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This study investigates the post-fire performance of steel reinforced concrete composite (SRC) columns used in building construction using experimental compression tests. Four conventional steel sections as I-shaped, Cross, Box, and Plus were considered as the steel core. For fire loading, all fabricated columns were subjected to five target temperatures, including 25°, 250°, 500°, 700°, and 900°C, and then the cooling phase of the columns was done under natural conditions. Then using pressure jacks, the compressive behavior including strength and axial deformation of each of them was measured, and force-deformation curves were plotted and investigated for each SRC column. The results of these tests showed that the compressive strength and the elasticity modulus of the columns decrease at higher temperatures. Also, the effect of the steel core was examined on the compressive strength. Among the tested sections, SRC columns with the Box-steel core showed a more recovery in its compressive strength and elasticity modulus, and hence, its performance was better than SRC columns with the other steel cores. Moreover, SRC columns with the Plus-steel core indicated the weakest compressive strength and elasticity modulus. Finally, some equations were proposed for the prediction of the compressive strength and elasticity modulus of SRC columns at different temperatures by applying gene expression programming (GEP modeling) to the results.

Purpose This paper aims to predict the fire resistance of steel-reinforced concrete columns by application of the genetic algorithm. Design/methodology/approach In total, 11 effective parameters are considered including mechanical and geometrical properties of columns and loading values as input parameters and the duration of concrete resistance at elevated temperatures as the output parameter. Then, experimental data of several studies – with extensive ranges – are collected and divided into two categories. Findings Using the first set of the data along with the gene expression programming (GEP), the fire resistance predictive model of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) composite columns is presented. By application of the second category, evaluation and validation of the proposed model are investigated as well, and the correspondent time-temperature diagrams are derived. Originality/value The relative error of 10% and the R coefficient of 0.9 for the predicted model are among the highlighted results of this validation. Based on the statistical errors, a fair agreement exists between the experimental data and predicted values, indicating the appropriate performance of the proposed GEP model for fire resistance prediction of SRC columns.

Aim: Our aim was to describe the outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19. Methods: This national, population-based, longitudinal, multicentre study used Swedish data that were prospectively collected between 1 December 2020 and 31 May 2021. All patients met the World Health Organization criteria for MIS-C. The outcomes 2 and 8 weeks after diagnosis are presented, and follow-up protocols are suggested. Results: We identified 152 cases, and 133 (87%) participated. When followed up 2 weeks after MIS-C was diagnosed, 43% of the 119 patients had abnormal results, including complete blood cell counts, platelet counts, albumin levels, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms. After 8 weeks, 36% of 89 had an abnormal patient history, but clinical findings were uncommon. Echocardiogram results were abnormal in 5% of 67, and the most common complaint was fatigue. Older children and those who received intensive care were more likely to report symptoms and have abnormal cardiac results. Conclusion: More than a third (36%) of the patients had persistent symptoms 8 weeks after MIS-C, and 5% had abnormal echocardiograms. Older age and higher levels of initial care appeared to be risk factors. Structured follow-up visits are important after MIS-C.

ObjectivesIn many resource-limited health systems, point-of-care tests (POCTs) are the only means for clinical patient sample analyses. However, the speed and simplicity of POCTs also makes their use appealing to clinicians in high-income countries (HICs), despite their having greater laboratory accessibility. Although also part of the clinical routine in HICs, the utility of POCTs is relatively unknown in such settings as compared to others.In a Swedish paediatric emergency department (PED) where POCT use is routine, we aimed to characterize health care providers’ perspectives on the clinical utility of POCTs and explore their implementation in the local setting; to compare such experiences to those reported in other settings; and finally, to gather requests for ideal novel POCTs.DesignQualitative study using focus group discussions. A data-driven content analysis approach was used for analysis.SettingThe PED of a secondary paediatric hospital in Stockholm, Sweden.ParticipantsTwenty-four health care providers clinically active at the PED were enrolled in six focus groups.ResultsA range of POCTs was routinely used. The emerging themeUtility of POCTs is double-edgedillustrated the perceived utility of POCTs. While POCT services were considered to have clinical and social value, the local testing practice was named to distract from the care for patients. Requests were made for novel POCTs and their implementation.ConclusionDespite their clinical integration, deficient implementation routines limit the benefits of POCT services to this well-resourced paediatric clinic. As such deficiencies are shared with other settings, it is suggested that some characteristics of POCTs and of their utility are less related to resource level and more to policy deficiency. To address this, we propose the appointment of skilled laboratory personnel as ambassadors to hospital clinics offering POCT services, to ensure higher utility of such services.ARTICLE SUMMARYStrengths and limitations of this studyThis is the first study to present the use and utility of POCTs in a HIC paediatric hospital setting, directly from the perspective of its clinical staff.Our main finding is that deficient implementation routines limit benefit of POCT services in this well-resourced setting, strongly indicating that such deficiencies are irrespective of resource level, and more related to policy deficiency.The findings of the relatively small study size may be contextual, yet we believe our main conclusions to be generalizable as most of our findings are compatible with those reported in other settings.The study is strengthened by the diversity of its participants, corresponding to the multi-professional staffing of the PED.

