective & sensitive electrochemical detection of cyclic diguanosine-monophosphate. • Portable, easy-to-use screen-printed electrode modified with carbon nanotubes. • The sensor detected the biofilm formed by E. coli, P. aeruginosa or P. vulgaris. The identification and monitoring of biofilm is of utmost importance because it ensures the survival of bacteria in a variety of environments, such as nature, medical indwelling devices, hospital surfaces, or the food industry. Here, we describe the novel application of a screen-printed electrode modified with nanomaterials for the in situ detection of bacterial biofilm. This approach enables simple, rapid, and highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of cyclic diguanosine-monophosphate (cdGMP). The best electrochemical signal of cdGMP was obtained after testing several electrode materials and screen-printed electrodes modified with different nanomaterials, different electrolyte solutions, pH, and electrochemical technique parameters. Using the anodic peak of the cdGMP on screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT-SPE), the sensor showed excellent sensitivity, with a 25 nM–1 µM linear range, and a limit of detection of 15 nM. The sensor allowed the selective detection of cdGMP, with low interference from other molecules and was successfully applied to real sample analyses (laboratory biofilm produced by various bacterial species over distinct time intervals). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteus phage vB_PvuS_Pm34 (Pm34) isolated from the sewage, is a novel virus specific to Proteus vulgaris. Pm34 belonged to the family Siphovirodae with an icosahedron capsid head and a non-contractile tail. Its genome was 39,558 bp in length with a G + C content of 41.4%. Similarity analysis showed that Pm34 shared low identities of 27.6%–38.4% with any other Proteus phages, but had the 96% high identity with Proteus mirabilis AOUC-001. In the genome of Pm34, 70 open reading frames was deduced and 32 had putative functions including integrase and host lysis proteins. No tRNAs, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected. Pm 34 presented a broad pH (4–8) and good temperature tolerance (<40 °C). This is the first report of the bacteriophage specific to P. vulgaris , which can enrich the knowledge of bacteriophages of Prouteus bacteria and provide the possibility for the alternative treatment of P. vulgaris infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Proteus species are vulnerable to cause community-acquired and Healthcare Acquired Infections (HCAI). This organism is grouped under opportunistic pathogen and implicates a wide range of infection in humans. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in this species is alarming and life threatening. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and the resistance pattern of Proteus species isolated from various clinical samples by conventional culture methods. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from May 2020 to April 2021. The study was conducted at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, after approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Proteus isolates from various clinical samples like wound swab, pus, urine, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), tracheal swabs, endotracheal aspirate, vaginal swabs, blood, body fluids, ear swab, tissue were collected as per standard protocols. The phenotypic characterisation and resistance pattern of Proteus isolates were done by conventional culture methods. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24.0. Results: Out of 100 isolates, the higher number of Proteus species was isolated from pus sample (35%), wound swab (22%) and urine sample (25%). Males were found to have a higher prevalence (65%) of infections by Proteus species than females. Proteus mirabilis was the most common isolated species (89%) in this study. The Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producers among Proteus species were found to be 39%, AmpC producers to be 20% and carbapenemase producer 1%. Proteus species had the highest sensitivity to piperacillin tazobactam (100%), tigecycline (100%), meropenem and imipenem (98%) in this study. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was an increasing occurrence of drug resistance Proteus species. Their resistance is contributed by production of ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase enzymes. The screening test alone is sufficient for detection of antibiotic resistance. Hence, there is a need for reliable phenotypic confirmatory test to identify the resistance among Proteus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium known to be the member of Enterobacteriaceae that is able to cause disease in human being. Generally, non-protein-coding RNAs (npcRNAs) do not code for proteins, but they play a vital role in gene regulation at the RNA level including pathogenicity. The present study aims at elucidating homologous npcRNAs from other bacteria in Proteus vulgaris. A comparative genomic analysis was carried out to identify npcRNA homolog of other Enterobacteriaceae pathogens in Proteus vulgaris. A total of 231 npcRNAs previously reported in Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were screened using BLASTn tool against Proteus vulgaris genome. Interestingly, 33 npcRNAs are homologs to Proteus vulgaris. Northern blot analysis of 6 out of 33 npcRNA candidates confirmed their expression and showed that most of them are differentially expressed during lag, exponential and stationary growth phases. This study is the first approach of identification and characterization of npcRNAs in