Search

In this comment paper on von Fircks (2023a), I would like to focus on four issues and offer some reflections on them: first, what is happening in the process of a new I arising through mindfulness meditation practice? I would like to supplement the dialogue between Buber and Rogers in 1957 on the dynamism of I and Me, which is the basis of Mead's theory of self formation, in which I and Me separate, discover and meet a new self. The second, is that meditation, which at first glance appears to be an internal meditation practice and a personal activity, leads to a semiotic mediated social process. The Tao and early Buddhist ideas that form the background to the experiential process of mindfulness meditation will be reviewed, and the significance of people experiencing the interdependence of non-human nature and the environment through the practice will be discussed. Third, connecting this to the idea of Umwelt (Uexküll) and the semiosphere (Lotman), an attempt is made to extend the otherness as a collating body of self formation to Umwelt. Fourth, mindfulness meditation focuses attention on the breath. In relation to Mead's focus on the environment under the skin, i.e. corporeality, I will supplement the psychological meaning of cultivating the body's sense of interoception through the sensing of repetitive movements of tension and relaxation. Through the above, what kind of semiotic mediating function does mindfulness meditation have in relation to the construction of the new I, and how does it lead to the creation of social meaning? We would like to discuss these points. Clinical Trial Registration: The article does not contain any studies with clinical trial. This, clinical Trial registration is not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The proposed work is devoted to research to clarify the axiomatization of arithmetic in connection with the presence of special assumptions in it. The conceptual problem of analyzing new properties of numbers is formulated under the assumption of the possibility of losing any initial premise. Materials and methods. A solution to the conceptual problem is given, followed by a logical analysis of the meaningful axiomatic theory of natural numbers, which led to the discovery of logical errors. An analysis of logical errors is given based on the meaningful axiomatic theory of natural numbers. It is shown that the properties of an established set of "finite real numbers", or positive real numbers contained in a given segment e, have the property of being discovered depending not only on the "requested numbers" of the actually infinite region, but also on real (positive) numbers infinite half-interval. Results. Conditions have been identified that allow us to establish new properties of numbers. Conclusions. The natural series N begins only with 1, there is no zero in it. It has been proven that modern arithmetic has an incorrect axiomatization and is subject to revision.

This study aims to describe the form of reference and context contained in the anthology of “Guru Welas Asih” memoirs. Qualitative descriptive method used in this study. This research aims at mapping references contained in the form of changes in the meaning of synesthesia. The data in this study are the form of words or phrases in the anthology of “Guru Welas Asih” memoirs. The data source for this research is an anthology of memoirs by the Komunitas Menulis Memoar entitled “Guru Welas Asih”. The memoir consists of 17 titles written by 17 members of the community. Provision of data in this study using note-taking techniques and documentation. Furthermore, data analysis uses the equivalent method with the application of referential techniques. The results of this study indicate that referent references cannot be separated from context. According to the findings of this study, the references contained in the anthology of “Guru Welas Asih” memoirs are: (1) reference words and (2) deictic words. The identified deixis is (1) persona deixis, (2) pointer deixis, and (3) place deixis. The type of reference refers to something that is bound by context. Therefore, the referent and context interact to show the reference.

Copyright of Palíndromo is the property of Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the descriptive attribute ‘perfect’ and its derivatives as a commonly used abstraction for creating persuasive emotional texts that encourage potential customers to make purchases and satisfy their needs. The study analyses the objects of reference, semantic field, and syntactic functions of the concept through the prism of its functioning in promotional brochures devoted to passenger automobiles belonging to 44 brands. The material included 115 brochures over the previous decade, 22,000 words of minimal contexts and 520 contextual occurrences of ‘perfect’ and its derivatives. The obtained results show that ‘perfect’ tends to reveal two meanings – excellence and compliance to a standard – which historically go back to its original meaning in Latin ‘per factum’ (made thoroughly). Over the period of the decade, there has been a shift from idealisation to practicality in the automotive industry under the influence of economic and environmental factors. The semantic mapping of contextual associative adjectives also indicates that ‘perfect’ is currently more oriented to highlighting practical utility of the cars rather than their excellence. In effect, such practical aspects as technological advancement, technicality, customisation, reliability, comfort, dynamics, style, noiselessness, sound, and price outnumber abstract qualities which express positive impressions, elevation, idealisation, and exaggeration of relevance, by 30%. Semantically, the concept ‘perfection’ follows the promotional principle of combining rational and emotional arguments. ‘Perfect’ is applicable to any car part – be it the exterior, interior or engine. The derivational paradigm has no limitations in syntactic distribution; however, in promotional discourse it typically occurs in nominative structures. The results contribute to the theoretical development of the linguistic worldview through the lens of valuable marketing concepts and can be practically useful in training professional writing skills to students specialising in PR and advertising and learning English for specific purposes.

