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In the current scenario of field hockey, players are continuously looking for new ways to improve their performance on the field, particularly in terms of power moves. Throughout this exploration, the current study examined the specific effects of complex and contrast training on field hockey player's physiological and biochemical responses. A total of 45 male field hockey players (mean (SD); weight: 63.62 (4.54) kg, height: 1.67(0.06) cm, and age: 19.42(1.18) yrs.) were randomly assigned to three equal groups namely complex training group (COM), contrast training group (CNST) and control group (CON). All the selected physiological and biochemical outcome measures have been tested baseline (T1) and after 12-weeks of training intervention (T2) assessments. Since the CON group was practicing field hockey every day, they were regarded as an active CON group. The intervention in the given period significantly improved VC and VO2max, positively impacting respiratory function. However, no notable changes were observed in RHR, HDL, and LDL levels. Forthcoming research may emphasize the refining of intervention protocols to address these areas and further understand the underlying mechanisms for optimal cardiovascular health and performance enhancement for field hockey players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Volleyball players require a combination of physical and physiological abilities to enhance performance, and TRX suspension and plyometric training are known to improve these abilities. However, evidence comparing their effectiveness in volleyball players is limited. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week TRX suspension and plyometric training program on biomotor abilities and physiological adaptations in male volleyball players. Materials and methods. Forty-five male athletes (age: 21.91 ± 1.10) from Calicut University, Kerala, India, were involved in the study. The participants were divided into three groups: TRX suspension training, plyometric training, and a control group. Speed, agility, explosive power, vital capacity, and resting heart rate were measured before and after the intervention. The data were then subjected to statistical analyses, including linear mixed-effects models and repeated measures ANOVA, in order to assess group-by-time interactions. Results. The findings indicate significant improvements in speed (p < 0.001), agility (p = 0.003), and explosive power (p < 0.001) in both training groups, with notable group-by-time interactions. Vital capacity also showed substantial enhancements (p < 0.001), while resting heart rate remained unchanged. Conclusions. In conclusion, both TRX suspension and plyometric training have been revealed to be effective in enhancing biomotor abilities and vital capacity in volleyball players, making them viable options for improving performance, without affecting resting heart rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An elevated resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with poor outcomes in both healthy individuals and those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study aimed to investigated the association between on admission resting heart rate (RHR) and 60-day mortality. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study evaluated the effect of RHR on the 60-day mortality of patient with AIDS in Southeast China. A total of 2188 patients with AIDS admitted for the first time between January 2016 and December 2021 were included. The RHR was categorized into tertiles. Disease progression was estimated using 60-day mortality rates. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the RHR with disease progression, and a two-piecewise Cox regression model was used to reveal the RHR effect at admission on 60-day mortality. Results: We observed a U-shape relationship between RHR and 60-day mortality. For a above 90 bpm, the 60-day mortality rose rapidly with a multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.032 (95% confidence interval [CI 1.016–1.048, P < 0.001). Below the threshold, 60 days mortality decreased as the RHR increased to 90 bpm with a multivariate-adjusted OR of 0.943 (95% CI 0.904–0.984, P = 0.0065). Conclusions: This study identified a U-shape relationship between RHR and 60-day mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Further research is needed to characterize the role of RHR in the timely prevention of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important marker of autonomic nervous system function and cardiovascular health. Holter monitoring is a crucial method for evaluating HRV, but the procedure and result analysis are relatively complex. This study aims to develop a simplified diagnostic index for predicting HRV decline in newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and evaluate its prognostic value. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 131 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients. Baseline characteristics were compared between normal HRV group and declined HRV group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified significant predictors of HRV decline. A diagnostic index was developed based on resting heart rate (RHR), serum sodium, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and externally validated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assessed the prognostic value of the index. Results: Patients with declined HRV had higher median RHR (84 b.p.m. vs. 70 b.p.m., p < 0.001), lower serum sodium (136.3 mmol/L vs. 138.7 mmol/L, p < 0.001), lower serum albumin (39 g/L vs. 41 g/L, p = 0.031), higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (202 U/L vs. 182 U/L, p = 0.010), and higher IL-6 (11.42 pg/ml vs. 5.67 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified RHR (OR = 3.143, p = 0.034), serum sodium (OR = 6.806, p < 0.001), and IL-6 (OR = 3.203, p = 0.033) as independent predictors of HRV decline. The diagnostic index, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.849, effectively predicted HRV decline. ROC analysis of the external validation data demonstrated an AUC of 0.788. Survival analysis showed that patients with a diagnostic index > 2 had significantly worse overall survival (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study identified key clinical parameters that predict HRV decline in newly diagnosed NSCLC patients. The developed diagnostic index, based on RHR, serum sodium, and IL-6, effectively stratifies patients by HRV status and has significant prognostic value, aiding in early identification and management of high-risk patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study investigated 1) differences in self-reported cycle-related symptom severity and recovery measures (sleep quality, readiness to train, resting heart rate) between pre-bleeding, bleeding, and non-bleeding days in athletes using/not using hormonal contraception (HC); 2) associations between symptom severity and recovery measures. Fifty-eight female endurance athletes recorded recovery measures, perceived symptom severity, and menstruation/withdrawal (bleeding) days for one year. Athletes were grouped as: intrauterine system (IUS)-, implant-, progestin-only oral contraceptive (POC)-, combined oral contraceptive (COC)- and non-HC users. All groups reported higher symptom severity during bleeding compared to pre-bleeding and non-bleeding days (both p < .001), while implant users reported less severe symptoms than IUS (p < .001) and non-HC users (p = .008). Perceived sleep quality was lower during pre-bleeding compared to bleeding days (p < .001) for all groups. However, IUS users reported higher sleep quality (p = .039) and physical readiness-to-train (p = .010) than non-HC users. Symptom severity was negatively associated with sleep quality and physical readiness-to-train (both p < .050). Pre-bleeding days and cycle-related symptom severity were found to negatively influence self-reported recovery measures in both HC- and non-HC users. Therefore, athletes and their support staff are advised to prioritize symptom management and the adjustment of recovery strategies on an individual basis throughout the athletes’ cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to longitudinally investigate the association between circulating neutrophil count and the progression of arterial stiffness and to ascertain whether resting heart rate (RHR) mediates this association. Methods: The current study included 56,760 participants with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurements from a real-life, prospective cohort in China. The associations of circulating neutrophil (exposure) with baseline baPWV, baPWV progression, and arterial stiffness (outcomes), as well as RHR (mediator) were assessed using multivariable linear and Cox regression models and mediation analysis. Results: After adjusting for cardiometabolic risk factors, for each 1-SD increase in neutrophil count, the corresponding increase was 13.5 cm/s (95% CI, 11.1 to 15.9 cm/s, P< 0.001) for the baseline baPWV and 3.10 cm/s (95% CI, 1.51 to 4.69, P< 0.001) for the annual change in baPWV. Over a median follow-up period of 4.08 (IQR: 2.37 to 6.21) years, there were 3,376 incident cases of arterial stiffness among the 23,263 participants. Each 1-SD increase in neutrophil count was associated with a 7% increase in the risk of developing arterial stiffness (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.10, P< 0.001) in the multivariable-adjusted model. In the mediation analyses, 20.0% (95% CI: 16.8% to 24.2%), 12.6% (95% CI: 8.16% to 26.4%), and 16.7% (95% CI: 9.94% to 51.0%) of the observed associations of neutrophil counts with baPWV at baseline, baPWV progression and developing arterial stiffness, respectively, were mediated by RHR. Conclusion: The present study underlines that circulating neutrophil count is significantly associated with arterial stiffness progression and that the RHR is, in part, a mediator of this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the influence of menstrual-cycle (MC) phase on measures of recovery status, that is, resting heart rate, perceived sleep quality, and physical and mental readiness to train, among female endurance athletes. Methods: Daily data were recorded during 1 to 4 MCs (ie, duration ≥21 and ≤35 d, ovulatory, luteal phase ≥10 d) of 41 trained-to-elite-level female endurance athletes (mean [SD]: age 27 [8] y, weekly training: 9 [3] h). Resting heart rate was assessed daily using a standardized protocol, while perceived sleep quality and physical and mental readiness to train were assessed using a visual analog scale (1–10). Four MC phases (early follicular phase [EFP], late follicular phase, ovulatory phase, and midluteal phase [MLP]) were determined using the calendar-based counting method and urinary ovulation-prediction test. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Resting heart rate was significantly higher in MLP (1.7 beats·min−1, P =.006) compared with EFP without significant differences between the other MC phases. Perceived sleep quality was impaired in MLP compared with late follicular phase (−0.3, P =.035). Physical readiness to train was lower both in ovulatory phase (−0.6, P =.015) and MLP (−0.5, P =.026) compared with EFP. Mental readiness to train did not show any significant differences between MC phases (P >.05). Conclusions: Although significant, the findings had negligible to small effect sizes, indicating that MC phase is likely not the main determinant of changes in measures of recovery status but, rather, one of the many possible stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a well-known comorbidity between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) which is only partially explained by common risk factors. Markers of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CVAD), such as orthostatic hypotension and increased resting heart rate, are strongly associated with CAD. The autonomic nervous system also innervates the airways, and several studies have shown an association between autonomic dysfunction and COPD. However, less is known about whether CVAD and impairment of respiratory capacity are related in the population. We thus aimed to assess the relationship between markers of subtle CVAD and lung function in middle-aged subjects. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we analysed data from CVAD assessment (orthostatic blood pressure and heart rate measurements) and pulmonary function tests from 5886 individuals from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Subjects were middle aged and randomly selected from the Swedish population. Linear regression models and ANOVA analyses were used to relate orthostatic blood pressure and resting heart rate to lung function parameters (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC-ratio, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5), respiratory resistance at 20 Hz (R20), decrease in resistance from R5 to R20 (R5-R20), reactance in distal airways (X5), resonant frequency (Fres) and reactance area (AX)). Results Increasing systolic orthostatic blood pressure, decreasing diastolic orthostatic blood pressure, and increased resting heart rate associated with lower FVC (all p