P. vulgaris. Hence, this could be a pioneer study to further validate the regulatory functions of these npcRNAs to fill the gaps in understanding of the pathogenicity of P. vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Background: Penicillin was the first and most famous fungal secondary metabolite used as broad spectrum antibiotic that revolutionarised pharmaceutical research and also saved millions of lives. The over optimistic belief in 1967 that sufficient antibiotics had been discovered to defeat infectious diseases was quickly crashed with the appearance of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in 1990s. This has posed a serious threat to mankind. Although scientists are making efforts to synthesize and discover new antibiotics there are not enough new drugs in pharmaceutical pipeline to beat the pace at which MDR bacteria are emerging. In view of this there is an urgent and serious medical need for new bioactive compounds to be discovered to treat infections caused by MDR pathogens. The present study is aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of Aspergillus flavus originated compounds that may act as drug leads to treat future infections. Methodology: Among the 6 isolated fungal strains from the rhizosphere of Mentha piperetta, one was processed for isolation of secondary metabolites on the basis of preliminary antibacterial testing. Observation of morphological and microscopic features helped in identification of the fungal strain as Aspergillus flavus. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used for fungal growth while Czapec Yeast Broth (CYB) medium was used for production of fungal metabolites. Column chromatography technique was utilized for purification of compound from crude fungal extract and the mass of the compound was determined using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) method. Structure elucidation of the pure compound was performed using 500 Varian Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machine. Docking was performed using Glide SP algorithm. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the invitro antibacterial potential of the compound against two MDR bacterial strains i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. For this a total of 4 dose concentrations i.e. (100, 250, 500, 1000 μg mL− 1) of the compound were prepared and applied to bacterial strains on Mueller Hinton agar using tetracycline as control. Results: The chemical name of the purified compound from A. flavus was determined as (2E)-3-[(3S, 4R)-8-hydroxy-3, 4-dimethyl-1-oxo-3, 4-dihydro-1H-2- benzopyran-7-yl] prop-2-enoic acid with the formula C14H14O5 and exact mass of 262.08. The in-Silico analysis showed that this compound has the potential to inhibit the binding pocket of S. aureus TyrRS (1JII) with docking score of − 8.67 Kcal mole− 1. The results obtained from invitro experiments were encouraging as at 1000 μg mL− 1 the compound showed 58.8% inhibition against S. aureus and 28% inhibition against P. vulgaris. Conclusions: The pure compound with formula C14H14O5 and exact mass of 262 exhibited antibacterial potential both insilico and invitro against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The compound was more active against S. aureus in comparison to P. vulgaris. From the obtained results it is concluded that this compound can be used as potent antibacterial candidate but further studies will be needed prior to its use as antibiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Proteus species are vulnerable to cause community-acquired and Healthcare Acquired Infections (HCAI). This organism is grouped under opportunistic pathogen and implicates a wide range of infection in humans. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in this species is alarming and life threatening. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and the resistance pattern of Proteus species isolated from various clinical samples by conventional culture methods. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from May 2020 to April 2021. The study was conducted at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, after approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Proteus isolates from various clinical samples like wound swab, pus, urine, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), tracheal swabs, endotracheal aspirate, vaginal swabs, blood, body fluids, ear swab, tissue were collected as per standard protocols. The phenotypic characterisation and resistance pattern of Proteus isolates were done by conventional culture methods. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24.0. Results: Out of 100 isolates, the higher number of Proteus species was isolated from pus sample (35%), wound swab (22%) and urine sample (25%). Males were found to have a higher prevalence (65%) of infections by Proteus species than females. Proteus mirabilis was the most common isolated species (89%) in this study. The Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producers among Proteus species were found to be 39%, AmpC producers to be 20% and carbapenemase producer 1%. Proteus species had the highest sensitivity to piperacillin tazobactam (100%), tigecycline (100%), meropenem and imipenem (98%) in this study. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was an increasing occurrence of drug resistance Proteus species. Their resistance is contributed by production of ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase enzymes. The screening test alone is sufficient for detection of antibiotic resistance. Hence, there is a need for reliable phenotypic confirmatory test to identify the resistance among Proteus species.