This paper aims to explore the generalization of address terms in online discourse, a largely unheeded pragmatic phenomenon. Taking the generalized Chinese kinship term "son" (érzi) as an example, it analyzes its referents and functions. The analysis was based on a sizable data set collected from WeChat, and interviews with some WeChat users. It demonstrates that the address term "son" (érzi) conveys its faithful meaning when referring to the male child of (a) parent(s) but virtual meaning when referring to the addresser's friends, classmates or pets. It is also argued that the generalized use of the address term "son" (érzi) can function to enhance relationships, make jocular abuse, and express emotions. These functions suggest the users' identity avoidance and relating needs in a virtual community. This study attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the virtualization of address terms and rapport management in online discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies of anaphoric expressions have shown that we can and must link the stable results acquired over the last forty years on their functioning to more recent socio-cognitive, taxonomic, multimodal, etc. perspectives and examine and explain two aspects of cataphoric demonstratives (CDs): on the one hand, their constructional scheme and, on the other, the formal and semantic nature of their subsequent or postcedent. We propose here to continue this analysis of CDs, this time looking at their referential operation as such and asking the question: how do CDs make us reach the intended referent? What precisely is the interpretative procedure involved? Our analyses show that rather than directly contrasting CDs with anaphoric demonstratives, it is more relevant and, therefore, more fruitful to compare them directly with gestural demonstratives. As we have seen, the two uses of demonstratives correspond to the same cognitive situation, that of introducing a new referent into discourse memory. This cognitive kinship gives rise to a common semiotic hybridity and, consequently, a referential operation, which we have detailed in nine points, that turns out to be largely identical, the differences observed being directly due to the difference in the nature of the index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an alternative approach to the essential matter of the factors involved in the process of waiting, especially in critical contexts such as civil emergencies. Some categories for the analysis of waiting are developed here, taking an alternative theoretical perspective, where waiting processes are conceived of as operational and institutionalised in nature, rather than mere temporal phenomena. Importantly, this paper contributes to research in the field of anthropology studying processes of waiting, as it presents a unique perspective of analysis. This perspective shifts the focus of these processes from temporalities to institutions and highlights the essential importance of operations in their analysis. In order to exemplify the proposed perspective, empirical waiting processes in crisis will be analysed. These examples of critical waiting have been selected with consideration to their historical, political or social impact. The demand for operational behaviour among the people waiting has also been considered in these examples. These processes will be analysed using categories established from an institutional and operational approach based on the materialistic philosophical approach of the Spanish philosopher Gustavo Bueno Martinez, sometimes called Discontinuous Materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the descriptive attribute 'perfect' and its derivatives as a commonly used abstraction for creating persuasive emotional texts that encourage potential customers to make purchases and satisfy their needs. The study analyses the objects of reference, semantic field, and syntactic functions of the concept through the prism of its functioning in promotional brochures devoted to passenger automobiles belonging to 44 brands. The material included 115 brochures over the previous decade, 22,000 words of minimal contexts and 520 contextual occurrences of 'perfect' and its derivatives. The obtained results show that 'perfect' tends to reveal two meanings - excellence and compliance to a standard - which historically go back to its original meaning in Latin 'per factum' (made thoroughly). Over the period of the decade, there has been a shift from idealisation to practicality in the automotive industry under the influence of economic and environmental factors. The semantic mapping of contextual associative adjectives also indicates that 'perfect' is currently more oriented to highlighting practical utility of the cars rather than their excellence. In effect, such practical aspects as technological advancement, technicality, customisation, reliability, comfort, dynamics, style, noiselessness, sound, and price outnumber abstract qualities which express positive impressions, elevation, idealisation, and exaggeration of relevance, by 30%. Semantically, the concept 'perfection' follows the promotional principle of combining rational and emotional arguments. 'Perfect' is applicable to any car part - be it the exterior, interior or engine. The derivational paradigm has no limitations in syntactic distribution; however, in promotional discourse it typically occurs in nominative structures. The results contribute to the theoretical development of the linguistic worldview through the lens of valuable marketing concepts and can be practically useful in training professional writing skills to students specialising in PR and advertising and learning English for specific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevant to the emerging field of semiotic cultural psychology theory (SCPT), the present paper considers 'We', 'Us', 'I' and 'Me' as semiotic and cultural psychology phenomena. Drawing on the semiotics of Saussure, Peirce, Jakobson, and Cousins, a semiotic dynamic 'double-dyadic' model of the signifier and the referent is proposed. For each 'We', 'Us', 'I' and 'Me', the COVID-19 global pandemic related cases are used to analyse and illustrate the signifier-referent model. Implications are drawn from the new model for the complex systems entailed in organizing self and culture. Finally, suggestions are made for testing the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term forest can signify many different physical realities. However, discourse analysis of Irish National and European Union forestry-related documents indicates ambiguity around this term is often cultivated rather than clarified. We argue here that policy language often embraces the multiple potential affordances within the term forest as a means of discursively bridging contradictions between economic and conservation goals. While this technique increases the readability and acceptability of such documents by diverse user groups and government bodies, it mutes the on-the-ground tensions of what forests mean for locals. Moreover, cultivating ambiguity favors the status quo through circumventing points of contradiction and shifting the work of interpretation and application of such documents to those on-the-ground, therefore perpetuating existing power differentials. As forests are central to resource management and responses to climate change, addressing this tendency is crucial to finding meaningful and place-specific environmental solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex processes involved in the generation of the image of the hero by the narrator and the perception of this image by the epic audience are studied. A comprehensive analysis of epic formulas with a matrix construction is carried out in order to identify their reference models. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the problems of human speech-thinking activity on the basis of the epic formulas of the Yakut olonkho are considered. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that when revealing the image of the hero, the narrator uses the parallels as a referent: property of the material / property of the image. It is noted that, in turn, the recipients decipher these constructions thanks to the background knowledge about the referent, in particular, about the property of the described material, which is mentally brought under the image of a hero. According to the author, the very structure of the organization of matrix structures does not allow the olonkhosut to completely replace the components that form the referent. Moreover, it is stated that the structure of the analyzed constructions ignores even gender differences in describing the image of heroic women. It is pointed out that the described processes, when the narrator recites certain analyzed epic formulas, occur in a very short time.

