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En el món de la medicina, un dels càncers més culminants és el càncer de pròstata. La seva detecció en primers estadis és complicada, per la qual cosa en molts casos acaba desenvolupant en metàstasis i fins llavors no es detecta. Aquesta és una de les principals causes de mort en el càncer de pròstata. En els últims anys s'ha avançat molt i s'ha pogut trobar una manera de detectar-lo en primers estadis de la malaltia. Això consisteix a fer un seguiment de l'antigen específic de la pròstata (PSA) en homes d'entre 40 i 70 anys. Per altra banda, des del món de l'enginyeria i les matemàtiques es busquen recursos per aportar més en el món de la medicina. És per això que s'han creat molts models que poden preveure el comportament del PSA, i d'aquesta manera fer seguiments més específics i personalitzats per cada pacient en concret. En aquest projecte s'analitzen 3 diferents models i se n'escull un per encaixar-lo amb una base de dades. Posteriorment, s'analitzen els resultats obtinguts i es proposen millores del model. En el mundo de la medicina, uno de los cánceres más culminantes es el cáncer de próstata. Su detección en primeros estadios es complicada, por lo cual en muchos casos acaba desarrollando en metástasis y hasta entonces no se detecta. Esta es una de las principales causas de muerte en el cáncer de próstata. En los últimos años se ha avanzado mucho y se ha podido encontrar una manera de detectarlo en primeros estadios de la enfermedad. Esto consiste a hacer un seguimiento del antígeno específico de la próstata (PSA) en hombres de entre 40 y 70 años. Por otro lado, desde el mundo de la ingeniería y las matemáticas se buscan recursos para aportar más en el mundo de la medicina. Es por eso que se han creado muchos modelos que pueden prever el comportamiento del PSA, y de este modo hacer seguimientos más específicos y personalizados por cada paciente en concreto. En este proyecto se analizan 3 diferentes modelos y se escoge uno para encajarlo con una base de datos. Posteriormente, se analizan los resultados obtenidos y se proponen mejoras del modelo. In the world of medicine, one of the most common cancers is prostate cancer. Its detection in the early stages is complicated, which is why in many cases it develops into metastases and remains undetected until then. This is one of the main causes of death in prostate cancer. In recent years, much progress has been made and a way has been found to detect it in the early stages of the disease. This consists of monitoring prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in men between 40 and 70 years of age. On the other hand, the world of engineering and mathematics is looking for resources to contribute more to the world of medicine. That is why many models have been created that can predict the behaviour of PSA, and thus make more specific and personalised treatment for each patient. In this project, 3 different models are analysed, and one is chosen to be fitted with a database. Subsequently, the results obtained are analysed and improvements to the model are proposed. Outgoing

Rationale Respiratory infections are common after strenuous exercise, when salivary immunity may be altered. We aim to investigate changes in salivary immunity after a marathon and its relationship with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in healthy non-elite marathon runners. Methods Forty seven healthy marathon runners (28 males and 19 females) who completed the 42.195 km of the 2016 Barcelona marathon were studied. Saliva and blood samples were collected the day before the marathon and two days after the end of the race. Salivary IgA, antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin, lysozyme) and chemokines (Gro alpha, Gro beta, MCP-1) were determined using ELISA kits in saliva supernatant. Blood biochemistry and haemogram were analyzed in all participants. The presence of LRTI was considered in those runners who reported infectious lower respiratory tract symptoms during a minimum of 3 consecutive days in the 2 weeks after the race. Results Eight participants (17%) presented a LRTI during the 2 weeks of follow-up. Higher lysozyme levels were detected after the race in runners with LRTI when compared with those without infection. A decrease in salivary lysozyme, Gro alpha and Gro beta levels after the race were observed in those runners who did not develop a LRTI when compared to basal levels. Salivary Gro alpha levels correlated with basophil blood counts, and salivary lysozyme levels correlated with leukocyte blood counts. Conclusions LRTI are common after a marathon race in non-elite healthy runners. Changes in salivary antimicrobial proteins and chemokines are related to the presence of LRTI and correlate with systemic defense cells, which suggest an important role of salivary immunity in the development of LRTI in non-elite marathon runners.

High-intensity physical activity for an extended period of time could result in unhealthy disruptions to physiological systems. The main goal of the SUMMIT Lab® is to offer to ultra-endurance athletes an assessment of the impact of training with biochemical comparison of pre- and after-race measurements through biochemical (markers of muscle damage, immunity status and cardiovascular system) and physiological responses [localized muscle bioimpedance (LBIA)], cardiac function and differential gene expression. Samples were obtained from 300 participants who completed ultra-distance runs in Europe from 2012 to 2016. We found: (1) CK levels provide a gross indication of muscle-fiber damage but are not specific, they can’t identify the extent of the injury or the type of fibers affected; (2) LBIA serves to track the effects of training or a race on muscle damage, and enables longitudinal assessment of muscle injury through recovery and return to training. (3) Some individuals showed worse right ventricle adaptation during exercise independent from the training volume done or the elite profile. (4) Elite performance is mainly related with training. We have evidence that we can measure quantitatively the effect of training through a specific gene expression profile. Possible additional applications include runners, soccer, army physical condition, among others.