An electrochemical whole cell Lab-on-a-Chip sensor for the detection of urea in synthetic urine has been developed. Urea was indirectly monitored by the electrochemical ammonia oxidation liberated by the microbial P. vulgaris microorganism surface membrane reaction. For this, a custom-made platinum miniature electrode platform utilizing lift-off photolithography technique and coupled with a 3D printed casing was fabricated. A P. vulgaris pellet was drop casted on the Pt working electrode surface and exposed to different urea concentrations in synthetic urine. The electrochemical determination of urea was done via the ammonia oxidation reaction. In presence of P. vulgaris, our results showed a relationship between the ammonia oxidation peak current density (from 0.5 to 5.0 μA/cm2) and the urea concentration (from 0.01 M to 0.1 M) in synthetic urine aqueous solutions. The sample volumes analyzed were 80 μL and 100 μL of urea in synthetic urine at pH 8.0. The former presented less variability and higher sensitivity. The as-prepared microchips were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry to determine its surface composition, modification, and robustness.

Objectives: There are no data comparing coronal leakage of teeth prepared to different apical sizes and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apical preparation size on the leakage of obturated root canals. Large apical openings are encountered as a result of pulp necrosis in immature teeth, apical resorption, or over-enlargement of the apical foramen. Complete cleaning, shaping, obturation, and apical seal of root canal systems are essential for the success of root canal treatment. Method and Materials: One hundred twenty-five extracted human teeth were divided into groups containing 25 samples each and prepared to apical file sizes 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70. Twenty teeth served as positive and negative controls. Obturation was completed with gutta-percha and sealer via warm vertical compaction. Bacterial leakage was investigated after 112 days using Proteus vulgaris. Data were analyzed via independent-samples Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The average time for leakage of apical preparation sizes 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 were 57.5, 52.4, 47.2, 37.5, and 28.4 days, respectively. Significant differences in leakage were observed between apical preparation sizes 70 versus 30, 70 versus 40, 70 versus 50, as well as 60 versus 30. A trend for more leakage occurred when apical preparation sizes exceeded size 60. Conclusions: Based on these results, it appears leakage of gutta-percha and sealer as obturation materials increases when apical preparation size exceeds 60. Consideration should be given to using sealing materials other than gutta-percha and sealer when the apex size exceeds 60. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteus vulgaris is an important foodborne opportunistic pathogen, both environmentally and clinically. The use of appropriate antibiotics has significant therapeutic effects, but has led to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. In this study, a P. vulgaris strain, designated "P3M," was isolated from Penaeus vannamei in Tianjin, China. The whole genome of P3M was sequenced, generating detailed information, including the key genes involved in important metabolic pathways and their physiological functions. A total of 218 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were predicted in the genome. The determination of various minimum inhibitory concentrations indicated that P3M is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterium, with significant resistance to 16 antibiotics in seven categories. Determination of fractional inhibitory concentration index showed that the combination of ciprofloxacin plus tetracycline exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity. Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses detected the presence of two two-component systems that mediate multidrug resistance and several mobile genetic elements involved in the horizontal transfer of ARGs in P3M. P. vulgaris strains represent a serious challenge to clinicians and infection control teams for its ubiquity worldwide and close relevance with human life. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first isolation and characterization of an important foodborne MDR P. vulgaris strain, and this study will provide necessary theoretical basis for the selection and clinical use of the appropriate antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared HSP-enabled AuNPs stabilized with xanthan gum (XA), referred to as HSP@XA@AuNPs. The HSP@XA@AuNP formulation was evaluated for particle size (43.16 nm), PDI (0.565), zeta potential (−31.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (56.7%). The HSP@XA@AuNPs gel was developed by incorporating selected formulation grades into a 1% Carbopol gel base and characterized by physical evaluation and rheological studies. The color of the HSP@XA@AuNP gel was light pink, and the texture was very smooth and non-greasy. The gel was shown to be odorless. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape of HSP@XA@AuNPs further. The drug release was 73.08% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs and 86.26% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel in 500 min. The prepared gel showed antimicrobial activity against P. vulgaris with an MIC of 1.78 μg/mL. In conclusion, the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel could be an advanced modality for treating P. vulgaris.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized from the Proteus vulgaris ATCC-29905 using the extracellular methodology. The UV–Vis spectrophotometry showed the λ-max (maximum absorbance) absorption peak at 310 nm. The FTIR analysis showed amides and other functional groups are associated with IONPs. The TGA results showed less protein loss (ΔY = 9.045%) at a protein degradation temperature of 71.73 °C. The FESEM images showed particles are spherical in shape. The EDX confirms the presence of iron. Zeta potential interface was found to be 79.5 mV that confirms its stability. The TEM results showed particles are spherical with a diameter between 19.23 nm ad 30.51 nm. These IONPs showed good antibacterial activity and also showed good activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It showed good antioxidant activity. These IONPs exhibits good cytotoxic effect against U87 MG—glioblastoma cancer cells, showed IC50 value at 250 µg/ml compared with healthy L-132 cells. Scratch assay showed IONPs inhibit the cell migration of the HT-29 cancer cells. The nanoparticles synthesized from bacteria are safe and non-hazardous. It was expected that these IONPs could become a potential anticancer and antibacterial agent, and in the future it opens a new path for treating the cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial activity of plants is a subject of interest in the search for new antibiotics and fungicidal preparations. This article analyzes the effectiveness of the action of extracts of plants on microorganisms: six species of bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium xerosis, Proteus vulgaris) and one fungus (Candida albicans). For the assay, we used herbal material of 50 species (seeds, grass, shoots, leaves, compound fruit, peel) obtained at different periods of the growing season. We studied Levisticum officinale, Petroselinum crispum, Nerium oleander, Vinca minor, Eleutherococcus senticosus, E. sieboldianus, Yucca filamentosa, Artemisia annua, Echinacea purpurea, Matricaria recutita, Tanacetum vulgare, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Buxus sempervirens, Humulus lupulus, Crassula ovata, Bryophyllum daigremontianum, Juniperus communis, Platycladus orientalis, Cycas revoluta, Calluna vulgaris, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Ceratonia siliqua, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Ribes nigrum, Phellinus tuberculosus, Lavandula angustifolia, Melissa officinalis, Monarda fistulosa, Origanum vulgare, Salvia sclarea, Laurus nobilis, Punica granatum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Menispermum dauricum, Ficus benjamina, Morus alba, Paeonia suffruticosa, Picea abies, Adonis vernalis, Amelanchier ovalis, Prunus armeniaca, Crataegus monogyna, Citrus sinensis, Salix babylonica, Bergenia crassifolia, Schisandra chinensis, Taxus baccata and Xanthoria parietina. The alcohol tincture was filtered with sterile multi-layer gauze disc filters. Before the discs were put on the surface of agar with inoculation of the corresponding culture, they were dried in a sterile laminar box under ultraviolet rays. Antibacterial activity of various tinctures was determined by the disk diffusion method in agar with the measurement of the diameter of the growth suppression zone of the culture using a template ruler. Maximum inhibiting effect was achieved for Punica granatum on K. рneumonia, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, C. хerosis and E. сoli, Lavandula angustifolia – on P. vulgaris, K. рneumonia and S. typhimurium, Echinacea purpurea – on C. аlbicans, E. сoli, P. vulgaris, K. рneumonia, Bergenia crassifolia – on P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia and S. typhimurium.

Two dominant strains of bacteria Lb18-01 and Lbl8-02 were isolated and purified from scabies, liver and intestine of diseased Peodiscus sinensis. By artificial infection t est, the two strains were verified as pathogenic strains with similar characters to that of natural infectious cases. The strains Lb 18 -01 and Lbl 8-02 showed strong pathogenicity to healthy P. sinensis in the artificial infection experiment, so they were the pathogenic strain of the disease. According to the morphology, physicochemical characteristics, 16 S rDNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree clustering, the pathogenic strains Lbl 8-01 and Lb18-02 were identified as Proteus vulgaris and Chryseobacterium meningosepticum which were tolerant to 20 drugs such as penicillin, tetracycline and ampicillin. Histopathological observation on diseased P. sinensis showed the pathological symptoms of sepsis such as hemorrhage and congestion of liver, spleen and intestine, and glomerular disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of Proteus vulgaris infection, the increased occurrence of multidrug-resistance strains has become a critical challenge in the treatment of urinary tract diseases. Therefore, using plant extracts as eco-friendly antibacterial provides an attractive solution to battle bacterial infection. The current study investigates the antibacterial and antihemolytic activity of nine medicinal plant extracts against P. vulgaris. Citrus limon extract at 150 µg/ml exhibited the highest antimicrobial action against P. vulgaris (the inhibition zone diameter; 22.7 mm). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are synthesized using the plant extracts of C. limon, Allium sativum, Sonchus bulbosus, Allium cepa, and Asparagus racemosus. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs synthesized using C. limon extract at 150 µg/ml is significantly increased (33.8 mm). ZnO NPs synthesized using A. cepa, A. racemosus, and C. limon plant extracts are effectively protective for human red blood cells. The ZnO NPs synthesized using C. limon extract are characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and TEM. FTIR revealed that the plant extracts may serve as reducing and capping agents of ZnO NPs. XRD spectra confirmed the crystallinity of ZnO NPs. TEM image demonstrated the formation of spherical shapes of ZnO NPs with an average size of 37.05 nm. SEM of P. vulgaris cells treated with ZnO NPs showed cellular morphological damage compared to the untreated cells. ZnO NPs are synthesized by gamma irradiation as a clean and novel method. This study recommended the promising uses of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs using plant extracts as a natural, unique approach, to control the pathogenicity of P. vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Public health promotion of fruit and vegetables as healthier sources of nutrition in Nigeria has led to an increase in consumption of fruit and vegetables, particularly in the form of ready-to-eat (RTE) salads. However, the continual association of drug-resistant bacteria with fruit and vegetables creates an additional challenge for consumer safety. Hence this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) in, and characterization of MRB isolated from, RTE salads. Methods and Results: RTE vegetable salad samples were randomly selected for bacterial analysis with Wei's Urn iterative randomization technique and a One Way Analysis of Variance performed with Kruskal--Wallis test. Total viable bacteria count (TVC) was performed with pour-plate technique. Bacterial colonies from Petri plates were tested for multidrug resistance with Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test and prevalence/counts of MRB, as well as multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MAR), was/were subsequently deduced. Mean prevalence of MRB in all RTE salad samples was estimated at 54•38% while mean counts of MRB were estimated at 6•3 ± 6•42 log10 CFU per g. Prevalence of bacterial resistance to all antibiotics tested ranged from 5•92 to 100•00%. Mean MAR obtained for all RTE salad samples was estimated at 0•51 (recommended limit = 0•20) indicating that RTE salads were a potential source of MRB, with significant health risk. MRB isolated from RTE salads included Proteus vulgaris strain ATU 243, Bacillus thuringiensis strain AND 236, Citrobacter freundii strain ABC 2 and Serratia marcescens strain ADJ 212. Conclusion: This study showed that MRB constitute a significant proportion of the bacterial community present in RTE salads served in Nigerian restaurants. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our study provided empirical evidence which showed that RTE salads served in Nigerian restaurants were a potential source of MRB, with significant health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Essential oils are plant extracts that have been used for their antimicrobial properties for centuries. The keeping of turtles as pets exhibits a growing trend worldwide but these animals are known to harbour a range of pathogenic bacteria. In the current study, we assessed eight essential oils as alternative antibacterial agents against nine species of pet turtle-borne Gram-negative bacteria, namely Aeromonas caviae, A. dhakensis, A. hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. Except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all other bacterial species showed high susceptibility to six essential oils, namely oregano, cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, lavender and eucalyptus oils in descending order of efficacy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations values of the essential oils against all tested species except for P. aeruginosa showed low heterogeneity, showing that these essential oils can effectively control the growth of nearly all the tested. However, most of the tested bacteria were multiple-antibiotic-resistant as determined in the antibiotic disc diffusion test, with multiple-antibiotic-resistant index values of ≥ 0.2 for most of the strains. Therefore, with regards to their in vitro activity in controlling growth of multi-drug resistant bacteria, we can classify oregano, cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, lavender and eucalyptus essential oils as effective antibacterial agents. Thus, prospective application of these essential oils in controlling and treating these bacteria should be considered.