L'étude du contenu lexical de l'ensemble du corpus « récit de voyage » fournit l'occasion de définir les champs notionnels privilégiés et d'élaborer un glossaire des termes exotiques ou « xénismes » susceptibles de contribuer à la « couleur locale » des textes ou à « l'effet de réel », en privilégiant les informations fournies par les écrivains eux-mêmes. On s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’adaptabilité et à la flexibilité du texte qui le rendent plus didactique et par conséquent plus compréhensible au lecteur. C'est à travers l'étude des stratégies mises en place par l'auteur que nous étudions le rapprochement cognitif et sémantique lorsque le texte s'adapte au monde du récepteur.

Jerome Kern's "All the Things You Are" has enjoyed a lengthy and varied history as a jazz standard. Like many other standards, hundreds of recordings of the tune exist, each rendition different from the last. This radically pluralistic identity makes it difficult to pin down what exactly "All the Things You Are" is. In this article, I argue that the notion of an avant-texte may be used to engage with the pluralistic identity of the jazz tune. Originally developed by literary scholars dealing with authors' sketches, the term avant-texte describes a network of documents that can be traced in order to determine how the identity of a text is constituted and changes over time. I argue that improvisers construct such networks based on the versions of a tune with which they become familiar, eventually forming a referent for improvisation. By analyzing some of the manifold relations between various recordings of Kern's composition across history, I demonstrate how particular creative choices proliferate throughout the network and gradually alter not only the tune's current identity as a referent but also the future paths the tune's identity might take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to analyze some issues in the field of semantics, specifically the perception of ambiguity by native and non-native speakers of PT-BR. We start from an explanation of concepts and theories in semantics, then we present the methodology, analysis and results. As a conclusion, we infer that perhaps there is what we will call here a force of meaning in ambiguous sentences. This power of meaning would be represented by the fact that an interpretation will always stand out over the other interpretation. There will always be an interpretation that is easier to recognize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First 1 000 Days Report is based on the following concepts. It extends the concept of interaction between babies and their environment reported by UNICEF to several dimensions: biological, sensory, interactive and cultural, all targets of early prevention. It confirms that the perinatal period is decisive in supporting the development of the child. It invites young parents to be supported by a coherent team and contacts among parents to break loneliness. Finally, in addition to the logistical resources to be made available, it prioritizes interdisciplinary training. The article critically develops the strengths of the report by proposing some points of attention to improve its content. For instance, personalized prevention and collective prevention should not be confused. Or, beyond the "information" tool, it is good to have young parents experiencing the process of professional adjustment to them, a model of caregiving for them in front of their baby. And you have to build on the positive dynamics in risky situations. After this fine work comes the political challenge of its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It seems that objective historiography and the question of the real referent in photography do not have a clear relation, as can be seen in most of the contemporary essays on the relation between history and photography which are based on new definitions of representational capacity of photography and have no attention to past currents of historiography although all of them, in criticizing the photographic representation refer to works of Roland Barthes and his contemporaries, as the classical texts on photography. But a point that has been almost ignored is that Barthes' attention to the problem of the referent in photography goes beyond mere structuralism. His works on these two seemingly distinct areas namely history and photography show that his critical attitude toward the tradition of objective historiography, through all his intellectual life, from structuralism to poststructuralism, has been present in different areas including photography. What Barthes looks for by analyzing the problem of referent in photography is indeed the problem of objective historiography and its relation to reality, which he believes is not representable. Doubting the possibility of objectivity in historiography, Barthes challenges within semiotic framework the notion of ”photo is equal with reality” and therefore criticizes the realistic approach in history and photography.