BACKGROUND A timely differential diagnostic is essential to identify the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) infections in children, in order to facilitate targeted treatment, manage patients, and improve clinical outcome. OBJECTIVE The Pediatric Infection-Point-of-Care (PI-POC) trial is investigating novel methods to improve and strengthen the differential diagnostics of suspected childhood CNS infections in low-income health systems such as those in Southwestern Uganda. This will be achieved by evaluating (1) a novel DNA-based diagnostic assay for CNS infections, (2) a commercially available multiplex PCR-based meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel for clinical use in a facility-limited laboratory setting, (3) proteomics profiling of blood from children with severe CNS infection as compared to outpatient controls with fever yet not severely ill, and (4) Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) as a biomarker in blood for viral CNS infection. Further changes in the etiology of childhood CNS infections after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae will be investigated. In addition, the carriage and invasive rate of Neisseria meningitidis will be recorded and serotyped, and the expression of its major virulence factor (polysaccharide capsule) will be investigated. METHODS The PI-POC trial is a prospective observational study of children including newborns up to 12 years of age with clinical features of CNS infection, and age-/sex-matched outpatient controls with fever yet not severely ill. Participants are recruited at 2 Pediatric clinics in Mbarara, Uganda. Cerebrospinal fluid (for cases only), blood, and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs (for both cases and controls) sampled at both clinics are analyzed at the Epicentre Research Laboratory through gold-standard methods for CNS infection diagnosis (microscopy, biochemistry, and culture) and a commercially available ME panel for multiplex PCR analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid. An additional blood sample from cases is collected on day 3 after admission. After initial clinical analyses in Mbarara, samples will be transported to Stockholm, Sweden for (1) validation analyses of a novel nucleic acid–based POC test, (2) biomarker research, and (3) serotyping and molecular characterization of S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. RESULTS A pilot study was performed from January to April 2019. The PI-POC trial enrollment of patients begun in April 2019 and will continue until September 2020, to include up to 300 cases and controls. Preliminary results from the PI-POC study are expected by the end of 2020. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the PI-POC study can potentially facilitate rapid etiological diagnosis of CNS infections in low-resource settings and allow for novel methods for determination of the severity of CNS infection in such environment. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03900091; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03900091 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/21430

Background: Macular disorders, such as diabetic macular edema (DME) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are among the major ocular diseases. Having one of these diseases can lead to vision impairments or even permanent blindness in a not-so-long time span. So, the early diagnosis of these diseases are the main goals of eye researchers. Material and Methods: The present study is designed in order to present a comparative study on the recent convolutional mixture of experts (CMoE) models for distinguishing normal macular OCT from DME and AMD. For this purpose, we considered three recent CMoE models called Mixture ensemble of convolutional neural networks (MECNN), Multi-scale Convolutional Mixture of Experts (MCME), and Wavelet-based Convolutional Mixture of Experts (WCME) models. For this research study, the models were evaluated on a database of three different macular OCT sets. Two first OCT sets were acquired by Heidelberg imaging systems consisting of 148 and 45 subjects respectively and set3 was constituted of 384 Bioptigen OCT acquisitions. To provide better performance insight into the CMoE ensembles, we extensively analyzed the models based on the 5-fold cross-validation method and various classification measures such as precision and average area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results: Experimental evaluations showed that the MCME and WCME outperformed the ME-CNN model and presented overall precisions of 98.14% and 96.06% for aligned OCTs respectively. For non-aligned retinal OCTs, these values were 93.95% and 95.56%. Conclusion: Based on the comparative analysis, although the MCME model outperformed the other CMoE models in the analysis of aligned retinal OCTs, the WCME offers a robust model for diagnosis of non-aligned retinal OCTs. This allows having a fast and robust computer aided system in macular OCT imaging which does not rely on the routine computerized processes such as denoising, segmentation of retinal layers, and also retinal layers alignment.

