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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) often leads to pleural effusion, particularly prevalent in developing nations such as India. There has been a global rise in TB cases. Although lymphocytic predominant fluid is commonly associated with tubercular pleural effusion, it is essential to note that not all lymphocytic predominant fluids indicate TB. The diagnosis of pleural TB has benefited significantly from the use of biochemical markers. Conventional bacteriological methods are not very useful in diagnosing tubercular effusion and rarely identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid. Owing to diagnostic difficulties, newer investigations, such as TB polymerase chain reaction (TB-PCR), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and culture, are amongst the most recent techniques currently used due to the challenges associated with diagnosis. Aims: This study aimed to measure the sensitivity and specificity of TB-PCR and compare them with those of ADA and TB cultures for suspected TB pleural effusion. Methods: This study included 50 patients diagnosed with pleural effusion who underwent pleural fluid analysis. Patients exhibiting exudative effusion with lymphocyte predominance also underwent a pleural biopsy. Pleural fluid ADA levels were also measured, and TB-PCR tests were conducted. Results: Eighteen patients were confirmed to have TB by biopsy. ADA was both sensitive and specific at 67% and 62.5%, respectively. However, PCR showed a sensitivity of 16.6% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: This study found a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between ADA levels and distinguishing pleural effusion, which is tubercular in origin, from non-tubercular effusion. Therefore, the pleural ADA estimate appears to have the potential to be a reliable test for diagnosing TB pleural effusion. It has sufficient sensitivity and specificity while being cost-effective and easily executable compared to pleural biopsy. Our study also compared the sensitivity of PCR with pleural biopsy and discovered that PCR was more specific and less sensitive.

Abstract Accurate mapping and monitoring of tropical forests aboveground biomass (AGB) is crucial to design effective carbon emission reduction strategies and improving our understanding of Earth’s carbon cycle. However, existing large-scale maps of tropical forest AGB generated through combinations of Earth Observation (EO) and forest inventory data show markedly divergent estimates, even after accounting for reported uncertainties. To address this, a network of high-quality reference data is needed to calibrate and validate mapping algorithms. This study aims to generate reference AGB datasets using field inventory plots and airborne LiDAR data for eight sites in Central Africa and five sites in South Asia, two regions largely underrepresented in global reference AGB datasets. The study provides access to these reference AGB maps, including uncertainty maps, at 100 m and 40 m spatial resolutions covering a total LiDAR footprint of 1,11,650 ha [ranging from 150 to 40,000 ha at site level]. These maps serve as calibration/validation datasets to improve the accuracy and reliability of AGB mapping for current and upcoming EO missions (viz., GEDI, BIOMASS, and NISAR).

Flash floods are common in the town of Kokrajhar in north-eastern Indian state of Assam. Many areas in the town of Kokrajhar are submerged in water almost every year due to floods during rainy season. These floods cause heavy damage to roads, agricultural production and halt the progress of major infrastructural development projects. Hence, prevention of floods has become an important concern in the town of Kokrajhar. This study investigated the causes of floods and offered a solution for their elimination. The investigation showed that inadequate and inefficient network of storm drains was the reason for the flash floods. A new drainage network for the town of Kokrajhar has resulted from studying the shortcomings of the existing network of storm drains. The new network is designed in accordance with the recommendations stated in the “Manual on storm water drainage systems” prepared by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization in 2019.

Background: Orthodontic therapy aims at achieving stable treatment outcomes by ensuring retention of corrected tooth positions. Various retention protocols have been proposed, but their efficacy in sustaining treatment outcomes remains unclear. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of different retention protocols in maintaining treatment outcomes following orthodontic therapy. Thirty extracted human premolars were subjected to simulated orthodontic movement and then divided into three groups: group A—Essix retainer, group B—Hawley retainer, and group C—bonded retainer. Retention efficacy was assessed through measurements of tooth movement over a period of 6 months using a digital caliper. Results: The mean amount of mesial movement observed in group A was 0.5 mm (SD ± 0.1), in group B was 0.7 mm (SD ± 0.2), and in group C was 0.3 mm (SD ± 0.1). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in retention efficacy among the three groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The bonded retainer demonstrated superior efficacy in sustaining treatment outcomes by minimizing post-orthodontic tooth movement compared to Essix and Hawley retainers. Thus, the bonded retainer may be considered a preferable option for retention following orthodontic therapy.

Background: Class II malocclusion is a common orthodontic issue characterized by the excessive protrusion of the upper teeth relative to the lower teeth. Early intervention during mixed dentition has been advocated to guide skeletal growth and potentially reduce the severity of malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of early (before the pubertal growth spurt) versus late (after the pubertal growth spurt) orthodontic intervention in managing Class II malocclusion. A cohort of 100 patients diagnosed with Class II malocclusion was divided into two groups: early intervention group (n = 50) and late intervention group (n = 50). Treatment outcomes including changes in overjet, molar relationship, and cephalometric measurements were assessed before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: In the early intervention group, the mean reduction in overjet was 5.2 mm (SD = 1.3), while in the late intervention group, it was 3.8 mm (SD = 1.6). The improvement in molar relationship was greater in the early intervention group (mean change = 4.5 mm, SD = 1.1) compared to the late intervention group (mean change = 3.1 mm, SD = 1.4). Cephalometric analysis revealed significant differences in skeletal and dental parameters between the two groups, with greater improvements observed in the early intervention group. Conclusion: Early orthodontic intervention shows superior efficacy in managing Class II malocclusion compared to late intervention. Early treatment leads to greater reductions in overjet, improvements in molar relationship, and favorable changes in skeletal and dental parameters. These findings underscore the importance of timely orthodontic intervention, particularly during the mixed dentition stage, for optimal management of Class II malocclusion.