In wide-ranging information society, fast and easy access to information in language of one’s choice is indispensable, which may be provided by using various multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Natural language text contains references among different language elements, called anaphoric links. Resolving anaphoric links is a key problem in NLP. Anaphora resolution is an essential part of NLP applications. Anaphoric links need to be properly interpreted for clear understanding of natural languages. For this purpose, a mechanism is desirable for the identification and resolution of these naturally occurring anaphoric links. In this paper, a framework based on Hobbs syntactic approach and a system developed by Lappin & Leass is proposed for resolution of reflexive anaphoric links, present in Urdu text documents. Generally, anaphora resolution process takes three main steps: identification of the anaphor, location of the candidate antecedent(s) and selection of the appropriate antecedent. The proposed framework is based on exploring the syntactic structure of reflexive anaphors to find out various features for constructing heuristic rules to develop an algorithm for resolving these anaphoric references. System takes Urdu text containing reflexive anaphors as input, and outputs Urdu text with resolved reflexive anaphoric links. Despite having scarcity of Urdu resources, our results are encouraging. The proposed framework can be utilized in multilingual NLP (m-NLP) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the phenomenon of the sequel as a type of metatext practice and as an integral component in the chain of knowledge transfer. The reproducibility of the original text is thus correlated with "unlimited" semiosis / interpretation. The phenomenon of metatext is closely related to the functioning of secondary texts, since any metatext belongs to the category of secondary texts. By secondary, we mean text created as a result of processing the original, primary text. The sequel acts as a secondary text, and the text that interprets the main text. The relevance of the research, therefore, is related to such philosophical and linguistic problems as reference and interpretation. The popularity of sequels written by modern authors to Jane Austen's novels can be seen as a particular manifestation of the general "fashion" for secondariness. Consciously or not, modern "successors" of her novels tend to repeat her style, even if they simply borrow the characters and plot of the novels. Within the framework of semiotics, the sequel can be considered as a "sign" that displays its referent - the novels of Austen. However (from the point of view of stylistics), the sequel cannot be an exact copy of its original, since it is invariably created in other socio-cultural conditions. A sequel as a sign can display its referent (novel) in three main types: index, icon, symbol, and their combinations. Thus, the article analyzes each of the ways of display and concludes that it is impossible to symbolically reflect the proto-text on the example of the novel "Pride and prejudice" and its sequels written by contemporary authors. One of the results of the work is the assumption that the ontological status of the new "possible world" in the sequel and therefore its communicative success, are in direct correlation with the way of referential representation of the original. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between cultural knowledge and the specific meaning of a pronominal adverb in legal English where Chinese translators need to get the correct translation in their venture into translating the language of law. On the one hand, relying on the relevant legal cultural knowledge functioning as domain-general reference within a community or jurisdiction, translators, especially those non-lawyers, may find out the common grounds for decoding the meaning of linguistic expressions in source legal English and adopt such commonalities as bases for further exploring the specific meaning of a pronominal adverb, which would let translators, no matter a professional lawyer or not, get the general sketch of the meaning thereof. On the other hand, such efforts to consult the general sense cultural information need further extraction. Since the framework information out of such extraction would be organized into a systematic structure and lead to their final determination of the translation with efficiency.