The FEMA P695 methodology does not consider the application of the vertical component of ground motions in nonlinear response history dynamic analyses for obtaining collapse margin ratios. The vertical component of earthquake affects the demand on the steel moment frame and flexural capacity of the columns in interaction with the fluctuating axial load. This paper investigates the effect of the vertical component of far- and near-field ground motions on the seismic collapse capacity of low-, mid-, and high-rise buildings. Various span lengths, story heights, and seismic mass ratios have been taken into account to cover the significant parameters in amplifying vertical earthquake damages. More than 50,000 nonlinear response history dynamic analyses are performed to obtain seismic collapse margin ratios considering (1) the horizontal components of ground motion, (2) the horizontal plus vertical components of the earthquake, (3) the horizontal components of ground motion along with dead load factors suggested by ASCE7–16 to represent the vertical earthquake loading. Results are compared numerically, and the robustness of the procedure suggested by ASCE7–16 is assessed. It is shown that the adverse effect of the vertical component of the earthquake on the collapse capacity of the considered archetype buildings increases with the increase in the fundamental vertical period of buildings. Finally, adjusting equations using dimensionless parameters are developed for estimating the seismic collapse margin ratio of structures considering the vertical component of the ground motion. The proposed equations adjust the corresponding collapse margin ratio obtained using the horizontal components of ground motion.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are widely regarded as the first line of therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) but are not universally effective. An automatic method that can predict whether a patient is likely to respond to anti-VEGF therapy can avoid unnecessary trial and error treatment strategies and promote the selection of more effective first-line therapies. The objective of this study is to automatically predict the efficacy of anti-VEGF treatment of DME in individual patients based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. We performed a retrospective study of 127 subjects treated for DME with three consecutive injections of anti-VEGF agents. Patients’ retinas were imaged using spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) before and after anti-VEGF therapy, and the total retinal thicknesses before and after treatment were extracted from OCT B-scans. A novel deep convolutional neural network was designed and evaluated using pre-treatment OCT scans as input and differential retinal thickness as output, with 5-fold cross-validation. The group of patients responsive to anti-VEGF treatment was defined as those with at least a 10% reduction in retinal thickness following treatment. The predictive performance of the system was evaluated by calculating the precision, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The algorithm achieved an average AUC of 0.866 in discriminating responsive from non-responsive patients, with an average precision, sensitivity, and specificity of 85.5%, 80.1%, and 85.0%, respectively. Classification precision was significantly higher when differentiating between very responsive and very unresponsive patients. The proposed automatic algorithm accurately predicts the response to anti-VEGF treatment in DME patients based on OCT images. This pilot study is a critical step toward using non-invasive imaging and automated analysis to select the most effective therapy for a patient’s specific disease condition.

Purpose Subretinal injections of therapeutics are commonly used to treat ocular diseases. Accurate dosing of therapeutics at target locations is crucial but difficult to achieve using subretinal injections due to leakage, and there is no method available to measure the volume of therapeutics successfully administered to the subretinal location during surgery. Here we introduce the first automatic method for quantifying the volume of subretinal blebs, using porcine eyes injected with Ringer’s lactate solution as samples. Design Experimental study. Methods Microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography was utilized to obtain 3D visualization of subretinal blebs in porcine eyes at Duke Eye Center. Two different injection phases were imaged and analyzed in 15 eyes (30 volumes), selected from a total of 37 eyes. The inclusion/exclusion criteria were set independently from the algorithm-development and testing team. A novel lightweight, deep learning-based algorithm was designed to segment subretinal blebs boundaries. A cross-validation method was used to avoid selection bias. An ensemble-classifier strategy was applied to generate final results for the test dataset. Results The algorithm performs significantly better than four other state-of-the-art deep learning-based segmentation methods, achieving an F1 score of 93.86 ± 1.17% and 96.90 ± 0.59% on the independent test data for entry and full blebs, respectively. Conclusion The proposed algorithm accurately segmented the volumetric boundaries of Ringer’s lactate solution delivered into the subretinal space of porcine eyes with robust performance and real-time speed. This is the first step for future applications in computer-guided delivery of therapeutics into the subretinal space in human subjects.