Abstract Dynamic interactions within the tumor micro-environment drive patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Existing preclinical models lack true representation of this complexity. Using a Head and Neck cancer patient derived TruTumor histoculture platform, the response spectrum of 70 patients to anti-PD1 treatment is investigated in this study. With a subset of 55 patient samples, multiple assays to characterize T-cell reinvigoration and tumor cytotoxicity are performed. Based on levels of these two response parameters, patients are stratified into five sub-cohorts, with the best responder and non-responder sub-cohorts falling at extreme ends of the spectrum. The responder sub-cohort exhibits high T-cell reinvigoration, high tumor cytotoxicity with T-cells homing into the tumor upon treatment whereas immune suppression and tumor progression pathways are pre-dominant in the non-responders. Some moderate responders benefit from combination of anti-CTLA4 with anti-PD1, which is evident from better cytotoxic T-cell: T-regulatory cell ratio and enhancement of tumor cytotoxicity. Baseline and on-treatment gene expression signatures from this study stratify responders and non-responders in unrelated clinical datasets.

Objective To determine the prevalence, causes and risk factors associated with visual impairment (VI) in the Nirmal district of Telangana, India, using extended Rapid Assessment of Visual Impairment (RAVI) methodology.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Community setting.Participants Participants aged ≥16 years were enumerated from 90 randomly selected clusters and 4629/5400 (85.7%) participants were examined. Presenting visual acuity (VA) was assessed using a Snellen chart with E optotypes at a 6 m distance. Near vision was assessed binocularly using an N notation chart with tumbling E optotypes at a 40 cm distance. An anterior segment examination done followed by distance direct ophthalmoscopy at 50 cm. Non-mydriatic fundus images were obtained. VI was defined as presenting VA worse than 6/12 in the better eye. The prevalence of VI in the current study was compared with a RAVI study conducted in 2014 to assess the trends in VI among those aged ≥40 years.Primary outcome Prevalence, causes and risk factors for VI.Results Among those examined, 55% were women, 53% had at least school-level education, 2.3% self-reported diabetes and 8.7% self-reported hypertension. The prevalence of VI was 8.81% (95% CI 8.01% to 9.67%). Overall, uncorrected refractive errors (49.5%) were the leading cause of VI, followed by cataracts (40.2%) and posterior segment diseases (4.9%). Among those aged ≥40 years, the prevalence of VI declined by 19.3% compared with the 2014 baseline study (from 20.2% to 16.3%; p

Abstract Honokiol is a neolignan biphenol found in aerial parts of the Magnolia plant species. The Magnolia plant species traditionally belong to China and have been used for centuries to treat many pathological conditions. Honokiol mitigates the severity of several pathological conditions and has the potential to work as an anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anticancer, antioxidant, and neurotherapeutic agent. It has a long history of being employed in the healthcare practices of Southeast Asia, but in recent years, a greater scope of research has been conducted on it. Plenty of experimental evidence suggests it could be beneficial as a neuroprotective bioactive molecule. Honokiol has several pharmacological effects, leading to its exploration as a potential therapy for neurological diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), cerebral ischemia, anxiety, depression, spinal cord injury, and so on. So, based on the previous experimentation reports, our goal is to discuss the neuroprotective properties of honokiol. Besides, honokiol derivatives have been highlighted recently as possible therapeutic options for NDs. So, this review focuses on honokiol's neurotherapeutic actions and toxicological profile to determine their safety and potential use in neurotherapeutics.

Background: Thalassemia major is a genetic disorder characterized by severe anemia and the need for lifelong blood transfusions. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical profile of transfusion-dependent thalassemia major children with reference to serum ferritin levels and liver function. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study included 100 children aged 1–12 years with beta-thalassemia major, who were receiving blood transfusions. Clinical data, including growth parameters, serum ferritin levels, and liver function tests, were collected. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Results: The study population predominantly consisted of children aged 1–5 years (54%) and males (51%). Hindu children accounted for 85% of the participants. Most children were diagnosed with thalassemia major before the age of 1 year (84%) and were diagnosed through Hb electrophoresis (77%). The majority of children received blood transfusions every 15–30 days (49%). Pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels ranged from

Abstract Background Reproductive stage drought stress (RDS) is a major global threat to rice production. Due to climate change, water scarcity is becoming an increasingly common phenomenon in major rice-growing areas worldwide. Understanding RDS mechanisms will allow candidate gene identification to generate novel rice genotypes tolerant to RDS. Results To generate novel rice genotypes that can sustain yield under RDS, we performed gamma-irradiation mediated mutation breeding in the drought stress susceptible mega rice variety, MTU1010. One of the mutant MM11 (MTU1010 derived mutant11) shows consistently increased performance in yield-related traits under field conditions consecutively for four generations. In addition, compared to MTU1010, the yield of MM11 is sustained in prolonged drought imposed during the reproductive stage under field and in pot culture conditions. A comparative emerged panicle transcriptome analysis of the MTU1010 and MM11 suggested metabolic adjustment, enhanced photosynthetic ability, and hormone interplay in regulating yield under drought responses during emerged panicle development. Regulatory network analysis revealed few putative significant transcription factor (TF)-target interactions involved in integrated signalling between panicle development, yield and drought stress. Conclusions A gamma-irradiate rice mutant MM11 was identified by mutation breeding, and it showed higher potential to sustain yield under reproductive stage drought stress in field and pot culture conditions. Further, a comparative panicle transcriptome revealed significant biological processes and molecular regulators involved in emerged panicle development, yield and drought stress integration. The study extends our understanding of the physiological mechanisms and candidate genes involved in sustaining yield under drought stress.