Cette étude se propose de comparer la syntaxe de la relative en arabe et en français pour établir les erreurs fréquentes autour des pronoms relatifs dans cette dernière langue (L2) qui peuvent s’expliquer par l’analogie avec le système de la langue arabe (L1). Elle ne retiendra de ces erreurs dites «interférentielles» que le cas de la cooccurrence du pronom personnel et du pronom relatif. Elle expliquera partiellement, par un simple transfert structural de l’arabe, la tendance très accusée chez les apprenants arabophones à réaliser en français, dans la subordonnée relative, une anaphore après un pronom relatif en dépit du rôle aphoristique de celui-ci, et exclura les autres emplois fautifs, de l’ordre du choix du relatif par exemple, imputables à d’autres facteurs. Ce faisant, elle tend à relativiser quelque peu l’impact de la langue maternelle sur les apprenants du français.

This paperwork has, as Main objective, approach concept of the French philosopher Dany Robert-Dufour who has worked in his book Madness and democracy: Unary. This concept have their reference as in philosophy as in psychoanalysis. The Dufour proposal is that the contemporary societies experience the fall of referent, which has organized a subjective life in many different historical ages, as God, State and Reason. Those references, for the French philosopher organized the individual subjective and gave sense to their regular life. However the fall of the references switched the values and the common sense got lost. This lack of sense is traduced in impossibility for de subjective to move around him and all his environment. As consequence, the relationship between the lack of sense and the fall of references, Dufour show us, is the thing that take us to a new way of madness that moves around the unary.

In this paper I will deal with the solution to the problem of cognitive significance offered by the so-called new theorists of reference, as well as with the critique of that solution given by Howard Wettstein. I will claim that the answer to this critique provided by John Perry is not sufficiently convincing. First, I will clarify some relevant concepts in order to present the problem of cognitive significance in a clear manner. Then I will expose the solution to the problem offered by Perry and David Kaplan. After that, I will present Wettstein’s critique of that solution. Subsequently, I will also analyze Perry’s attempt to defend against this critique. Finally, I will discuss the extent to which Perry’s attempt is successful. It will be shown that it is significantly not so.