Abstract Background Current guidelines recommend maintaining a resting heart rate below 100–110 beats per minute (bpm) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there is a lack of research on various treatment approaches for patients with both atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease (AF&CHD). We have discussed the primary therapeutic options for controlling resting heart rate in patients with AF&CHD. Methods We conducted a post hoc analysis of the AFFIRM (Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management) trial. Our study included 3986(98.2%) participants with AF, of which 1522 had AF&CHD. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We utilized the chi-squared test to identify significant differences in categorical variables. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to compare the risk of death by standard deviation of heart rate visit to visit variability quartile. Results Compared to the AF group, a higher proportion of patients in the AF&CHD group had histories of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, bradycardia, hepatic or renal disease, pulmonary disease, and stroke (all P

Purpose. Moderate-altitude training is widely accepted to enhance sports performance, particularly for endurance athletes, more than low-altitude training despite the lack of rigorous scientific studies at a project level in Ethiopia. This study aims to identify the effect of varied altitude training on physiological variables at varied altitudes in young project trainees in Ethiopia. Material and methods: A quasi-experimental, particularly counterbalanced study design was employed using 15 male endurance project trainees, 5 individuals from each training center whose ages ranged from 16 to 20 years. Pre and posttests on Vo2max, heart rate at rest, breath holding time, systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were made in early morning sessions in their training centers using standardized instruments from 6:00 -8:00 AM. Results: The moderate-altitude trainees had better mean scores in Vo2max, systolic blood pressure, and breath-holding capacity, but in resting heart rate and mean arterial pressure, the low-altitude trainees were better than the moderate-altitude trainees. However, all training centers showed an improvement in mean score difference, but the result indicates no significant difference (P>0.05) between the moderate and low-altitude project training trainees. Conclusion: The results show that training at various altitudes has distinct effects on endurance athletes' Vo2max, systolic blood pressure, breath-holding capacity, resting heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. This emphasizes how crucial it is to create customized training plans to maximize output and recuperation. These findings are significant for athletes and coaches who want to use altitude training techniques to improve endurance training results.