In this study, 120 urine samples of cows were collected from different area in AL-anbar province. 84 (70%) urine of cow were positive for bacteriological culture. Total of 28 (23.33%) isolates of Escherichia coli, 18(15%) isolatesof staphylococcusaureus, 12(10%) isolates of Proteus miribils, Mohammed et al., 2016 (8.33%) isolates of Proteus vulgaris, 5(4.16%) isolates of Klebsiella and 4(3.33%) isolates of streptococcus. The identification of these isolates based on microscopic examination, morphological and conducted with biochemical tests. DNA extracted and detection of 16Sr RNA gene of 10 isolated of P. vulgaris were done by polymerase chain reaction PCR and it was that found all isolates give positive result for 16Sr RNA 750bp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: To characterize the genetic environment of the carbapenem resistance determinant in Proteus vulgaris of swine origin.Methods: The carbapenem-resistant P. vulgaris strain BC22 was isolated from a faecal swab from a diseased pig with diarrhoea in Sichuan Province of China in 2018. The presence of carbapenemase genes was screened by PCR. WGS and bioinformatics analysis were performed to analyse the genetic environment of the carbapenem resistance determinant.Results: P. vulgaris strain BC22 was found to harbour the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1. WGS data revealed that blaNDM-1 was located in a truncated ISAba125 composite transposon. The carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM-1 and 20 other resistance genes, including the multiresistance gene cfr and the bifunctional aminoglycoside/quinolone resistance gene aac(6')-lb-cr, were located in a novel SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE). This new SXT/R391 ICE of 148.7 kb was chromosomally located, and could be transferred to Escherichia coli.Conclusions: Here, we report a carbapenemase gene, blaNDM-1, integrated into an SXT/R391 ICE. Our study highlights that this SXT/R391 ICE may facilitate the dissemination of clinically important resistance genes such as blaNDM-1, cfr and aac(6')-lb-cr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Organisms belonging to Tribe Proteeae are usually present as commensals in the environment but can cause urinary tract and wound infections. There is a need for regular studies on sensitivity pattern of various bacteria causing infections to decide a suitable empirical therapy and there are not many studies on Tribe Proteeae. Aim: To clinically correlate, isolate, speciate and determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Tribe Proteeae from various clinical samples. Materials and Method: All samples were cultured on standard culture media as per routine protocol. Isolates were identified by standard biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity was done by Kirby Bauer's disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. ESBL production was detected by double disk diffusion method using ceftazidime (30µg) disk and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (30/10µg) disk. Clinical data was collected from the record section of the hospital. Results: Sixty samples yielded bacteria belonging to Tribe Proteeae. Most of the patients belonged to male gender 46 (76.7%) and >50 years 38 (63.3%) of age. P mirabilis was the predominant isolate 42 (70%). Maximum rate of isolation of Proteus spp was from diabetic foot ulcer 21 (35%). The predisposing conditions were diabetes mellitus, tracheostomy cases and only one case of carcinoma tongue. Most of our isolates were sensitive to various drugs tested. There were only three (5%) ESBL producers. Most of the isolates of P.mirabilis were sensitive to antibiotics than P vulgaris isolates. Conclusion: Maximum rate of isolation of tribe Proteeae was from diabetic foot ulcer cases. P.mirabilis was the predominant isolate and was more sensitive to the antibiotics tested than P.vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proteolytic strains of Proteus vulgaris were isolated from 18 urinary tract infection (UTI) patients of both sexes, 10 were female (38.5%) and 16 from male (61.5 %), all strainsproduced IgA protease. The highly protease production was obtained by Proteusvulgaris number (16) of 27 mm in diameter after incubation for 18-24 hrs. at 37oC on skin milk agar medium and 0.16 mg/ml quantitatively by Bradford method. Isolation and purification of IgA protease from isolate number(16) on Sephadex G100 column which showed the presence of two peak of proteins and presence of one peak of enzyme. The molecular weight of the partially purified enzymeby gel filtration method in the 50KDa, there is a correlation between the clinical source strains and the protease molecular weight 50KDa. The purification fold by SDS-PAGE was (219.04) and (6.1) yield. The effect of the enzyme on the immunoglobulines was studied and the results showed the enzyme have the abilities to digest IgA as detected by SDS-PAGE method and the IgG digestive was not clear. This study determinep.vulgarisinfectionactivity by measurement levels of immunoglobulin A in 18 patients and 10 healthy as a control groups. The results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in immunoglobulin A of p. vulgaris infection patients in compared to healthy group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proteolytic strains of Proteus vulgaris were isolated from 18 urinary tract infection (UTI) patients of both sexes, 10 were female (38.5%) and 16 from male (61.5 %), all strains produced IgA protease. The highly protease production was obtained by Proteusvulgaris number (16) of 27 mm in diameter after incubation for 18-24 hrs. at 37oC on skin milk agar medium and 0.16 mg/ml quantitatively by Bradford method. Isolation and purification of IgA protease from isolate number(16) on Sephadex G100 column which showed the presence of two peak of proteins and presence of one peak of enzyme. The molecular weight of the partially purified enzyme by gel filtration method in the 50KDa, there is a correlation between the clinical source strains and the protease molecular weight 50KDa. The purification fold by SDS-PAGE was (219.04) and (6.1) yield. The effect of the enzyme on the immunoglobulineswas studied and the results showed the enzyme have the abilities to digest IgA as detected by SDS-PAGE method and the IgG digestive was not clear. This study determine p.vulgaris infection activity by measurement levels of immunoglobulin A in 18 patients and 10 healthy as a control groups. The results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in immunoglobulin A of p. vulgaris infection patients in compared to healthy group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]