Intertextuality means that a text is related to other texts and these relationships are created based on different methods. Psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva believes that no text is created from scratch and also a text carries traces from preceding texts, each text directly or indirectly affects each other from different perspectives, and therefore there is no pure text in her concept of intertextuality which she put forward and based on Mihail Bahtin's theory of speech. This view, adopted by literary theorists, forms the theoretical framework of intertextual relations. In this study, Araba sevdası, written by Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem, will be examined in terms of intertexual studies. The aims of this study is to put forward which techniques were used in this novel and how they were fictionalized in the perspective of intertextual relations. It is possible to say that intertextual relations have been shown in Araba Sevdası. These kinds of relationships emerge with references to the names of writers and works and are also expressed with quotations created by copying a few sentences exactly. Besides these references, when the novel is examined in the context of intertextual relations it is clear that the pastiche technique was used in order to copy some style of other works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada is the property of Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the fake news era, philology is increasingly called forth as the only tool capable of restoring truth to the news. In this sense, perhaps for the first time ever, philology acquires an essential function for civil coexistence itself. We would all agree that the correct re-establishment of the news process, and therefore of its relative chronology, can tell us much about its reliability; likewise, linguistic competence, essential for doing philology, can be decisive in resolving matters that have to do with forgery or plagiarism. That said, it is worthwhile sowing some seeds of doubt when one passes from ascertaining the textual truth (including the "truth" of a forgery) to the truth of utterances: such a change of perspective obviously does not regard literary texts but is crucial for those with a high degree of referentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often claimed that reference tracking is a key function of nominal classification systems, not least because of the role such systems can play in referent disambiguation. This paper reports on the results of a comparative study of reference in texts from four languages, focusing specifically on the disambiguating function of nominal classification. The results strongly suggest that disambiguation is not a primary function of nominal classification systems. While gender and/or classifiers sometimes contribute to the avoidance of referential conflict, the reality is that the conditions have to be just right – all competing references must be of opposing genders, and those genders must be formally distinct – and this happens with surprisingly low frequency. We are better off viewing disambiguation as a convenient by-product of nominal classification systems that a language can exploit when conditions allow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the process of discursive construction of the worldview which leads to a change in the characteristics of political discourse and its transformation into political public relations discourse, namely to the transition from socially important referents to those that are personally relevant. Based on the modern understanding of the social phenomenon of public relations activity the author gives a definition of political public relations discourse; it is proven that the main principle which allows distinguishing political public relations discourse from political discourse is the construction of the referent situation by a politician. Linguistic analysis of English political public relations discourse (a fragment of B. Obama's speech made during the election campaign in 2012) shows how the referent situation is constructed so as to discursivize certain personal (positive) qualities of the politician and to carry out a strategy of self-presentation; the politician's image and reputation as well as the political party he represents become the main themes and referents of his political public relations discourse. It is concluded that in political public relations discourse a version of reality is constructed which is favourable for the politician and which he then uses in order to create another, possible world, represented as a desirable world in discourse.

A definition of the field of semantics is attempted, approaching its development from the earliest studies, in connection with those of etymology as well as with those of classical grammar. Reasons are given for the prevalence of the lexical approach in traditional semantics, and the question of the referent, excluded in structuralist studies but reintroduced in contemporary theories, is also taken into account. An approximation with classical semantics is arrived at from the exams of the most significant contemporary trends, with emphasis on prototype theory as part of cognitive linguistics. Evolutionary paths are seen as based on encyclopedic knowledge as well as on the human ability of categorization. The concern of classical semantics with the lexicon and with polysemy is reconsidered and situated within the communicative function of language.

Namen prispevka je na kratko predstaviti in utemeljiti, zakaj je znotraj jezika oz. v našem primeru v slovenščini, možna celostna izrazitev referenčnega spola le na poimenovalni ravni, medtem ko skladenjska oz. slovnična razmerja v procesu upovedovanja in s ciljem jasnega sporočanja zahtevajo prevlado slovničnega ujemanja, ki lahko ohranja najvišjo možno skladenjskopomensko razločevalnost leksike in s tem tudi jasnost ubesedenega.

The possibilities of the semantic analysis technique developed in linguistics and used in working with texts for the tasks of psychological study of the professional activities of specialists are substantiated. On the example of the study of risk perceptions in the work of police psychologists and practicing psychologists and teachers of the university, the advantages and limitations of the methodology are shown. The similarity of the structures of perceptions of the risk of professional activity among psychologists has been ascertained: emotional burnout and professional deformation, the use of psychological assistance methods, fear of error, legal liability, proper interaction with the client, relationships with colleagues. Double differences in the levels of professional risk reflection, the banality of risk ideas, and the harmony of the structure of representations (“Zipf’s Law”) are revealed. All indicators are optimal for police psychologists. It is concluded that it is advisable to use the methods of semantic analysis as an express risk diagnosis in professional activities.