The suboptimal productivity of maize systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a pressing issue, with far-reaching implications for food security, nutrition, and livelihood sustainability within the affected smallholder farming communities. Dissecting the genetic basis of grain protein, starch and oil content can increase our understanding of the governing genetic systems, improve the efficacy of future breeding schemes and optimize the end-use quality of tropical maize. Here, four bi-parental maize populations were evaluated in field trials in Kenya and genotyped with mid-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Genotypic (G), environmental (E) and G×E variations were found to be significant for all grain quality traits. Broad sense heritabilities exhibited substantial variation (0.18–0.68). Linkage mapping identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the studied grain quality traits: 13, 7, 33, 8 and 2 QTLs for oil content, protein content, starch content, grain texture and kernel weight, respectively. The co-localization of QTLs identified in our research suggests the presence of shared genetic factors or pleiotropic effects, implying that specific genomic regions influence the expression of multiple grain quality traits simultaneously. Genomic prediction accuracies were moderate to high for the studied traits. Our findings highlight the polygenic nature of grain quality traits and demonstrate the potential of genomic selection to enhance genetic gains in maize breeding. Furthermore, the identified genomic regions and single nucleotide polymorphism markers can serve as the groundwork for investigating candidate genes that regulate grain quality traits in tropical maize. This, in turn, can facilitate the implementation of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs focused on improving grain nutrient levels.

Momordica charantia, Nigella sativa, and Anethum graveolens are established medicinal plants possessing noted anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underscoring their inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and HMG-CoA reductase remain unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of various NS, MC, and AG blends in modulating the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase, HMG-CoA reductase, and a-glucosidase, utilizing an integrative approach combining in vitro assessments and molecular modeling techniques. A factorial design matrix generated eight distinct concentration combinations of NS, MC, and AG, subsequently subjected to in vitro enzyme inhibition assays. Molecular docking analyses using AutoDock Vina, molecular dynamics simulations, MMPBSA calculations, and principal component analysis, were executed with Gromacs to discern the interaction dynamics between the compounds and target enzymes. A formulation comprising NS:MC:AG at a 215:50:35 μg/mL ratio yielded significant inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50: 74.26 ± 4.27 μg/mL). Moreover, a concentration combination of 215:80:35 μg/mL effectively inhibited both α-glucosidase (IC50: 66.09 ± 3.98 μg/mL) and HMGCR (IC50: 129.03 μg/mL). Notably, MC-derived compounds exhibited superior binding affinity towards all three enzymes, compared to their reference molecules, with diosgenin, Momordicoside I, and diosgenin displaying binding affinities of −11.0, −8.8, and −7.9 kcal/mol with active site residues of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and HMGCR, respectively. Further, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations revealed the formation and stabilization of non-bonded interactions between the compounds and the enzymes’ active site residues. Through a synergistic application of in vitro and molecular modeling methodologies, this study substantiated the potent inhibitory activity of the NS:MC:AG blend (at a ratio of 215:80:35 μg/mL) and specific MC compounds against pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and HMGCR. These findings provide invaluable insights into the molecular underpinnings of these medicinal plants' anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects and may guide future therapeutic development.

Lithium ion batteries possessing the ability of fast charging without compromising on the reversible capacity are the need of the hour. To this end, there is a need to develop active materials that support this property. Owing to the benefits of structural tunability and the possibility of including various Herero atoms in the structure, organic polymers offer a promising candidacy as anodic active materials. In this study, synthesis of BIAN-Bismarck brown based azo and imine functional porous organic polymer and its application as high capacity anode, delivering 500 mAh/g at 0.4 A/g was presented. Besides, the application as a high capacity anode, BBP was also used as a precursor to derive N-doped carbon labelled as PyBBP600 (pyrolysed at 600) and PyBBP800 (pyrolysed at 800). PyBBP800 delivered excellent rate capability and long cyclability at 4 A/g, delivering 125 mAh/g for 5000 cycles. Thereby the application of organic polymer for high energy and high power applications is presented in this work.

Sumalactone A, a 10-membered Benzannulated macrolactone, was synthesised in a straightforward and efficient stereoselective manner using affordable and readily accessible starting materials. The main steps in this convergent synthesis are Vilsmeier-Haack formylation, Grignard reaction, alkylation of 1,3-dithiane and Yamaguchi macrolactonization.

We want to highlight a simple technique for performing smaller craniotomies, using a marker computed tomography scan, which does not require any special equipment, training or cost and is not time-consuming. Pictorial description of two such cases have been provided.

Objective: The objective of this study was to clinically evaluate and compare the mean bite force changes at maximum intercuspal position, along with parental satisfaction following full crown restoration using stainless steel crown/zirconia crown on primary molar teeth using digital occlusal analysis system T-Scan III (Tekscan Corp, Boston, Mass., USA). Materials and Methods: Thirty-six primary molars of children aged 6–9 years with pulpal involvement were selected for the study. The selected teeth were allocated to either of the two groups using simple random sampling technique: Group A = stainless steel crowned teeth and Group B = zirconia crowned teeth. The mean bite force was recorded before the placement of the crown, after the placement of the crown, and after 1 month-follow-up. The inter-group and intra-group comparison was done among the groups. After the placement of the crown, parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire for assessing parental satisfaction. Results: A significant result in the bite force on crowned tooth, vertical dimension was seen from baseline to 1-month follow-up between the SSC and zirconia groups. In the zirconia crown group, the mean bite force was more compared to the stainless steel crown group. Parents' satisfaction was higher with zirconia crown in terms of color and esthetics. Conclusion: SSC is more acceptable than zirconia crown since occlusal re-equilibration was attained better in SSC as compared to zirconia crown.