In this study, the conventional incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (I-SPH) formulations are modified to be applicable for highly irregular multi-resolution particle distributions for simulation of transient free surface flows. The modifications are based on distinguishing between particle density calculated by interpolation functions in SPH method and fluid density as a physical quantity. I-SPH is a fully Lagrangian method having great potential in dealing with large deformations of the free surface. Flow domain is discretized into a set of moving particles, and each particle carries mass, velocity and pressure during simulation time. Variations in these field parameters can be determined by temporal discretization of Navier–Stokes equation followed by a spatial discretization using I-SPH method. In addition to this, three pressure gradient models are employed for simulation of free surface flows to examine efficiency of the models coupled with the modifications. Furthermore, a simple and efficient method to find free surface particles which is compatible with highly irregular multi-resolution particle distributions is proposed. The modified approach is tested against different free surface problems using highly irregular particle configurations. The classic pressure gradient model employed in SPH method coupled with constant smoothing distance gives accurate results with lower computational times over highly irregular particle distributions. The method can be applied for adaptive refinement strategy to reduce computational times of transient free surface problems.

Background: There is a need to better distinguish viral infections from antibiotic-requiring bacterial infections in children presenting with clinical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) to assist health care workers in decision making and to improve the rational use of antibiotics. Objective: The overall aim of the Trial of Respiratory infections in children for ENhanced Diagnostics (TREND) study is to improve the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral etiologies in children aged below 5 years with clinical CAP, by evaluating myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) as a biomarker for viral CAP and by evaluating an existing (multianalyte point-of-care antigen detection test system [mariPOC respi] ArcDia International Oy Ltd.) and a potential future point-of-care test for respiratory pathogens. Methods: Children aged 1 to 59 months with clinical CAP as well as healthy, hospital-based, asymptomatic controls will be included at a pediatric emergency hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. Blood (analyzed for MxA and C-reactive protein) and nasopharyngeal samples (analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard and antigen-based mariPOC respi test as well as saved for future analyses of a novel recombinase polymerase amplification–based point-of-care test for respiratory pathogens) will be collected. A newly developed algorithm for the classification of CAP etiology will be used as the reference standard. Results: A pilot study was performed from June to August 2017. The enrollment of study subjects started in November 2017. Results are expected by the end of 2019. Conclusions: The findings from the TREND study can be an important step to improve the management of children with clinical CAP. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/12705

BACKGROUND There is a need to better distinguish viral infections from antibiotic-requiring bacterial infections in children presenting with clinical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) to assist health care workers in decision making and to improve the rational use of antibiotics. OBJECTIVE The overall aim of the Trial of Respiratory infections in children for ENhanced Diagnostics (TREND) study is to improve the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral etiologies in children aged below 5 years with clinical CAP, by evaluating myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) as a biomarker for viral CAP and by evaluating an existing (multianalyte point-of-care antigen detection test system [mariPOC respi] ArcDia International Oy Ltd.) and a potential future point-of-care test for respiratory pathogens. METHODS Children aged 1 to 59 months with clinical CAP as well as healthy, hospital-based, asymptomatic controls will be included at a pediatric emergency hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. Blood (analyzed for MxA and C-reactive protein) and nasopharyngeal samples (analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard and antigen-based mariPOC respi test as well as saved for future analyses of a novel recombinase polymerase amplification–based point-of-care test for respiratory pathogens) will be collected. A newly developed algorithm for the classification of CAP etiology will be used as the reference standard. RESULTS A pilot study was performed from June to August 2017. The enrollment of study subjects started in November 2017. Results are expected by the end of 2019. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the TREND study can be an important step to improve the management of children with clinical CAP. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR DERR1-10.2196/12705