Background: There is a well-known comorbidity between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) which is only partially explained by common risk factors. Markers of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CVAD), such as orthostatic hypotension and increased resting heart rate, are strongly associated with CAD. The autonomic nervous system also innervates the airways, and several studies have shown an association between autonomic dysfunction and COPD. However, less is known about whether CVAD and impairment of respiratory capacity are related in the population. We thus aimed to assess the relationship between markers of subtle CVAD and lung function in middle-aged subjects. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analysed data from CVAD assessment (orthostatic blood pressure and heart rate measurements) and pulmonary function tests from 5886 individuals from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Subjects were middle aged and randomly selected from the Swedish population. Linear regression models and ANOVA analyses were used to relate orthostatic blood pressure and resting heart rate to lung function parameters (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC-ratio, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5), respiratory resistance at 20 Hz (R20), decrease in resistance from R5 to R20 (R5-R20), reactance in distal airways (X5), resonant frequency (Fres) and reactance area (AX)). Results: Increasing systolic orthostatic blood pressure, decreasing diastolic orthostatic blood pressure, and increased resting heart rate associated with lower FVC (all p < 0.001) and FEV1 (p = 0.001; p = 0.005; p < 0.001, respectively) in models including age, sex and height. Apart from diastolic orthostatic blood pressure and FEV1, all relationships remained significant after adjustment for possible confounders. Increased resting heart rate was associated with reduced DLCO (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Increasing systolic orthostatic blood pressure, decreasing diastolic orthostatic blood pressure, and increased resting heart rate are associated with lower lung function, after adjustments for age, sex and height. These finding indicates associations between signs of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and lower lung function in the general population. However, the observed differences in lung function were small and the clinical application is unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current guidelines recommend maintaining a resting heart rate below 100–110 beats per minute (bpm) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there is a lack of research on various treatment approaches for patients with both atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease (AF&CHD). We have discussed the primary therapeutic options for controlling resting heart rate in patients with AF&CHD. Methods: We conducted a post hoc analysis of the AFFIRM (Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management) trial. Our study included 3986(98.2%) participants with AF, of which 1522 had AF&CHD. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We utilized the chi-squared test to identify significant differences in categorical variables. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to compare the risk of death by standard deviation of heart rate visit to visit variability quartile. Results: Compared to the AF group, a higher proportion of patients in the AF&CHD group had histories of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, bradycardia, hepatic or renal disease, pulmonary disease, and stroke (all P < 0.001). Additionally, patients with AF&CHD were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and pacemaker surgeries than those with AF alone. After adjusting for multiple clinical variables, patients with AF&CHD had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to the AF group (RR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.49–2.60; P < 0.01). Nonlinear multivariate curve-fitting analysis identified an optimal resting heart rate of 70 bpm for patients with AF&CHD (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with a resting heart rate below 70 bpm had lower all-cause mortality than those with a resting heart rate above 70 bpm (P < 0.001). Conclusions: For resting heart rates below 70 bpm, our results suggest an inverse causal relationship between genetically determined resting heart rate and all-cause mortality in patients with AF&CHD. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resting heart rate (RHR), a simple physiological indicator, has been demonstrated to be associated with inflammation and even metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether RHR is associated with natural killer cell activity (NKA) in a large population of healthy adults using a novel assay to measure NKA. This cross-sectional study included 7,500 subjects in the final analysis. NKA was estimated by measuring the amount of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) released by activated natural killer cells; low NKA was defined as IFN-g level <500 pg/mL. Subjects were categorized into four groups according to RHR as follows: C1 (= 60 bpm), C2 (60-70 bpm), C3 (70-80 bpm), and C4 (= 80 bpm). Individuals with higher RHR exhibited poorer metabolic and inflammatory profiles, with the prevalence of low NKA being highest in the highest RHR category. Compared with C1 as reference, the fully adjusted odd ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for low NKA were significantly higher in C3 (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08-1.75) and C4 (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.20-2.00). In addition, RHR was shown to exert indirect effects on NKA upon consideration of the mediation effect of serum cortisol in path analysis. Our findings confirm a significant link between elevated RHR and low NKA, and suggest the usefulness of RHR, a simple indicator reflecting increased sympathetic nervous system activity and stress, in predicting reduced immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the association between the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors and the elevated resting heart rate in community residents aged 35-75 years in Shanghai [WTHZ]Methods [WTBZ]Participates were obtained from the China PEACE Million Persons Projects. 8 districts in Shanghai were selected from 2017 to 2019, and the screening was carried out between adults aged 35 to 75 years in communities. Questionnaires, physical examinations and laboratory tests were conducted. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test were used to compare groups by using R 4.2.2 software. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore the correlation between the number of common risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the combination of different risk factors and elevated resting heart rate. [WTHZ]Results [WTBZ]Among 87934 participants, the mean age was 59.1±9.7 years. Compared with the group with no risk factors, the OR(95%CI) for elevated resting heart rate for the groups with 1, 2, 3 and ≥4 risk factor were 1.42（1.36-1.47）、1.70（1.53-1.77）、1.94（1.84-2.05）and 2.17（1.99-2.36）, respectively. The risk of elevated RHR was the most strongly influenced by the cardiovascular risk factor clustering number in the female group aged 35 to 44 with ≥4 risk factors, and the OR(95%CI) was 3.77 (2.10-4.27). In the combination of risk factors, more metabolic risk factors were associated with a higher risk of elevated resting heart rate. [WTHZ]Conclusion [WTBZ]Resting heart rate may serve as a simple and practical indicator of the cumulative effect of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, which can help early identification of individuals at high cardiovascular risk in relatively healthy people, so as to enable early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between lower resting heart rate and antisocial behavior has been suggested to be mediated by sensation-seeking. However, other theoretical models suggest that sensation-seeking has a moderating influence. This study sought to investigate the interplay between resting heart rate, sensation-seeking and antisocial behavior. Two subsets of participants from the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (RFAB) project (n = 690, n = 391) were used. We conducted mediation analyses and logistic regression analyses to test for mediating and moderating effects of sensation-seeking on the association between resting heart rate and antisocial behavior by young adulthood. In general, sensation-seeking partially mediated the association between resting heart rate in childhood as well as adolescence and antisocial behavior by young adulthood. Resting heart rate in childhood and adolescence also interacted with sensation-seeking to predict antisocial behavior by young adulthood, such that a lower resting heart rate increased the odds of antisocial behavior among individuals with higher but not lower levels of sensation-seeking. Our results on a theoretical level suggest that sensation-seeking is important to understand the association between resting heart rate and antisocial behavior. Results further suggest that encouraging prosocial behaviors as a means of fulfilling the need for stimulation in individuals with a psychophysiological risk profile could serve as an effective approach in redirecting their behaviors towards positive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a form of interval training that involves alternating between short periods of high-intensity movements, elevating the heart rate to at least 80% of one's maximum, and brief intervals of lower-intensity activity. While there's a substantial body of evidence demonstrating the Psycho-physiological benefits of HIIT, there is indeed a recognized gap in research that specifically emphasizes HIIT's potential to induce sports-specific adaptations which leads to enhanced performance in chosen sports. By addressing the unique demands of the sport through targeted HIIT protocols, athletes may experience more transferable improvements in skills and fitness requirements. Closing this research gap is essential for providing athletes, coaches, and sports scientists with evidence-based insights into how HIIT can be optimized for specific sports training. As such, ongoing studies and future research endeavours focusing on sport-specific adaptations through HIIT are likely to contribute valuable insights to the field of sports science and conditioning. Purpose: This study seeks to examine the impact of a brief tailor made HighIntensity Interval Training (HIIT) program on key performance indicators, specifically Speed, Agility and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) levels in female rugby players. Understanding how short-term HIIT interventions influence these parameters can provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of this training approach for female athletes in a rugby context. Methods: 30 female rugby players (17-25 years of age) at the inter-collegiate level, representing various campuses of Calicut University, were chosen and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group participated in an 8-week HighIntensity Interval Training (HIIT) program designed specifically for rugby players, whereas the control group did not undergo any training. Assessments of speed, Agility and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) levels were performed both before and after the completion of the HIIT training program. Assessments were done using 60 meters Sprint test for speed, RHR with the help of stethoscope and Agility by using Agility cone drill test. Results: Following an 8-week intervention, all measured indices showed significant improvement in the HIIT group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Significantly different outcomes between the scores of HIIT and control groups were evident in Speed, Agility and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) levels both before and after the HIIT program. Conclusion: The custom-designed High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) program implemented in the current study resulted in significant improvements in the speed, Agility, and resting heart rate levels, thereby enhancing the overall game performance of female rugby players. This underscores the efficacy of HIIT, emphasizing its adaptability to be specifically tailored to replicate the intensity and duration of movements pertinent to a particular sport, such as rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Volleyball players require a combination of physical and physiological abilities to enhance performance, and TRX suspension and plyometric training are known to improve these abilities. However, evidence comparing their effectiveness in volleyball players is limited. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week TRX suspension and plyometric training program on biomotor abilities and physiological adaptations in male volleyball players. Materials and methods. Forty-five male athletes (age: 21.91 ± 1.10) from Calicut University, Kerala, India, were involved in the study. The participants were divided into three groups: TRX suspension training, plyometric training, and a control group. Speed, agility, explosive power, vital capacity, and resting heart rate were measured before and after the intervention. The data were then subjected to statistical analyses, including linear mixed-effects models and repeated measures ANOVA, in order to assess group-by-time interactions. Results. The findings indicate significant improvements in speed (p < 0.001), agility (p = 0.003), and explosive power (p < 0.001) in both training groups, with notable group-by-time interactions. Vital capacity also showed substantial enhancements (p < 0.001), while resting heart rate remained unchanged. Conclusions. In conclusion, both TRX suspension and plyometric training have been revealed to be effective in enhancing biomotor abilities and vital capacity in volleyball players, making them viable options for improving performance, without affecting resting heart rate.