Background: Chronic alcoholism is a multifactorial condition predisposed by environmental, social, and psychological factors. Alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) can present with varied cutaneous and systemic manifestations. The effects of alcohol use include cutaneous infections, infestations, features of malnutrition, exacerbation of pre-existing dermatoses, and alcohol related dermatoses. This study aimed to analyze and document cutaneous manifestations secondary to infections, infestations, malnutrition, and modifications of pre-existing dermatoses in ADS patients and investigate the correlation between the presence of cutaneous manifestations and duration and quantity of alcohol intake. Methods: The present observational study was carried out in the Department of Dermatology for a period of one year. A total of 172 male patients with ADS presenting with skin manifestations were included in the study. Detailed analysis of history, clinical examination, and relevant investigations were conducted. Findings: Out of 172 male patients with ADS, the most common dermatoses noted were infections (166, 96.5%) and features of malnutrition (161, 93.6%). Exacerbation of pre-existing dermatoses (101, 58.7%) and alcohol-related dermatoses (85, 49.4%) were also observed. Conclusion: Most of the dermatoses were significantly correlated with the quantity of alcohol intake than with its duration, implying that higher quantity of alcohol intake has more impact on cutaneous and systemic manifestations. Identifying the cutaneous manifestations in ADS patients plays an important role in recognizing the underlying systemic disorders which in turnfacilitates early intervention and thereby prevents complications.

Introduction: Alcohol is a common substance that is legally available in India. Its prevalence varies across geographical and cultural boundaries. There were sudden restrictions on the supply of alcohol use during the COVID-19 lockdown. We conducted this study to understand the pattern of alcohol withdrawal among COVID-19-positive patients admitted for isolation. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2020 to May 2020 at the District Government General Hospital, Nizamabad, Telangana, India. Seventy consenting patients admitted to the COVID isolation ward with a history of alcohol use were included in the study. A structured pro forma was used to collect sociodemographic and clinical profiles from the case sheets. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score was calculated to understand the problems with alcohol use. Results: Eighty-eight percent of the patients consumed local adulterated toddy. The majority were male (88%), with a mean age of 45 years. The median AUDIT score was high (30). They presented with a significantly higher incidence of complications related to alcohol withdrawal including seizures, delirium, and psychosis. The mortality rate was 11%. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of alcohol use and related complications in the study population. Adulteration of toddy with long-acting benzodiazepines may have been a reason for the higher incidence of complicated withdrawals. Primary care and family physicians must be cognizant of the problem and must take adequate capacity-building measures to manage the complications.

Abstract The uncontrolled oxidative decomposition of electrolyte while operating at high potential (> 4.2 V vs Li/Li+) severely affects the performance of high-energy density transition metal oxide-based materials as cathodes in Li-ion batteries. To restrict this degradative response of electrolyte species, the need for functional molecules as electrolyte additives that can restrict the electrolytic decomposition is imminent. In this regard, bio-derived molecules are cost-effective, environment friendly, and non-toxic alternatives to their synthetic counter parts. Here, we report the application of microbially synthesized 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-bis(4-aminobenzyl)pyrazine (DMBAP) as an electrolyte additive that stabilizes high-voltage (4.5 V vs Li/Li+) LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathodes. The high-lying highest occupied molecular orbital of bio-additive (DMBAP) inspires its sacrificial in situ oxidative decomposition to form an organic passivation layer on the cathode surface. This restricts the excessive electrolyte decomposition to form a tailored cathode electrolyte interface to administer cyclic stability and enhance the capacity retention of the cathode.

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) progresses from a hormone-sensitive, androgen-dependent to a hormone-refractory, androgen-independent metastatic phenotype. Among the many genes implicated, ANXA2, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, has been found to have a critical role in the progression of PCa into more invasive metastatic phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the absence of ANXA2 in early PCa and its recurrence in advanced stage are yet unknown. Moreover, recent studies have observed the deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development and progression of PCa. In this study, we found the down-regulation of miR-936 in metastatic PCa wherein its target ANXA2 was overexpressed. Subsequently, it has been shown that the downregulation of miRNA biogenesis by siRNA treatment in ANXA2-null LNCaP cells could induce the expression of ANXA2, indicating the miRNA mediated regulation of ANXA2 expression. Additionally, we demonstrate that miR-936 regulates ANXA2 expression by direct interaction at coding as well as 3′UTR region of ANXA2 mRNA by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-936 suppresses the cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration, and invasion abilities of metastatic PCa PC-3 cells in vitro and tumor forming ability in vivo. These results indicate that miR-936 have tumor suppressor properties by regulating the over expression of ANXA2 in hormone-independent metastatic PCa. Moreover, our results suggest that this tumor suppressor miR-936 could be developed as a targeted therapeutic molecule for metastatic PCa control and to improve the prognosis in PCa patients.

Patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) are at high risk of infections and comorbidities that substantially increase the occurrence of renal failure. Thus, the management of renal dysfunction in patients with HMs is crucial. The current study aimed to determine the incidence of renal involvement in patients with HMs and analyze their clinical profile in the context of renal disorders. A prospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients suffering from various HMs. Renal involvement was determined through blood and urine analyses. The mean age of the patients was 51.84 ± 17.47 years, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.5:1. Multiple myeloma (MM) (30.5%) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (30.5%) were the most commonly observed types of HM, whereas plasmacytoma (1%) was the least observed. Moreover, 39.5% and 16.5% of patients were diagnosed with moderate and severe anemia, respectively. Mean calcium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels were 8.97 ± 1.19 mg/dL, 1.41 ± 1.37 mg/dL, and 16.83 ± 14.50 mg/dL, respectively. Mean sodium, potassium, and uric acid levels were 135.49 ± 6.79 mEq/L, 4.157 ± 0.65 mEq/L, and 5.81 ± 2.82 mg/dL, respectively. Twelve percent of the patients (24 out of 200) presented with renal insufficiency and nephrotic syndrome. Ten patients were diagnosed with NHL, 10 patients with MM, two with chronic myeloid leukemia, and two with acute myeloid leukemia. The causes of renal impairment in most cases were patchy interstitial lymphoid infiltrates, cast nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis, and minimal change disease.