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of retinal pathologies is a current active area in medical image analysis. Due to the increasing use of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging technique, a CAD system in retinal OCT is essential to assist ophthalmologist in the early detection of ocular diseases and treatment monitoring. This paper presents a novel CAD system based on a multi-scale convolutional mixture of expert (MCME) ensemble model to identify normal retina, and two common types of macular pathologies, namely, dry age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic macular edema. The proposed MCME modular model is a data-driven neural structure, which employs a new cost function for discriminative and fast learning of image features by applying convolutional neural networks on multiple-scale sub-images. MCME maximizes the likelihood function of the training data set and ground truth by considering a mixture model, which tries also to model the joint interaction between individual experts by using a correlated multivariate component for each expert module instead of only modeling the marginal distributions by independent Gaussian components. Two different macular OCT data sets from Heidelberg devices were considered for the evaluation of the method, i.e., a local data set of OCT images of 148 subjects and a public data set of 45 OCT acquisitions. For comparison purpose, we performed a wide range of classification measures to compare the results with the best configurations of the MCME method. With the MCME model of four scale-dependent experts, the precision rate of 98.86%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9985 were obtained on average.

Paper-based biosensors offer a promising technology to be used at the point of care, enabled by good performance, convenience and low-cost. In this article, we describe a colorimetric vertical-flow DNA microarray (DNA-VFM) that takes advantage of the screening capability of DNA microarrays in a paper format together with isothermal amplification by means of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA). Different assay parameters such as hybridization buffer, flow rate, printing buffer and capture probe concentration were optimized. A limit of detection (LOD) of 4.4 nM was achieved as determined by tabletop scanning. The DNA-VFM was applied as a proof of concept for detection of Neisseria meningitidis, a primary cause of bacterial meningitis. The LOD was determined to be between 38 and 2.1 × 10

This paper presents a new fully automatic algorithm for classification of 3D Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), and healthy people. The proposed algorithm does not need to any retinal layer alignment and also segmentation processes (e.g., segmentation of intra-retinal layers and lesion structures). The algorithm utilizes a new Wavelet-based Convolutional Mixture of Experts (WCME) model as an adaptive feature extraction and classification method. The WCME benefits from spatial-frequency decomposition and also an ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to build a high-level representation of OCT data. In this study, a retinal OCT data set constituted of 148 cases is used for evaluation of the method based on unbiased cross-validation approach. The dataset consists of 50 normal, 50 DME, and 48 AMD OCT acquisitions from Heidelberg device. With the proposed WCME model, the overall algorithm accurately classified the OCT data with a precision rate of 95.21% and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.986.

Background Point-of-care (POC) tests have become increasingly available and more widely used in recent years. They have been of particular importance to low-income settings, enabling them with clinical capacities that had previously been limited. POC testing programs hold a great potential for significant improvement in low-income health systems. However, as most POC tests are developed in high-income countries, disengagement between developers and end-users inhibit their full potential. This study explores perceptions of POC test end-users in a low-income setting, aiming to support the development of novel POC tests for low-income countries. Methods A qualitative study was conducted in Mbarara District, Southwestern Uganda, in October 2014. Fifty health care workers were included in seven focus groups, comprising midwives, laboratory technicians, clinical and medical officers, junior and senior nurses, and medical doctors. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded through a data-driven approach for qualitative content analysis. Results Nineteen different POC tests were identified as currently being in use. While participants displayed being widely accustomed to and appreciative of the use of POC tests, they also assessed the use and characteristics of current tests as imperfect. An ideal POC test was characterized as being adapted to local conditions, thoughtfully implemented in the specific health system, and capable of improving the care of patients. Tests for specific medical conditions were requested. Opinions differed with regard to the ideal distribution of POC tests in the local health system. Conclusion POC tests are commonly used and greatly appreciated in this study setting. However, there are dissatisfactions with current POC tests and their use. To maximize benefit, stakeholders need to include end-user perspectives in the development and implementation of POC tests. Insights from this study will influence our ongoing efforts to develop POC tests that will be particularly usable in low-income settings.