ABSTRACT Examining the role of resting heart rate (RHR) in hypertension risk could improve our understanding of its pathogenesis. However, most relevant studies have been conducted in developed countries such as the United States and Brazil, with no evidence for the older Chinese population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between RHR and the risk of developing hypertension in an older Chinese population. A total of 3836 participants from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were included in this prospective study. Using Cox proportional hazard models, the association between RHR and the risk of incident hypertension was evaluated, with results expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multiplicative interaction effects were analyzed for RHR with age, sex, and regular exercise, and subgroup analyses of the association were also conducted based on these factors. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results. During a 4.86‐year follow‐up, 1449 incident cases of hypertension occurred. Every 10 beats per min increase in RHR was associated with a 6% higher risk of incident hypertension (HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12). Subgroup analyses demonstrated significant associations in women, participants aged ≥80, and those who did not exercise regularly. The sensitivity analyses confirmed the consistency of these results. These findings indicate that a faster RHR is associated with a higher risk of incident hypertension in the older Chinese population, suggesting its potential use in identifying older individuals at greater risk of incident hypertension.

Metabolic indices significantly impact cardiovascular health. Research on the influence of metabolic indices on resting pulse rate in younger adults is needed. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) Wave 5 Public-use biological data, we performed a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the predictive factors of resting pulse rate in adults aged 32-42 years. We controlled for sex, anthropometrics, lipid indices, diabetic status, blood pressure, and antihypertensive use. The total number of participants was 1839 (weighted n=1,390,763), the mean age was 38.1 [standard deviation (SD)=2.0] and the mean pulse rate was 75.2 (SD=11.6). Notably, body mass index did not exhibit a statistically significant relationship with resting pulse rate. Conversely, females presented a statistically significant higher pulse rate than males when adjusted for other variables [p

BackgroundHeart rate variability (HRV) is an important marker of autonomic nervous system function and cardiovascular health. Holter monitoring is a crucial method for evaluating HRV, but the procedure and result analysis are relatively complex. This study aims to develop a simplified diagnostic index for predicting HRV decline in newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and evaluate its prognostic value.MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study included 131 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients. Baseline characteristics were compared between normal HRV group and declined HRV group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified significant predictors of HRV decline. A diagnostic index was developed based on resting heart rate (RHR), serum sodium, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and externally validated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assessed the prognostic value of the index.ResultsPatients with declined HRV had higher median RHR (84 b.p.m. vs. 70 b.p.m., p < 0.001), lower serum sodium (136.3 mmol/L vs. 138.7 mmol/L, p < 0.001), lower serum albumin (39 g/L vs. 41 g/L, p = 0.031), higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (202 U/L vs. 182 U/L, p = 0.010), and higher IL-6 (11.42 pg/ml vs. 5.67 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified RHR (OR = 3.143, p = 0.034), serum sodium (OR = 6.806, p < 0.001), and IL-6 (OR = 3.203, p = 0.033) as independent predictors of HRV decline. The diagnostic index, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.849, effectively predicted HRV decline. ROC analysis of the external validation data demonstrated an AUC of 0.788. Survival analysis showed that patients with a diagnostic index > 2 had significantly worse overall survival (log-rank p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe study identified key clinical parameters that predict HRV decline in newly diagnosed NSCLC patients. The developed diagnostic index, based on RHR, serum sodium, and IL-6, effectively stratifies patients by HRV status and has significant prognostic value, aiding in early identification and management of high-risk patients.