In the present study, the influence of the addition of copper (Cu) on the wear behavior of a Al-12.6Si eutectic alloy developed using the spray forming (SF) method was discussed, and the results were compared with those of as-cast (AC) alloys. The microstructural features of the alloys were examined using both optical and the scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical composition and phase identification were achieved by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results revealed that the microstructure of binary the SF alloy consisted of fine primary and eutectic Si phases, evenly distributed in the equiaxed α-Al matrix, whereas the Cu-based SF ternary alloy consisted of uniformly distributed fine eutectic Si particulates and spherical-shaped θ-Al2Cu precipitates, uniformly distributed in α-Al matrix. In contrast, the AC ternary (Al-12.6Si-2Cu) alloy consisted of unevenly dispersed eutectic Si needles and the coarse intermetallic compound θ-Al2Cu in the α-Al matrix. The addition of Cu enhanced the micro hardness of the SF ternary alloy by 8, 34, and 41% compared to that of the SF binary, AC ternary, and binary alloys, respectively. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine at different loads (10–40 N) and sliding velocities (1–3 ms−1). The wear tests revealed that SF alloys exhibited an improved wear behavior in the entire applied load and sliding velocity range in comparison to that of the AC alloys. At a load of 40 N and a sliding velocity of 1 ms−1, the wear rate of the SF2 alloy is 62, 47, and 23% lower than that of the AC1, AC2, and SF1 alloys, respectively. Similarly, at a sliding velocity of 3 ms−1, the wear rate of the SF2 alloy is 52%, 42%, and 21% lower than that of the AC1, AC2, and SF1 alloys, respectively. The low wear rate in the SF2 alloy was due to the microstructural modification during spray forming, the precipitation of fine Al2Cu intermetallic compounds, and increased solid solubility. The SF alloys show an increased transition from oxidative to abrasive wear, while the AC alloys demonstrate wear mechanisms that change from oxidative to abrasive, including delamination, with an increase in sliding velocity and load.

This paper comprehensively investigates the different measurements and results of embracing green energy, with an emphasize on its significance for advancing sustainable financial development and safeguarding ecosystem. It can be concluded from the study that the unfavorable impacts of fossil fuel combustion on climate change can be reduced by focusing on renewable energy sources. The various types of green energy resources that include wind, geothermal, solar, hydro etc. and its current scenarios of utilization across the world has been focused upon. The most abundant and easily extractable source of energy was solar based system. However, the literature confirms that the sector requires further enhancement in the technology to fully extract the power from these resources. The storage solutions of various capacities such as magnetic storage, battery fuel cell etc., can work as a backup to these resources. The major improvements in the field of renewable energy give adaptable ways to decrease the carbon impression of transportation, fabricating, and control systems, which in turn advances the output in terms of available power. The papers gives remarks on the key challenges and solutions for sustainable use of energy which is important for enforcing the balance in the economic growth and ecosystem enhancement.

In this paper, we report synthesis of novel nanoparticle catalyst of iridium oxide supported on conjugated polymer along with evaluation of activity and durability for oxygen evolution reaction. The IrO _2 /poly(BIAN-thiophene)/TNT catalyst was prepared from iridium complex and poly(BIAN-thiophene)/TNT by hydrothermal method. The synthesized IrO _2 /poly(BIAN-thiophene)/TNT catalysts was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transfer-infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. The average particle size of the IrO _2 particles on poly(BIAN-thiophene)/TNT was 2.5 nm. The XPS measurement revealed that Ir complex was completely converted to iridium oxide through hydrothermal treatment. The IrO _2 /poly(BIAN-thiophene)/TNT catalyst showed sufficient performance for OER activity and durability in acidic condition. Our results indicate that IrO _2 /poly(BIAN-thiophene)/TNT is one of the prospective candidate catalysts for water splitting.

Background and Design: Melasma is a common hypermelanotic condition, mostly observed in women, which affects their psychological, emotional, and social well-being as well as their quality of life. Although melasma is relatively resistant to treatment, various therapeutic options have been attempted until date. Recently, microneedling and microinjection tranexamic acid were performed. To compare the therapeutic effectiveness of triple combination therapy with tranexamic acid injection and assess the impact of response on melasma by comparing the pre- and post-treatment Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI) and Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI) scores. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 melasma patients were selected and assigned to two groups of 35 patients each based on the interventional randomized control study. One group was treated with a topical triple combination therapy-hydroquinone (2%), mometasone (0.1%), and tretinoin (0.025%), and the other group with injectable tranexamic acid. The MASI scores and DLQI were assessed for both the groups of patients at the baseline and then 6 weeks later along with serial photographs. Results: Significant reduction in MASI and DLQI scores were noted in the intralesional tranexamic acid group of patients (p=0.032). The mean change in MASI with tranexamic acid was 1.22 and with DLQI was 2.03. Conclusion: Injectable tranexamic acid is a promising treatment option for melasma. Further studies are however warranted with a larger sample size and for a longer duration to determine its long-term benefits. Treatment of melasma is beneficial for the patient both physically and emotionally.

Abstract Background Biliary calculus disease (BCD) is one of the most prevalent diseases and poses a significant burden to the health care system in adults. The prevalence of BCD in children and adolescents is about 0.1% and 0.6%, respectively. Although many factors have been attributed to BCD in children, exact etiopathogenesis is not clear. BCD has been extensively studied in adults, but not much literature is available in children. The current review was undertaken to study BCD in children focusing on the objectives like predisposing factors, various modes of presentation, and management outcome of BCD in children in the northern part of India. Results Out of 42 children, two children had a history of ceftriaxone therapy. Two underwent ileal resection. The mean reticulocyte count was 1.79%. None had G6PD deficiency or abnormal osmotic fragility test. Clinical presentation was right upper quadrant pain (n = 42, 100%), calculous cholecystitis (n = 8, 19.0%), and jaundice (n = 3, 7.14%). The majority (n = 26, 61.92%) were overweight. Only 16.6% (n = 7) children had normal body mass index (BMI), and 9.3% (n = 4) were obese. The mean BMI was 26.3 kg/m2. 85.5% of children frequently consume junk foods. The majority of calculi were GB calculi accounting for 92.8% (n = 39) whereas 7.1% (n = 3) children had CBD calculi. Thirty-five were managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy, three were managed by non-operative management, and one was managed by open cholecystectomy; among the three cases of CBD calculi, two were managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), stenting, and CBD exploration and one was managed by ERCP sphincterotomy. Conclusion Diet and overweight both appear to be important risk factors for pediatric BCD. Drug-induced calculi can be safely observed.