This article relates to a study that deals with the linguistic analysis of proform in French Sign Language (LSF). To our knowledge, these structures remain poorly defined and are almost never taken into account in computer modelling, which is the longer-term goal of our studies that aims to design Sign Languages (SL) automatic processing. Given their rather frequent use in SL discourses, it seems necessary to us to study the different linguistic functions that they can take and the most frequent observable forms associated with these functions. This requires us to study which body articulators are involved (manual and non-manual) and how they are organised within spatiotemporal structures. In this article, we present the results of an exploratory study concerning one of these functions, the use of proforms to introduce an entity into the discourse. We have carried out a corpus analysis which revealed particular structures associated with this function and not described so far. We have modelled them using a formalism that takes into account the multilinear, spatiotemporal and iconic structure of SL, and which can be used in automatic processing. For us, a "proform" is a conventional handshape, generally motivated and iconic, representing an entity that has been already mentioned in the discourse or not. The proform takes its full meaning only in context. We use the term proform without a priori regarding the level of language (morphology or syntax) or linguistic functionalities. A number of linguistic functions have been mentioned in the literature, coming with a variation in the terminology (“classifier”, “polymorphemic predicate”, productive sign”, etc). We have tried to identify the different functions of the proforms mentioned in the literature, which could be: classifying function: An ambivalent function, since "classifying" can mean both the semantic class or the classes of forms, depending on the theory. adjectival function: These are mainly descriptors or size and/or shape specifiers. anaphoric function: In the case where the proform is used as an entity already mentioned in the discourse, often in tandem with a relevant spatialisation. spatio-locative function: Often used in the case of classifier constructions. presentative function: Presented as the case of nominal classifiers that introduce an entity into the discourse. In our study, our aim was to examine in detail this last function, which is how the proforms are performed when introducing a new entity in a discourse. We wanted to determine which forms correspond to this function. For this, we adopted a corpus-based methodology. The main corpus that has been used is the MOCAP1 corpus, a corpus of LSF created to conduct multidisciplinary studies. One of the tasks of this corpus was to describe 25 different photographs. These descriptions include many uses of proforms with different linguistic functions, including the one we are interested in. We then proceeded to annotate the corpus by identifying the temporal segments corresponding to the activity of the manual articulators (lexical signs, pointing, illustrative structures including the use proforms, etc) and non-manual ones (head, eyebrows, closing of the eyes, direction of gaze, cheeks, lips). For this study, we took into account the annotations carried out on 5 of the images for the 8 signers (40 videos) and carried out a first step of essentially qualitative analysis. These images were chosen for the greatest richness they generated in the descriptions. We do not yet have at this stage elements of a statistical nature to give. Statistical analysis would require extending the annotation to other videos in the corpus and other types of discourses in order to have enough occurrences for each observed phenomenon. At this stage, our aim is mainly to identify and describe structures that seem to be frequently produced by the signers. In order to describe the recurrent patterns observed, we used a formal representation called AZEE which takes into account the specificities of signed languages. AZEE was chosen among other systems because it allows to represent the activity of the different manual and non-manual articulators with the necessary and sufficient constraints for their realisation in any spatial and temporal context. This representation also aims to be implementable and thus usable for sign language processing. We focused particularly on three structures: First, the introduction of an entity with a “buoy” (perseveration of a handshape coming from a gestural unit previously signed). We observed that the entities that were introduced with a buoy are performed with a proform maintained by the non-dominant hand, while lexical elements (with the dominant hand) specify this proform. The structure ends with a blink. Second, the introduction of an entity with a sequential organisation: the succession of a proform and lexical elements that specify the proform. In the same way, the structure ends with a blink. These two structures can be combined. Finally, proforms without a manual referent. These structures contain a proform, but rather than a manual element that specifies it, there is some mouthing or mouth gestures. As with the two previous structures, this one ends with a blink. Using proforms to introduce a new entity is not a discovery. But finding recurrent structures could be a good start with the prospect of formalisation for automatic processing of signed languages. Nevertheless, before any modelling, questions remain unanswered. On the one hand, we started from the premise that buoy structures could be considered as the manifestation of an anaphoric relationship between the proform and the specifier, but this can still be discussed. On the other hand, sequential structures offer less doubt about an analysis in favor of an anaphoric relationship. For proforms with a non-manual and simultaneous specifier, this also raises questions. If we end this article with more questions than precise answers, we think that finding several structures implementing various articulators in a systematic way could eventually allow automatic identification and/or generation of these structures. On the other hand, if identification of a referent could be done more easily, it could help the automatic processing of the reference, if we admit that there is reference (especially for the case of tags). Obviously, this is the first step of an observation that will have to be refined and validated on a larger corpus. But if a generalisation of these structures is possible, then we will be able to define patterns usable in SL processing.