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The bachelor thesis deals with the phenomenon of tabletop RPGs. In the form of qualitative research, it explores topics identified in participatory observations and interviews with players. These topics include atmosphere, imagination, relationships between players and game characters and their mutual influence. Next, memories and experiences mentioned by respondents in relation to playing RPGs are discussed.

El proyecto inició en el 2014 como una campaña del juego de rol Calabozos y Dragones (D&D). Los héroes que fueron creados para formar parte de esta campaña del conocido juego de rol, la cual duró 3 años e inspiraron una sesión que busca retratarlos tal y como los imaginamos en su realidad, adoptando poses, formas y actitudes o mostrando su dominio de lo que nosotros conocemos como magia. Es decir, la construcción de personajes, desde el arte hasta la actuación tuvo una preparación de más de 3 años, ya que está basada en diseños sacados de diferentes fuentes históricas, artísticas y de videojuegos que inspiraron tanto la historia del mundo (mundo original creado especialmente para jugar esta campaña) como los habitantes de este, entre ellos nuestros personajes. El proyecto cuenta con 4 personajes, tratados con efectos de fotomontaje digital para darles realismo, buscando trasladar la personalidad, conceptos, tonos y atmósferas de los espacios y personajes de una campaña del juego D&D al ámbito fotográfico, construyendo nuevas imágenes en base a las cualidades técnicas y comunicativas de este medio, a la producción y dirección artística, la dirección de personajes y la intervención del cosplay como actividad o moda cercana y aceptada por el público objetivo de juegos de video, anime, cine y juegos de rol. Este proyecto se difundirá a través de plataformas digitales tales como Instagram y Behance. The project began in 2014 as a campaign for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) roleplaying game. The heroes that were created to be part of this campaign of the wellknown role-playing game, which lasted 3 years and inspired a session that seeks to portray them as we imagine them in their reality, adopting poses, forms and attitudes or showing their mastery of what we know as magic. That is to say, the construction of characters, from art to acting, took more than 3 years of preparation, since it is based on designs taken from different historical, artistic and video game sources that inspired both the history of the world (original world created specially to play this campaign) and its inhabitants, including our characters. The project has 4 characters, treated with digital photomontage effects to give them realism, seeking to transfer the personality, concepts, tones and atmospheres of the spaces and characters of a D&D game campaign to the photographic environment, building new images based on the technical and communicative qualities of this medium, production and art direction, character direction and the intervention of cosplay as an activity or fashion close and accepted by the target audience of video games, anime, film and role-playing games. This project will be disseminated through digital platforms such as Instagram and Behance.

The exposed research discusses the gender dimension in the construction of the narratives of Role Playing Games (role-playing games) in order to present the universe of pop culture that represents stereotypes of femininity and masculinity in which they correspond to the cultural imaginary and the illustrations that compose the books of the games between 1994 and 2012. The images analyzed were selected from the main Brazilian RPG magazines, such as Dragão Brasil (1994) and Dragon Slayer (2005). The tendency to illustrate women stereotyped in games surrounds the technologies and socio-cultural experiences that discriminate against women and mischaracterize the daily feminist struggle against patriarchy domination practices. Mainly using the concepts of Teresa de Lauretis (1994) and Donna Haraway (2009) to reflect on feminisms and sexual binarism, in addition to the representativeness of women in the gaming culture based on the perspectives of Meagan Marie (2019). The research has its methodology based mainly on the analysis of the magazines, with the purpose of observing these sexist problems and significantly directing the market not to reproduce misogynistic aggressions that still circulate the universe of role games. No language is empty of value, and Role Playing Games continue to be based on patriarchal narrative bases. Based on the silences experienced by women in the historical context of RPG, it is possible to observe in this research that the languages are ideological, and the symbolic power of the image is a relevant resource in the search for the legitimation of the diversity that are the bodies of women. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES A pesquisa exposta discute a dimensão de gênero na construção das narrativas de Role Playing Games (jogos de interpretação de personagens) no intuito de apresentar o universo da cultura pop que representa estereótipos de feminilidade e masculinidade no que correspondem ao imaginário cultural e às ilustrações que compõem os livros dos jogos entre 1994 e 2012. As imagens analisadas foram selecionadas a partir das principais revistas brasileiras de RPG, como a Dragão Brasil (1994) e a Dragon Slayer (2005). A tendência em ilustrar as mulheres de maneira estereotipada nos jogos circundam as tecnologias e vivências sócio-culturais que discriminam as mulheres e descaracterizam a luta feminista cotidiana contra as práticas de dominação patriarcal. Utilizando principalmente conceitos de Teresa de Lauretis (1994) e Donna Haraway (2009) para refletir sobre os feminismos e o binarismo sexual, além da representatividade das mulheres na cultura de jogos, fundamentada a partir das perspectivas de Meagan Marie (2019). A pesquisa tem sua metodologia baseada principalmente na análise das revistas, com a finalidade de observar essas problemáticas sexistas e direcionar significativamente o mercado a não reproduzir agressões misóginas que ainda circulam no universo dos jogos de papéis. Nenhuma linguagem é vazia de valor, e os Role Playing Games continuam sendo fundamentados em bases de narrativas patriarcais. Com base nos silenciamentos vividos pelas mulheres no contexto histórico do RPG, é possível observar nesta pesquisa que as linguagens são ideológicas, e o poder simbólico da imagem é um recurso pertinente na busca pela legitimação da diversidade que são os corpos das mulheres.