This study aims to assess the gene regulatory response from a group of 16 athletes and to observe the plasticity induced by their training regime on the gene expression response after their participation in an 82km race. Blood samples for differential gene expression (DGE) were collected before and after this effort from two groups of runners with different training regimes: elite and active. Analyses only focused on genes annotated as related to cardiac function (CF) and neural regulation (NR) from the KEGG PATHWAY Database. Thus, 13 pathways were considered accounting for a total of 629 genes. Training regime modulated the response to exercise based on a list of 18 ranked genes with significant DGE for elite runners while remained statistically insignificant for active athletes. UQCR11, COX7C and COX4I1 genes, related to mitochondrial respiratory chain, were down-regulated which may indicate mitochondrial function impairment in cardiac muscle. Increased expression levels were obtained for PIK3R2, PLCG2, IRAK3 genes from the positive signaling cascades of neurotrophins pathway, which may reveal an improved heart rate control thanks to a better cardiac sympathetic innervation.

Treball fi de màster de l’especialitat de Ciències naturals. Màster de Formació del professorat d'Educació Secundària UPF-UOC Tutor universitat: Iván Marchán Carvajal Tutora centre: Carla Adrián Fornés En el present treball de fi de màster es pretén tractar la importància i la necessitat de contextualitzar les activitats a l’aula si es vol perseguir un treball competencial i interdisciplinari per tal de que la significativitat de l’aprenentatge incrementi./nAmb una primera aproximació teòrica es tractarà la contextualització i les experiències referents publicades en els darrers anys, així com es repassaran els trets de la normativa catalana vigent en educació que fan referència al tema d’investigació./nPosteriorment es descriurà la mostra d’estudi i les seves característiques principals, a més a més d’exposar-ne els objectius de l’estudi i metodologia emprada durant la recerca. Aquest treball no només inclou la proposta didàctica en forma d’unitat didàctica dissenyada per a l’assignatura de Ciències Naturals (CN) de 1r d’ESO de l’escola Jesuïtes de Casp, sinó que també en mostra els resultats de la seva aplicació i reflexions finals des de la perspectiva i opinió de l’alumnat així com de l’experiència docent. En este Trabajo de final de master se pretende tratar la importancia y necesidad de contextualizar las actividades en el aula para perseguir un trabajo competencial e interdisciplinario que favorezca el incremento de la significatividad en el aprendizaje. Con una primera aproximación teórica se tratará la contextualización y las experiencias referentes publicadas en los últimos años, así como se repasaran las características de la normativa catalana vigente en educación con referencia al tema de investigación. Posteriormente se describirá la muestra de estudio y sus características principales, además de exponerse los objetivos de estudio y metodología utilizada durante la investigación. Este trabajo no sólo incluye la propuesta didáctica en forma de unidad didáctica diseñada para la asignatura de Ciencias Naturales (CN) de 1ºESO del colegio Jesuïtes de Casp. También muestra los resultados de su aplicación y reflexiones finales desde una perspectiva y opinión del alumnado e incluso de la experiencia docente. In the following master thesis it is discussed the importance and necessity to use the context-based learning at class in order to pursue competency-based learning and interdisciplinarity. And as a result, it can increasingly turn into meaningful learning. There will be a first theoretical approach in context-based learning and the experiences published during the last years. Also, it will be mentioned some characteristics of Catalan education’s law related to the research topic./nSecondly, it will be described the study sample and its main characteristics. Moreover, the main objectives of the research will be listed, and so the methods used in it. Finally, this work not only contains the didactic proposal designed for Natural Science at 1 ESO in Jesuïtes de Casp’s school, but also it shows the results of its application. Final reflections will be outlined from the students’ and the teacher’s perspective.

Objective: To investigate changes after a mountain ultramarathon (MUM) in the serum concentration of fast (FM) and slow (SM) myosin isoforms, which are fiber-type-specific sarcomere proteins. The changes were compared against creatine kinase (CK), a widely used fiber-sarcolemma-damage biomarker, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a widely used cardiac biomarker. Methods: Observational comparison of response in a single group of 8 endurance-trained amateur athletes. Time-related changes in serum levels of CK, cTnI, SM, and FM from competitors were analyzed before, 1 h after the MUM, and 24 and 48 h after the start of the MUM by 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures or Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Pearson correlation coefficient was employed to examine associations between variables. Results: While SM was significantly (P = .009) increased in serum 24 h after the beginning of the MUM, FM and cTnI did not change significantly. Serum CK activity peak was observed 1 h after the MUM (P = .002). Moreover, serum peaks of CK and SM were highly correlated (r = .884, P = .004). Conclusions: Since there is evidence of muscle damage after prolonged mountain running, the increase in SM serum concentration after a MUM could be indirect evidence of slow- (type I) fiber-specific sarcomere disruptions.