Introduction: Insomnia is a major public health concern among the aged population due to its impact on quality of life and raises an economic burden to the family and community. However, in the Indian scenario, the lack of information from community-based studies, stresses the need to assess the prevalence and factors associated with insomnia. Aim: To find out the prevalence of insomnia and its associated factors, among aged population in an urban locality of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban field practise area of a Medical College in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, with 880 elderly subjects, from October 2016 to March 2017. Using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), study subjects were surveyed in eight urban localities under Urban Health Training Centre. Insomnia was assessed by using {Difficulty in Maintaining Sleep (DSM)-IV-TR} diagnostic criteria. Variables associated with insomnia such as socio-personal characteristics and financial status was also assessed. The data was analysed using Chi-square test. Results: The mean age of study subjects was 67.5±3.4 years and 455 (51.7%) were females and 425 (48.3%) were males. The prevalence of insomnia among aged population was 571 (64.9%) and prevalence of insomnia was more among females (p

Background. One of the most common causes of acute surgical abdomen is acute appendicitis. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the total leukocyte count (TLC) with the postoperative histopathological examination in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods. It is a prospective observational study over a period of 18 months, on patients who underwent emergency appendectomy. Purposive sampling method and Chi square test were used for the study to find significant association between the variables. Results. The mean age of the participants was 24.06 ± 8.61 years (74.7% men and 25.3% women). All cases had abdominal pain, and 86.7% anorexia, 57.3% migraine, 49.3% vomiting, 38.7% fever. In the case of the normal appendix, TLC was positive in 31% of cases; in cases with inflamed appendix 65% of cases were positive for TLC, while in cases with gangrenous and/or perforated appendix all cases were positive for TLC. CRP had a sensitivity of 88.7%, 69.23% specificity, 93.22% PPV and 56.25% NPV for diagnosis. When both TLC and CRP were used, they have a high sensitivity (90.32%) compared to single use and reported to histopathological findings, and a high PPV value (93.33%). Conclusions. The combined sensitivity and specificity values of TLC and CRP were higher in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, thus reducing the number of negative appendicectomies and the need for a CT scan, which is generally expensive and associated with the risk of radiation.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most severe and debilitating complications of diabetes, causing considerable suffering and economic consequences for the patients. The review aims to elaborate on the importance, types, and effects of educational intervention among DFU patients. This review was conducted by electronic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Collaboration Database, and Google Scholar with keywords like ‘diabetic foot ulcer,’ ‘educational intervention,’ ‘treatment outcomes,’ etc. The review includes randomization controlled study, cross-sectional, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, cohort studies, etc. The articles were published in English and unpublished and other languages were excluded. This review identified that most of the educational interventions implemented were group education sessions and leaflets that improved the self-foot care practices, foot care knowledge, health status, and medication adherence of the DFU patients. Among the treatment modalities, the dressing was found to be used in most of the patients. Biofilms affect wound healing and delay the healing process. Implementing educational interventions by a multidisciplinary team of physicians, nurses, clinical pharmacists, and podiatrists enhances diabetic foot care practices and knowledge, preventing the DFUs. This review concluded that educational interventions were beneficial to DFU patients in improving their self-care practices and foot care knowledge.

Introduction: 12.2% of the Indian have a palpable thyroid nodule, but only 5% of these are malignant. The rest of the patients do not need to undergo surgery, unless clinically indicated for other reasons. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) from the thyroid gland is the most commonly performed screening investigation to determine whether a patient needs surgery or not. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of FNA should therefore, be audited in every Institute from their own data. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the case records of all patients of thyroid nodules who underwent surgery at our hospital between September 2019 and September 2021 was undertaken. Clinical, demographic details as well as correlation between the nonguided FNA report and the final histopathology was done. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value as well as accuracy of FNA was calculated. Results: The sensitivity of FNA for malignancy was 73.1% and the specificity was 89.3%. The positive predictive value was 85.7% and the negative predictive value was 79.2%. The accuracy of nonguided FNA was 81.8%. Conclusions: Though there were no inadequate smears, the high false negative rate and the lower accuracy point toward the need to use ultra-sonography guidance in selected cases to overcome the pitfalls of nonguided FNAs.

Abstract Background The significant features like an amplitude and intervals of electrocardiograph or P-QRS-T wave represent the functionality of the heart. Accurate extraction of these features helps in capturing characteristics of the signal helpful for the detection of cardiac abnormalities. In this paper, a novel signal folding-based algorithm is proposed to obtain detailed information about the complex morphology of signal. It explores the denoising and feature extraction of the specific ECG signals. Results The experimental study conducted using MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database ECG records with known conditions of left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome beats has been considered. Heart rate values for selected ECG records from MIT-BIH dataset and synthetic signals from ECG simulator yielded the same values and thus validate our approach. Conclusion The proposed algorithm determines the heart rate, percentage leakage around the peak and is capable of folding a signal very efficiently based on detected R peaks and period-dependent gate(window).