Insulin resistance is closely associated with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the resting heart rate (RHR) is an important marker of the autonomic nervous system's status. This study aimed to investigate the association between the RHR and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Korean adults. Using data from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2019), we analyzed 6118 adults and classified the participants into four groups based on their RHR (≤67, 68–71, 72–79, and ≥80 beats/min [bpm]). Logistic regression analysis considering demographic, lifestyle, and biochemical factors revealed that the odds of having a HOMA-IR of 2.5 or higher were significantly increased in the higher RHR groups. Specifically, compared to the ≤67 bpm group, the 68–71, 72–79, and ≥80 bpm groups had increased odds of 1.277, 1.599, and 1.919 times, respectively. These results are expected to contribute to the development of strategies for the early diagnosis and management of metabolic diseases through the RHR, and further research is needed to deepen the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of this relationship, including the management of the RHR through lifestyle modification and regular exercise and the effect of reducing insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Resting heart rate (HR) is increasingly recognized as an indicator of disease and overall morbidity and mortality. Whether chronic coffee consumption affects resting HR is an important consideration for individual consumers as well as from a public health perspective. Objective A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to examine the effectiveness of coffee consumption on resting HR. Data Sources Original RCTs assessing the effect of coffee consumption on resting HR and published prior to March 2023 were identified by searching online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Data Extraction and Analysis Data searches and extraction and risk-of-bias assessments were performed according to the Cochrane guidelines, and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Data on study characteristics, type, and amount of coffee and net change and measurement resting HR were extracted. A random-effects or a fixed-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect sizes. Homogeneity was determined with the Cochran Q test, and publication bias was assessed through Begg's test, Egger's test, and funnel plots. Results A total of 6 RCTs with 11 intervention trials or arms involving 485 individuals were included. The participants were generally healthy, although some had hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or were overweight. The trial duration ranged from 2 weeks to 24 weeks. The overall pooled analysis showed that coffee consumption resulted in a negligible increase in resting HR of 0.40 beats per minute (95% CI: −0.78 to 1.57; P = 0.506), which was statistically insignificant. Subgroup analysis of all specified categories was consistent with the overall analysis. No heterogeneity was observed among included trials (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.756). Conclusion The results of the present meta-analysis study demonstrate that daily coffee consumption of 3 to 6 cups for a period of 2 to 24 weeks has no statistically significant effect on resting HR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the independent and combined association of resting heart rate (RHR) and physical activity (PA) with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. RHR was categorized as < 60, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥ 80 bpm. Meeting PA guidelines was defined as ≥ 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality associated with RHR and PA. Among 31,697 participants, 311 CVD deaths occurred during 9.2 years of follow-up. Compared to RHR of 60–69 bpm, the risk of CVD mortality was higher in RHR of < 60 bpm (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05–2.10) and ≥ 80 bpm (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06–1.91). Participants who met PA guidelines had a lower risk of CVD mortality (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44–0.78). Among physically inactive adults compared to participants in RHR of 60–69 bpm with meeting PA guidelines, the adjusted HR for CVD mortality was 2.41 (95% CI, 1.42–4.08) for RHR of < 60 bpm, 1.59 (95% CI, 1.01–2.49) for RHR of 60–69 bpm, 1.98 (95% CI, 1.23–3.20) for RHR of 70–79 bpm and 2.41 (95% CI, 1.50–3.89) for RHR of ≥ 80 bpm Exceeding the minimum level of PA guidelines may attenuate the risk of CVD mortality associated with RHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory rate (RR), and resting heart rate (RHR) are common variables measured by wrist-worn activity trackers to monitor health, fitness, and recovery in athletes. Variations in RR are observed in lower-respiratory infections, and preliminary data suggest changes in HRV and RR are linked to early detection of COVID-19 infection in nonathletes. Hypothesis: Wearable technology measuring HRV, RR, RHR, and recovery will be successful for early detection of COVID-19 in NCAA Division I female athletes. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Female athletes wore WHOOP, Inc. bands through the 2020 to 2021 competitive season. Of the athletes who tested positive for COVID (n = 33), 14 had enough data to be assessed (N = 14; 20.0 ± 1.3 years; 69.8 ± 7.2 kg; 172.0 ± 8.3 cm). Roughly 2 weeks of noninfected days were used to set baseline levels of HRV, RR, recovery, and RHR to compare with -3, -2, and -1 days before a positive COVID-19 result. Results: Increases in RR (P = 0.02) were detected on day -3. RHR (P < 0.01) and RR increased (P < 0.01), while HRV decreased (P < 0.05) on day -1, compared with baseline. Differences were noted in all variables on the day of the positive COVID-19 result: decreased HRV (P < 0.05) and recovery scores (P < 0.01), and increased RHR (P < 0.01) and RR (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In female athletes, wearable technology was successful in predicting COVID-19 infection through changes in RR 3 days before a positive test, and also HRV and RHR the day before a positive test. Clinical Relevance: Wearable technology may be used, as part of a multifaceted approach, for the early detection of COVID-19 in elite athletes through monitoring of HRV, RR, and RHR for overall team health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiological evidence regarding the association between air pollution and resting heart rate (RHR), a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality, is limited and inconsistent. Objectives: We used wearable devices and time-series analysis to assess the exposure-response relationship over an extended lag period. Methods: Ninety-seven elderly individuals (>65 years) from the Taipei Basin participated from May to November 2020 and wore Garmin® smartwatches continuously until the end of 2021 for heart rate monitoring. RHR was defined as the daily average of the lowest 30-min heart rate. Air pollution exposure data, covering lag periods from 0 to 60 days, were obtained from nearby monitoring stations. We used distributed lag non-linear models and linear mixed-effect models to assess cumulative effects of air pollution. Principal component analysis was utilized to explore underlying patterns in air pollution exposure, and subgroup analyses with interaction terms were conducted to explore the modification effects of individual factors. Results: After adjusting for co-pollutants in the models, an interquartile range increase of 0.18 ppm in carbon monoxide (CO) was consistently associated with increased RHR across lag periods of 0–1 day (0.31, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.24–0.38), 0–7 days (0.68, 95 % CI: 0.57–0.79), and 0–50 days (1.02, 95 % CI: 0.82–1.21). Principal component analysis identified two factors, one primarily influenced by CO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), indicative of traffic sources. Increases in the varimax-rotated traffic-related score were correlated with higher RHR over 0–1 day (0.36, 95 % CI: 0.25–0.47), 0–7 days (0.62, 95 % CI: 0.46–0.77), and 0–50 days (1.27, 95 % CI: 0.87–1.67) lag periods. Over a 0–7 day lag, RHR responses to traffic pollution were intensified by higher temperatures (β = 0.80 vs. 0.29; interaction p-value [P_int] = 0.011). Males (β = 0.66 vs. 0.60; P_int < 0.0001), hypertensive individuals (β = 0.85 vs. 0.45; P_int = 0.028), diabetics (β = 0.96 vs. 0.52; P_int = 0.042), and those with lower physical activity (β = 0.70 vs. 0.54; P_int < 0.0001) also exhibited stronger responses. Over a 0–50 day lag, males (β = 0.99 vs. 0.96; P_int < 0.0001), diabetics (β = 1.66 vs. 0.69; P_int < 0.0001), individuals with lower physical activity (β = 1.49 vs. 0.47; P_int = 0.0006), and those with fewer steps on lag day 1 (β = 1.17 vs. 0.71; P_int = 0.029) showed amplified responses. Conclusions: Prolonged exposure to traffic-related air pollution results in cumulative cardiovascular risks, persisting for up to 50 days. These effects are more pronounced on warmer days and in individuals with chronic conditions or inactive lifestyles.

Field hockey requires a diverse skill set that includes strength, speed, anaerobic power, and endurance due to current advancements in sports science, plyometric and strength activities for enhancing players' performance. As a result, field hockey players and coaches are in constant need of new training interventions which could be most effective for improving the required parameters. Therefore, the current study investigates the influence of French contrast training (FCT) on selected biomotor and physiological variables in field hockey players. A total of thirty (N=30) male field hockey players were purposively selected from Union Christian College, Aluva, India. They were randomized into two groups: a treatment group (TG) that underwent twelve weeks of FCT and a control group (CG) that performed their daily usual activities. The selected biomotor outcome parameters were muscular strength (MS) and speed (S), while the physiological parameters were anaerobic power (AP), resting heart rate (RHR), and vital capacity (VC). The pre and post-test mean differences were analysed using paired-sample t-test and the level significance was fixed at 0.05 across all cases. The results revealed that there were significant enhancements in MS (p