The present research intends to propose a fully automatic algorithm for the classification of three-dimensional (3-D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of patients suffering from abnormal macula from normal candidates. The method proposed does not require any denoising, segmentation, retinal alignment processes to assess the intraretinal layers, as well as abnormalities or lesion structures. To classify abnormal cases from the control group, a two-stage scheme was utilized, which consists of automatic subsystems for adaptive feature learning and diagnostic scoring. In the first stage, a wavelet-based convolutional neural network (CNN) model was introduced and exploited to generate B-scan representative CNN codes in the spatial-frequency domain, and the cumulative features of 3-D volumes were extracted. In the second stage, the presence of abnormalities in 3-D OCTs was scored over the extracted features. Two different retinal SD-OCT datasets are used for evaluation of the algorithm based on the unbiased fivefold cross-validation (CV) approach. The first set constitutes 3-D OCT images of 30 normal subjects and 30 diabetic macular edema (DME) patients captured from the Topcon device. The second publicly available set consists of 45 subjects with a distribution of 15 patients in age-related macular degeneration, DME, and normal classes from the Heidelberg device. With the application of the algorithm on overall OCT volumes and 10 repetitions of the fivefold CV, the proposed scheme obtained an average precision of 99.33% on dataset1 as a two-class classification problem and 98.67% on dataset2 as a three-class classification task.

In a destructive earthquake considerable damage occurs in buried structures such as urban water supply systems. The preliminary action after an earthquake happens is the repair of the network supplying water to the damaged area. Since pipes are mostly buried the damages cannot be found, even by digging a long path. The most difficult part of the work is to find the damaged locations. In this paper an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to detect pipeline damage in water distribution systems due to an earthquake. The probable failure states have to be computed. The amount of output discharge from the tanks is obtained by direct analysis of a mathematical model for different states of pipe failure. The failure points are obtained by using the amount of water discharge from the tanks. The damaged pipes could be detected through a back analysis. Since there are various types of failure, the ANN is applied. Through a parametric study, different geometry, shape, diameter and pressure of the water network are surveyed and the best network architecture for each case is obtained. The peak responses and phase delays are assumed to be the network outputs. The network is trained in a supervised manner by the data obtained from direct analyses. The study shows the efficiency and capability of the ANN for modeling the observed nonlinear behavior.

There is great interest worldwide in discovering and developing a permanent source of tissues which would be capable of generating any cell type and which would avoid the problem of transplant rejection. Stem cells are cells that can specialize into the many different cells found in the human body. The ethical objections concerning stem cells have focused primarily on their source. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research offers great promise of cures for otherwise incurable conditions: spinal cord injuries, ALS, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc. While stem cells can be found in the adult human body, the seemingly most potent stem cells come from the first few cells of a human embryo. When the stem cells are removed, the embryo is destroyed. Some people find this practice morally objectionable and would like to put a stop to research and medical procedures that destroy human embryos in the process. The debate about the moral status of the human embryo has focused on the question of whether the embryo should be treated as a person, or, at least, a potential person. If the embryo is so considered, then it will be morally impermissible to use it merely as a means to an end, rather than as an end in itself. This would preclude both embryo research and any other procedure not directed to the benefit of that actual embryo. The removal of cells from an embryo would therefore not be morally permissible, regardless of whether these cells were to be used for the benefit of some other person. The use of human ES cells raises important ethical issues which are primarily concerned with the origin of the cells and the way in which they are derived. The fact that these cells currently involve the use of human embryos and cadaveric fetal tissue means that careful examination of the ethical issues is necessary prior to the progress of research in this field. If the embryo is a human, then it has a right to life. It cannot be destroyed any more than we could intentionally kill a few children to save many others. Key words:Ethical, Stem cell transplantation.

Earthquakes can cause a lot of damages to buried pipelines. When pipelines are placed in a seismically active area, in addition to safety, performance, and environmental criteria, ground displacement hazards such as fault movements should be considered carefully. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the response of buried pipelines crossing ground deformation especially faulting based on nonlinear approaches. Considering the pipe as SHELL Element, soil as SOLID Element, and also non-linearity of material and geometry, several caseloads of buried pipelines crossing fault were modeled in the ABAQUS software. Then, all the models were analyzed in both tensile and compressive modes by Push-over analysis method. As a result, besides extracting the relationship between flexural moment and bending angle, the average of obtained curves were normalized and the standard five-line behavior curves were fitted to them. The developed curves can be simply used in any simplified modeling applications for assigning the plastic hinges to different types of pipelines.