Background: Ensuring that the patient comprehends and correctly implements the physician's/health care worker's instructions is crucial in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB). Our study aimed to assess the Heath Literacy (HL) of patients with TB using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) HL tool translated to Kannada language. Aim and Objectives: To develop a translated version of the NVS HL tool in the Kannada language and assess the HL of patients with TB. Material and Methods: Two professional translators translated the NVS-United Kingdom version to Kannada language independently. The content of the translated version was assessed by a team of six medical and non-medical personnel, followed by back-translation of the modified version. The translated NVS tool, which was modified to culturally adapt the contents to the Indian scenario, was pilot tested among 15 individuals from the general population to determine the internal validity of the questionnaire, which indicated good reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.806). Further, a cross-sectional study was conducted at a TB center in Karnataka, India. The translated NVS was administered to 50 patients with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB each. The correlation between the HL scores and educational and socioeconomic status was determined. Results: The median HL score of the study participants was 1, and the median time to answer the questionnaire was 10 minutes. The percentage of patients with limited, intermediate, and adequate HL scores were 54%, 32%, and 14%, respectively. A moderate positive correlation was seen between the educational level and the NVS scores (r = 0.480, P < 0.001). Conclusion: A large number of patients with TB have limited HL. The HL status of an individual correlates with the level of education but not with gender or socioeconomic status. NVS-Kannada is a reliable tool to measure HL in the Kannada-speaking population.

Background and Design: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous, infectious disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Leprosy in children is an indicator of active transmission in the community. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and clinical spectrum of childhood leprosy and highlight the importance of examining close contacts and the impact of detection and treatment of leprosy in the community. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients presenting to the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical college during the years 2011-2019. Results: Two hundred and twenty-three patients with leprosy were analyzed, of which 201 were adults and 22 were children. Children constituted 9.87% of the patients (approx. one child with leprosy for every 10 adults with leprosy). Of 22 children with leprosy, 13 (59.09%) were boys and nine (40.90%) were girls, with a ratio of 1.4: 1. Twelve of twenty-two child patients (54.54%) had a single patch, while 10 of 22 (45.45%) had more than one skin lesion. Fourteen patients (63.63%) were diagnosed clinically with borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy, and six patients (27.27%) had borderline lepromatous leprosy. Of the fourteen patients with BT leprosy, 10 patients (71.4%) had a single lesion. Eleven patients (50%) were diagnosed with multibacillary leprosy, and eleven patients (50%) were diagnosed with paucibacillary leprosy. A clinicopathological correlation was noted in 16 patients (72.72%). Family contact was observed in four children with leprosy. Conclusion: A high proportion of childhood leprosy cases indicates active transmission and warrants awareness among the community members and healthcare workers in terms of early detection and treatment of childhood and adult leprosy. This helps in preventing transmission, development of grave deformities, and associated social stigma of leprosy among the community members.

Introduction: Among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients, Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is the most prevalent complication that affects the patients' quality of life (QoL). The present study aims to translate, validate, and test the reliability of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale-Short Form (DFS-SF) in the Malayalam language. Methodology: The DFS-SF questionnaire was translated Malayalam language using the Mapi Research Trust translation guidelines. The content validity index (CVI) and reliability was assessed for the translated DFS-SF Malayalam questionnaire. The construct validity was assessed using the EQ-5D and VAS. Results: The average CVI score for the DFS-SF Malayalam questionnaire was 1.00. The reliability of the DFS-SF Malayalam version questionnaire has shown an excellent Cronbach's alpha score. There is a positive correlation between dependence and VAS (r = 0.538, p = 0.014), bothered by ulcer care and VAS (r = 0.494, p = 0.027). Conclusion: The newly translated DFS-SF Malayalam questionnaire is valid and reliable for assessing the QoL among DFUs in Malayalam patients.

COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus affects almost all the organ systems of the body leading to multisystemic morbidities and typical complications hitherto unheard of in seasonal “flu” or SARS-CoV-1 epidemic. Acute life-threatening complications range from unabated pneumonia and respiratory failure to “cytokine release syndrome” or “cytokine storm,” cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidities leading to multiorgan failure, followed by death. The prepathogenesis, pathogenesis, and the clinico-demographic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection have shown a wide variation across different populations, geographical regions, race, and ethnicities. While there are some commonalities, there continues to be a lack of consensus on several aspects of this infection such as its natural history, infectivity, transmission, and its mutagenic strains. Further, newer aspects of the disease have continued to emerge with passing time since its first appearance in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The initial case descriptions varied from asymptomatic to mild illness requiring minimal monitoring and support to severe COVID-19 disease requiring admission to intensive care facilities and a higher morbidity and mortality. Only subsequently it was recognized that even after the clinical recovery from illness, the infection may persist for a longer time, with continuing damage to some organ systems and sequelae that compromise the quality of life. These have been called the long-term complications or “chronic COVID” infection, and they may be noted even months after recovery from the acute form of disease. While thus far the global efforts have been rightfully directed at combating the acute illness in the pandemic and maximizing recovery, it is possible that we may soon be faced with the challenge of a “secondary pandemic” with a significant burden of chronic COVID and sequelae. This will be a strain on the palliative care, rehabilitative care, and domiciliary care network essentially supported by the primary health-care providers or first-contact physicians worldwide. This approach is in alignment with an emphasis that the WHO placed on the third clinical outcome indicator “functioning” in addition to the two indicators “cure” and “death.” The present review discusses the pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and implications of long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is expected to help in sensitizing the health-care workers and policymakers for preparing adequately and timely for dealing with these effects.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to report on the impact of COVID-19 “Unlock-I” on Network of Eye Centers in Southern India. Methods: Our eye health pyramid model has a network of eye care centers in four Indian states. The network constitutes a center of excellence (CoE) at the apex followed by tertiary care centers (TC) located in urban areas, secondary care centers (SC), and primary care vision centers (VC) at the base located in rural areas. We collected data on patients seen between June 2019 and June 2020, which included age, gender, total patients seen (new or follow-up), and socioeconomic status (paying and nonpaying). A comparative study was done between the data for outpatients and surgeries performed pre-COVID-19 and during Unlock-I in COVID-19 period. Results: There was a 36.71% reduction in the overall outpatients seen in June 2020 (n = 83,161) compared to June 2019 (n = 131,395). The reduction was variable across different levels of the pyramid with the highest reduction in CoE (54.18%), followed by TCs (40.37%), SCs (30.49%) and VCs (18.85%). Similar pattern was seen for new paying patients with the highest reduction in CoE (54.22%), followed by TCs (25.86%) and SCs (4.9%). A 43.67% reduction was noted in the surgeries performed in June 2020 (n = 6,168), compared to June 2019 (n = 10,950). Reduction in paying services was highest in CoE (47.52%), followed by TCs (15.17%) and SCs (4.87%). There was no significant change in the uptake of services by gender in the network. Conclusion: Highest reduction in patient footfalls during “Unlock-1” was noted in urban centers. Going forward, there is a need to develop strategies to provide eye care closer to the doorsteps.