Background and aims: Most studies have analyzed the relationship between resting heart rate (RHR) measured at only one time point and future clinical events. The current study aims to investigate the impact of long-term RHR changes on future clinical outcomes in a decade-long cohort with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The two-staged follow-up involved 2,513 T2DM participants. The first stage (2008-2014) intended to identify levels and trends in RHR changes, while the second stage (2014-2018) attempted to collect new occurrence records of clinical results. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to predict hazard ratios (HRs), along with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the correlation between RHR changes and future events. Results: There is no significant correlation between baseline RHR levels and long-term clinical events. According to the range of RHR change, compared with the stable RHR group, the adjusted HRs for cardiovascular events and all-cause death in the large increase group were 3.40 (95% CI: 1.33-8.71, p=0.010) and 3.22 (95% CI: 1.07-9.64, p=0.037), respectively. While the adjusted HRs for all-cause death and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in the moderate decrease group were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.31-0.96, p=0.037) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26-0.98, p=0.046). According to the trend of RHR, compared with the normal-normal group, the adjusted HRs for composite endpoint events and cerebrovascular events in the normal-high group were 1.64 (95% CI: 1.00-2.68, p=0.047) and 2.82 (95% CI: 1.03-7.76, p=0.043), respectively. Conclusion: Changes in RHR had predictive value for long-term clinical events in diabetic populations. Individuals with significantly elevated RHR over a particular period of time showed an increased risk of adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a parameter useful in monitoring post stroke cardiac dysautonomia. Our study is aimed at investigating HRV modifications in patients with stroke; (2) Methods: We investigated HRV parameters in 35 men and 35 women with stroke, data compared to 70 age and sex similar healthy subjects. We collected and interpreted HRV data related to resting state, deep breathing, and standing situations; (3) Results: The variables identified by classification methods to be discriminative in stroke groups for men and women classes are VLFms2, LFms2, LFnu, HFnu, and ApEn in resting state conditions, mean RR, HR, pNN50, VLFms2, LFnu, HFnu, ApEn and SampEn in deep breathing conditions, and mean RR, HR, HFnu, ApEn, and DFA1 in standing conditions; (4) Conclusions: Monitoring of HRV in patients who have suffered an ischemic stroke is essential, as it is known that stoke contributes to an increased risk of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and consequently to a second unwanted vascular event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopsychosocial criminological theories suggest that it is important to consider interactions between risk factors from different domains in the prediction of externalizing behavior. Lower resting heart rate is considered the best replicated biological risk factor for externalizing behavior. The psychological construct of empathy has also shown to be predictive of such behavior, but little is known about the potential interaction between these two different risk factors in predicting externalizing behavior. We examined the moderating role of empathy on the association between resting heart rate in childhood and adolescence with externalizing behavior by young adulthood using two subsets of participants from the Longitudinal Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior project: Subsample 1 (n = 697) at ages 9–10 and 19–20 years and Subsample 2 (n = 394) at ages 14–15 and 19–20 years. Linear and logistic regressions showed that empathy moderated the association between resting heart rate in adolescence and externalizing behavior by young adulthood. Among individuals with low but not high levels of empathy, increased resting heart rate predicted lower levels of externalizing behavior. Interventions enhancing empathic skills in individuals with psychophysiological risk profiles could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Observational studies have demonstrated that a higher resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, it is not clear whether the association is causal. This study aimed to determine the causal effects of higher genetically predicted RHR on the risk of dementia. Methods: We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the causal effect of higher genetically predicted RHR on Alzheimer's disease (AD) using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. The generalized summary Mendelian randomization (GSMR) analysis was used to analyze the corresponding effects of RHR on following different outcomes: 1) diagnosis of AD (International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project), 2) family history (maternal and paternal) of AD from UK Biobank, 3) combined meta-analysis including these three GWAS results. Further analyses were conducted to determine the possibility of reverse causal association by adjusting for RHR modifying medication. Results: The results of GSMR showed no significant causal effect of higher genetically predicted RHR on the risk of AD (βGSMR = 0.12, P = 0.30). GSMR applied to the maternal family history of AD (βGSMR = -0.18, P = 0.13) and to the paternal family history of AD (βGSMR = -0.14, P = 0.39) showed the same results. Furthermore, the results were robust after adjusting for RHR modifying drugs (βGSMR = -0.03, P = 0.72). Conclusion: Our study did not find any evidence that supports a causal effect of RHR on dementia. Previous observational associations between RHR and dementia are likely attributed to the correlation between RHR and other cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative study investigates the relationship between nutritional obesity, body mass index (BMI), and resting heart rate (RHR) among practicing and nonpracticing students at the University of Zakho. The research aimed to identify the correlation between BMI and variables such as weight, height, and resting pulse, as well as to determine if there are significant differences in BMI and RHR between practicing and nonpracticing students. The study employed a descriptive approach with a comparative method of correlational relationships, using a sample of 71 students from the Departments of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and General Psychology. Key findings include a strong positive correlation between BMI and body weight, a positive correlation between BMI and RHR, and a non-significant correlation between BMI and height. The study also revealed significantly higher mean BMI and RHR in the nonpracticing group compared to the practicing group. These results highlight the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on weight management, obesity prevention, and cardiovascular fitness. The insights gained from this study can inform the development of targeted interventions and health promotion strategies to address obesity-related concerns among university students.

Background. Cardiovascular concerns in hypertensive elderly men, evaluating the effectiveness of a walking football program for targeted health improvement in this population. Study purpose. This study aims to clarify and characterize changes in cardiovascular health due to a 12-week walking football training program in male seniors (60-70 years) with hypertension. Materials and methods. This study engaged 60 male participants aged 60 to 70 years from diverse regions of Kashmir, India with hypertension. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals who hadn't participated in physical activities for six months. In addition, participants were split into two groups: experimental and control. The study's design and objectives were explained to participants one week before testing. Baseline data was collected a week prior to the 12-week program. The experimental group attended thrice-weekly, 1-hour walking football sessions with 10-minute warm-up, a 45-minute game, and 5 minute cool-down. Assessments were conducted at the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. To analyze the data, a 2 (group: experimental, and control) X 4 (time: baseline, 4th week, 8th week, and 12th week) mixed ANOVA was conducted. Results. During the study, the control group displayed a slight decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by week 8, which returned to baseline levels by week 12. Conversely, the experimental group demonstrated a consistent decline in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as resting heart rate (RHR), with a significant decrease observed by week 12. Additionally, basal metabolic rate (BMR) steadily increased in the experimental group over the 12 weeks. On the other hand, the control group exhibited no significant changes in DBP, RHR, or BMR throughout the duration of the training program. Conclusions. Walking football proves beneficial for hypertension, highlighting its public health potential. Research advocates its integration into interventions for community well-being.

Background and purpose: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the world, including Iran. Cardiac rehabilitation is associated with improving patients' performance and reducing mortality from all causes of death. This study aimed to investigate the changes in exercise capacity and hemodynamic factors following cardiac rehabilitation in patients referred to the cardiac rehabilitation department of Mazandaran Heart Center. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by examining the medical records of 262 patients referred between February 2018 to February 2020. Each of the three groups of patients with coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and chronic heart failure were separately examined in terms of values before and after cardiac rehabilitation related to systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and resting heart rate (HR). Data were analyzed with SPSS-22, STAT-15 software. Results: In each of the three mentioned groups of cardiac patients, the mean SBP, DBP, and MAP variables had a significant decrease (P0.2). Conclusion: Cardiac rehabilitation may improve exercise capacity and hemodynamic factors, including SBP, DBP, and MAP in patients with various heart diseases and is recommended as a class І suggestion in eligible patients.

Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) is known to be associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) whose pulmonary function is reduced. On the other hand, no study has reported on the association between RHR and pulmonary function in healthy individuals without COPD. Thus, this study investigated the association between RHR and pulmonary function in healthy adult males. This study was conducted on 3351 adult males aged 30–60 years, who visited the National Fitness Center (located in Seoul, South Korea) for health examination from Jan 2015 to Dec 2017. The RHR uses data measured using a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, in the interquartile range (>60 bpm, 60–69 bpm, 70–79 bpm, ≥80 bpm). To test the pulmonary function, a spirometer was used to measure the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and the FEV1/FVC. The diagnostic criterion of COPD was FEV1/FVC ≤70%. While FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC showed no significant variation according to RHR, a correlation was found between RHR and FVC (p < 0.05). However, no correlation was found between FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. The relative risk of COPD according to RHR showed no significant variation. RHR and pulmonary function in healthy adult males, the indicator of lung capacity, FVC, showed a significant correlation. To more accurately determine the cause-effect relationship between RHR and pulmonary function, a prospective cohort study should be conducted in the future.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on arterial stiffness (AS) and vascular function in persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and Ebsco) since their inception through October 2023 to evaluate the effect of HIIT on AS and vascular function in persons at high risk for CVD. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test.ResultsThis study included 661 participants from 16 studies. HIIT significantly reduced pulse wave velocity (PWV) in persons at high risk for CVD [weighted mean difference (WMD), −0.62; 95% CI, −0.86–−0.38; P

Objective To observe the effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on reninangiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), carotid artery structure and hemodynamics, homocysteine (Hey), lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and blood lipids in elderly patients with essential hypertension and increased resting heart rate. Methods A total of 150 elderly patients with primary hypertension and elevated resting heart rate were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (75 cases) received lifestyle intervention and treatment with bisoprolol fumarate, while the observation group (75 cases) received enhanced extemal counterpulsation therapy in addition to the control group's treatment. The duration of treatment was 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, plasma RAAS indicators, including plasma renin (PRA), angiotensin II (Ang II), and aldosterone (ALD) levels, as well as carotid ultrasound parameters such as intima media thickness (IMT), diastolic diameter (Dd), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), end diastolic velocity (EDV), peak systolic velocity (PSV), and maximum shear rate (SR) were compared. Lipid profiles, Hey, Lp-PLA2, hs-CRP levels, blood pressure, and heart rate changes were also assessed. Results In the observation group, 24 hour average systolic blood pressure (24hmSBP), 24-hour average diastolic blood pressure (24hmDBP), daytime heart rate (dHR), nighttime heart rate (nHR), 24-hour heart rate (24hHR), Ang II, ALD, PRA, hs-CRP, Hey, Lp-PLA2, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as well as carotid IMT, PI, RI, and Dd were all lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Carotid EDV, PSV, and SR were higher in the observation group than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Enhanced external counterpulsation therapy for elderly patients with primary hypertension and elevated resting heart rate effectively inhibits the activation of the RAAS system, improves carotid atherosclerosis and hemodynamics, suppresses inflammatory response, and regulates lipid and Hey metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular health is a fundamental determinant of overall well-being, and understanding how it varies between genders is of paramount importance in the field of exercise physiology and public health. This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to investigate gender differences in cardiovascular responses to exercise, focusing on resting heart rate (RHR), heart rate during exercise, blood pressure responses, recovery time, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Methods: Male and female participants underwent a standardized exercise protocol, during which RHR and heart rate during exercise were monitored. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) at rest and during exercise were recorded. Recovery time for heart rate to return to baseline was measured post-exercise. VO2max was assessed using established methods. Results: The study included male (n=100) and female (n=100) participants. While RHR showed a modest gender difference (-4.7 bpm, p=0.12), heart rate during exercise revealed a significant gap between genders (10.3 bpm, p<0.05). Males exhibited higher SBP at rest (+1.6 mm Hg, p<0.05) and a more pronounced increase during exercise (+6.4 mm Hg, p<0.05). DBP response during exercise did not differ significantly (p=0.18). Recovery time for males was faster by 5.4 minutes (p<0.05). Importantly, males demonstrated a significantly higher VO2max compared to females (+7.8 ml/kg/min, p<0.01). Conclusion: Gender differences in cardiovascular responses to exercise were evident in this study. While RHR showed no statistical disparity, males exhibited a greater increase in heart rate during exercise, higher SBP at rest, faster recovery time, and superior aerobic capacity (VO2max). These findings underscore the importance of tailoring exercise interventions and cardiovascular assessments to gender-specific characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Personality traits are known factors that may influence levels of physical activity and other healthy lifestyle measures and behaviors that ultimately lead to health problems later in life. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The aim of this study was to examine the association between personality traits (HEXACO) and levels of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) - measured using Fitbits, BMI, and a self-reported whole-person healthy lifestyle score for N = 2580 college students. Data were collected and analyzed for students enrolled in a University Success type course from August 2017 to May 2021. The relationships between HEXACO personality traits and various physical activity and healthy lifestyle behaviors were analyzed by building several multiple regression models using R version 4.0.2. RESULTS In general, students who are extraverted were more physically active and students who are more open to experience had a higher RHR, even when controlling for gender. Females and males however had different profiles as to how personality influenced physical activity and other health-related measures. Male extraverts with high negative emotionality scores tend to be more physically active, whereas females tend to be more physically active when they were high in extroversion and conscientiousness, and low in openness to experience. BMI values were higher for female participants with high honesty-humility and low agreeableness and conscientiousness scores. Females also had a lower RHR for high honesty-humility and emotionality and low conscientiousness scores. CONCLUSIONS Personality can influence levels of physical activity, RHR, and BMI. This is especially true of women. Being aware of one's personality and the relationship of personality traits to levels of physical activity and other measures of leading a healthy lifestyle can be beneficial in determining strategies to improve long-term health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction (CAD) is an overlooked cardiovascular risk factor in individuals with obesity-related hypertension. Despite its clinical significance, there is a notable lack of clarity regarding the pathophysiological correlates involved in its onset and progression. Aim: The present study aimed to identify potential predictors of CAD in obesity-related hypertension. Methods: A total of 72 participants (34 men and 38 women) were enrolled. Comprehensive evaluations were conducted, including cardiac autonomic function assessments, body composition estimation and biochemical analysis. Participants were categorized as CAD-positive or CAD-negative based on Ewing's criteria for autonomic dysfunction. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify potential predictors for CAD. Multivariate logistic regression models were further constructed by adjusting clinically relevant covariates to identify independent predictors of CAD. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that resting heart rate (HRrest), (odds ratio, confidence interval: 0.85, 0.78–0.93; p = 0.001) and percentage body fat (BF%), (odds ratio, confidence interval: 0.78, 0.64–0.96; p = 0.018) were significant independent predictors of CAD. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis depicted optimal cut-off values for HRrest and BF% as > 74.1 bpm and > 33.6%, respectively. Multicolinearity analysis showed variance inflation factors (VIF) below the cautionary threshold of 3. Conclusions: The HRrest and BF% emerged as significant independent predictors of CAD in obesity-related hypertension. Therapeutic strategies should target HRrest < 74.1 bpm and BF% < 33.6% to mitigate CAD risk in this population. Future trials are required to establish causal relationships and may consider additional confounding variables in obesity-related hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Though widely used, resting heart rate (RHR), as measured by a wearable device, has not been previously evaluated in a large cohort against a variety of important baseline characteristics. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity of the RHR measured by a wearable device compared against the gold standard of ECG (electrocardiography), and assess the relationships between device-measured RHR and a broad range of clinical characteristics. Methods: The Project Baseline Health Study (PHBS) captured detailed demographic, occupational, social, lifestyle, and clinical data to generate a deeply phenotyped cohort. We selected an analysis cohort within it, which included participants who had RHR determined by both ECG and the Verily Study Watch (VSW). We examined the correlation between these simultaneous RHR measures and assessed the relationship between VSW RHR and a range of baseline characteristics, including demographic, clinical, laboratory, and functional assessments. Results: From the overall PBHS cohort (N=2502), 875 (35%) participants entered the analysis cohort (mean age 50.9, SD 16.5 years; n=519, 59% female and n=356, 41% male). The mean and SD of VSW RHR was 66.6 (SD 11.2) beats per minute (bpm) for female participants and 64.4 (SD 12.3) bpm for male participants. There was excellent reliability between the two measures of RHR (ECG and VSW) with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.946. On univariate analyses, female and male participants had similar baseline characteristics that trended with higher VSW RHR: lack of health care insurance (both P <.05), higher BMI (both P <.001), higher C-reactive protein (both P <.001), presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (both P <.001) and higher World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 score (both P <.001) were associated with higher RHR. On regression analyses, within each domain of baseline characteristics (demographics and socioeconomic status, medical conditions, vitals, physical function, laboratory assessments, and patient-reported outcomes), different characteristics were associated with VSW RHR in female and male participants. Conclusions: RHR determined by the VSW had an excellent correlation with that determined by ECG. Participants with higher VSW RHR had similar trends in socioeconomic status, medical conditions, vitals, laboratory assessments, physical function, and patient-reported outcomes irrespective of sex. However, within each domain of baseline characteristics, different characteristics were most associated with VSW RHR in female and male participants. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03154346; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03154346 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study purpose. Examining the physiological and physical effects of Tabata training with Kempo sports movement techniques. Materials and methods. The study participants were 16 adolescents divided into two distinct groups: the Tabata group and the non-Tabata group. The training was conducted for 6 weeks, 3 times per week, with each session lasting 2 hours. The training components for kicks and punches included Gyaku Geri, Jun Mawashi Geri, Jun Zuki, and Gyaku Mawashi Geri. Each teenager did physical exercise once a week for 2 hours. A normality test (Shapiro-Wilk) was used to assess the normality of the data. A Two-Way ANOVA with a significance level of less than 0.05 was conducted to examine the difference in means between the two groups. Furthermore, the researchers also tested the N-Gain Score to assess the effectiveness of the 6-week Tabata training program. All tests were conducted using SPSS version 23 and GraphPad Prisma version 10 for graph creation. Results. The statistics indicate that a 6-week training with Tabata can effectively reduce resting heart rate and improve Standing Broad Jump (SBJ) performance by a value of sig. <0.05. In the pretest-posttest difference test within the group, the results show sig. <0.05. The results of the N-Gain Score test show that Kempo training using the Tabata method is effective in reducing resting heart rate by up to 88%, but is not effective in increasing power (SBJ) by a value of 10%. Conclusions. The study revealed that incorporating the Tabata method into Kempo training, with necessary adjustments for 6 weeks, led to a notable reduction in resting heart rate. A decrease in resting heart rate is a dependable indicator of the advancement in physical fitness and general well-being in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart rate (HR) is an important indicator of work intensity during physical activity. Maximum heart rate (MHR) is a physiological measure that is frequently used as a benchmark for maximal exercise intensity. The aim of this study was to establish reference curves for maximum heart rate (MHR) and resting heart rate (RHR) and to develop an estimated equation for Tunisian adolescent footballers. The study involved 801 adolescent players, aged 11 to 18, who belonged to five Tunisian first-division soccer teams. The LMS method was used for smoothing the curves and the multivariate linear regression to develop a prediction equation of MHR. Our results showed that MHR and RHR reference curves decrease with age. The values of the median curves of MHR and RHR ranged from 208.64 bpm (11 years) to 196.93 (18 years) and 73.86 (11 years) to 63.64 (18 years), respectively. The prediction equation obtained from the model was MHR= 225.08 – 1.55 X Age (years) (R2 = 0.317; P < 0.001; standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 5.22). The comparisons between the estimated values and the measured values have found that our model (- 0.004 ±5.22 bpm) was to be more accurate than two other widely known models. BOX's equation underestimates the measured MHR values by -3.17 ± 5.37 bpm and TANAKA's equation overestimates by + 4.33 ±5.5 bpm. The reference curves can be used by coaches and physical trainers to classify the resting heart rate (RHR) and maximum heart rate (MHR) of each adolescent player, track their evolution over time, and design tailored training programs with specific intensities for Tunisian soccer players.