Here, the authors demonstrate that protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) interacts with and inhibits the retinal dehydrogenase ALDH1A1, negatively regulating the expression of retinoic acid responsive genes. This study shows that PRMT3 affects diverse biological processes not only by globally regulating protein function through methylation but also by regulating gene expression.

Background and Design: The harmful ultraviolet radiation of sunlight can damage skin cells and affect the skin’s normal appearance. The short term effects associated with sun exposure include acute skin damage associated changes such as sunburn, suntan and the long term effects are delayed pigmentation, impaired vitamin D synthesis, altered immunological responses of the skin, photodamage and photocarcinogenesis. The majority of these photodermatoses are preventable with the implementation of appropriate sun protection measures and behavioral changes. Materials and Methods: Data collection was done with the help of a structured questionnaire which was distributed among 339 undergraduate medical students in their 4th, 7th, 8th and 9th term attending dermatology postings at a medical college attached to a tertiary hospital from January 2018 to July 2018. Results: The majority of the students in this study were 4th term undergraduates representing 35.3% of the population. The mean ± standard deviation scores of knowledge, behaviour and awareness were 11.67±3.31, 12.32±5.004, 24±6.282, respectively. Only 26.8% of the above population always used sunscreen during daily activities, 32.1% sometimes, 25.6% rarely used and 15.3% never used sunscreen during daily activities. One-Way ANOVA tests depicted a statistically significant difference among the various term students with respect to variables of knowledge, behaviour and awareness score with a p

Introduction: Understanding the perspective on vitiligo and psoriasis of undergraduate medical students enables us to focus on lacunae areas in their knowledge, and train them to disseminate accurate information to the public. A positive attitude towards vitiligo and psoriasis in society will reduce the psychosocial burden on the patients and deliver better clinical outcomes. Aim: To assess medical student’s knowledge and attitudes towards vitiligo and psoriasis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, observational study was conducted on 351 undergraduate medical students (third semester onwards) at Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, India, from January 2021 to March 2021. Questionnaire consisted of 28 questions about knowledge and 18 about attitude towards vitiligo and psoriasis, presented through Google docs to the medical students. A score of 75% was considered as having ‘good knowledge’ and ‘positive attitude.’ Fischer’s-exact test was used as a test of significance for qualitative data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used as a test of significance to identify the mean difference between more than two quantitative variables. The p-value

In the present study, we aim to synthesize heteroatom (nitrogen or boron) doped-reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO or B-rGO) as a catalyst for the electro-oxidation of hydroquinones, used as a candidate of fuel (hydrogen carrier molecule) for direct-type fuel cells (DFCs), and evaluate the doping effect on its catalytic activity. N-rGO and B-rGO were prepared from a mixture of graphene oxide (GO) and urea or boron trioxide by pyrolysis method. We characterized the morphology and crystal structure of the prepared materials by transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show the loading amount of the heteroatoms, 10.4 wt% N and 2.9 wt% B, as well as their chemical nature. The electrochemical analysis of the prepared materials by rotating disk electrode system reveals high activity of B-rGO, 15 and 85 mV lower overvoltage compared with rGO at the half-wave potential of diffusion-limited current, for the electro-oxidation of hydroquinone and methyl-hydroquinone, respectively, because of its electron-accepting nature. We demonstrate that thus modified carbons exhibit high activity, B-rGO > N-rGO > rGO, for the oxidation of hydroquinone derivatives as non-metallic anodes of DFCs.

Abstract Background Plasmodium falciparum exhibits high translational plasticity during its development in RBCs, yet the regulation at the post-transcriptional level is not well understood. The N6-methyl adenosine (m6A) is an important epigenetic modification primarily present on mRNA that controls the levels of transcripts and efficiency of translation in eukaryotes. Recently, the dynamics of m6A on mRNAs at all three developmental stages of P. falciparum in RBCs have been profiled; however, the proteins that regulate the m6A containing mRNAs in the parasites are unknown. Results Using sequence analysis, we computationally identified that the P. falciparum genome encodes two putative YTH (YT521-B Homology) domain-containing proteins, which could potentially bind to m6A containing mRNA. We developed a modified methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) assay using PfYTH2 and find that it binds selectively to m6A containing transcripts. The PfYTH2 has a conserved aromatic amino acid cage that forms the methyl-binding pocket. Through site-directed mutagenesis experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that F98 residue is important for m6A binding on mRNA. Fluorescence depolarization assay confirmed that PfYTH2 binds to methylated RNA oligos with high affinity. Further, MeRIP sequencing data revealed that PfYTH2 has more permissive sequence specificity on target m6A containing mRNA than other known eukaryotic YTH proteins. Taken together, here we identify and characterize PfYTH2 as the major protein that could regulate m6A containing transcripts in P. falciparum. Conclusion Plasmodium spp. lost the canonical m6A-specific demethylases in their genomes, however, the YTH domain-containing proteins seem to be retained. This study presents a possibility that the YTH proteins are involved in post-transcriptional control in P. falciparum, and might orchestrate the translation of mRNA in various developmental stages of P. falciparum. This is perhaps the first characterization of the methyl-reading function of YTH protein in any parasites.