Insulin resistance is closely associated with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the resting heart rate (RHR) is an important marker of the autonomic nervous system’s status. This study aimed to investigate the association between the RHR and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Korean adults. Using data from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2019), we analyzed 6118 adults and classified the participants into four groups based on their RHR (≤67, 68–71, 72–79, and ≥80 beats/min [bpm]). Logistic regression analysis considering demographic, lifestyle, and biochemical factors revealed that the odds of having a HOMA-IR of 2.5 or higher were significantly increased in the higher RHR groups. Specifically, compared to the ≤67 bpm group, the 68–71, 72–79, and ≥80 bpm groups had increased odds of 1.277, 1.599, and 1.919 times, respectively. These results are expected to contribute to the development of strategies for the early diagnosis and management of metabolic diseases through the RHR, and further research is needed to deepen the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of this relationship, including the management of the RHR through lifestyle modification and regular exercise and the effect of reducing insulin resistance.

Background The relationship between resting heart rate (RHR) and the risk of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) among those without cardiovascular disease remains unclear. We aim to establish temporal consistency and elucidate the independent relationship between RHR and the risk of ESRD. Methods and Results This cohort enrolled participants from 476 347 individuals who had taken part in a screening program from 1996 to 2017. We identified 2504 participants who had ESRD, and the median follow‐up was 13 years. RHR was extracted from electrocardiography results, and the study assessed the relationship between RHR and the risk of ESRD using the Cox proportional hazards model. Of the participants, 32.6% had an RHR of 60 to 69 beats per minute (bpm), and 22.2% had an RHR of ≥80 bpm. Participants with an RHR of ≥80 bpm had a higher stage of chronic kidney disease, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and more proteinuria than those with an RHR of 60 to 69 bpm. Participants with an RHR of 80 to 89 and ≥90 bpm had a 24% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24 [95% CI, 1.09–1.42]) and 64% (HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.42–1.90]) higher risk of ESRD, respectively. The risk of ESRD remained significantly elevated (HR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.10–1.58] per 10‐beat increase from 60 bpm) after excluding participants who smoked; had hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia; or were overweight. Conclusions An RHR of ≥80 bpm is significantly associated with an increased risk of ESRD. These results suggest that RHR may serve as a risk factor for kidney disease in individuals without established cardiovascular disease risk factors.