International audience; Deforestation and biodiversity loss in agroecosystems are generally the result of rational choices, not of a lack of awareness or knowledge. Despite both scientific evidence and traditional knowledge that supports the value of diverse production systems for ecosystem services and resilience, a trend of agroecosystem intensification is apparent across tropical regions. These transitions happen in spite of policies that prohibit such transformations. We present a participatory modelling study run to (1) understand the drivers of landscape transition and (2) explore the livelihood and environmental impacts of tenure changes in the coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu (India). The components of the system, key actors and resources, and their interactions were defined with stakeholders, following the companion modelling (ComMod) approach. The underlying ecological processes driving the system were validated through expert knowledge and scientific literature. The conceptual model was transformed into a role-playing game and validated by eight workshops with a total of 57 participants. Two scenarios were explored, a No Policy Change as baseline, and a Restitution of Rights where rights to cut the native trees are handed over to farmers. Our results suggest that the landscape transition is likely to continue unabated unless there is a change to the current policy framework. However, the Restitution of Rights risks speeding up the process rather than reversing it, as inter alia, the differential growth rate between exotic and native tree species, kick in

We explore the practical and theoretical strengths of role-playing games to understand health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with neurocognitive challenges. We ground our proposal on twin neuroethical and empirical priorities for improving participatory methods of knowledge production and translation in HRQoL research involving children. The McGill University-based authors of this chapter are piloting game-based, HRQoL research in children with neurodevelopmental and cognitive sequelae (NDCS) associated with brain tumors; and as a group we discuss its theoretical and practical applications in the global mental health, developmental and behavioral disorders contexts.

Procedural content generation is present in many games today. However, little has been written about generating combat encounters in role playing video games (RPG). In these games the player's combat ability varies greatly from person to person and there are many different enemies that could be spawned for the player to fight. These factors make generation of combat encounters difficult. In this thesis we create a small game in which we implement a new algorithm for generating combat encounters. We then distribute this game to the general public. From the data we gather we conclude that this algorithm is at least as good at generating combat encounters as the author of the thesis and that it is a good starting point for further research.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Juliana Cristina Braga Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Santo André, 2020. O primeiro jogo digital surgiu no final da década de 50 em um laboratório de pesquisa norte-americano e foi mostrado para o público que visitava o laboratório. A partir de então, a produção e popularização dos jogos digitais começaram a crescer e abordar conteúdos educacionais, surgindo assim os jogos digitais educacionais e jogos sérios (serious games). Os jogos sérios também vêm ganhando destaque, pois com eles é possível realizar treinamentos, ensinar algum tipo de conteúdo, realizar experimentos que não seriam possíveis no cotidiano, etc. Para que um jogo sério atinja seus objetivos é necessário o envolvimento de uma equipe multidisciplinar com o objetivo de equilibrar as questões pedagógicas, de jogabilidade, usabilidade e acessibilidade. Diversas metodologias estão sendo aplicadas para o desenvolvimento de jogos educacionais, entretanto apresentam lacunas como: falta de documentação, falta do equilíbrio entre os aspectos pedagógicos e computacionais, falta dos papéis necessários para o desenvolvimento, etc. O objetivo deste trabalho é obter uma metodologia que suprisse essas lacunas. Para isso realizou-se um estudo de campo tendo como base a metodologia INTERA, em que foi desenvolvido um jogo educacional e também realizou-se um levantamento das metodologias existentes na literatura, para analisar suas semelhanças, diferenças e lacunas. Com o estudo de campo e a análise da literatura foi possível notar que a metodologia INTERA também apresentava lacunas para o desenvolvimento de jogos educacionais. Com o intuito de suprir essa problemática, foi proposta uma extensão da metodologia INTERA, na qual essa extensão foi aplicada no desenvolvimento de um jogo do gênero RPG. Com a utilização da extensão da metodologia no estudo de campo foi possível notar pontos positivos por parte dos participantes, como a participação de um projeto multidisciplinar e aprender o passo a passo do desenvolvimento de um jogo educacional. The first digital game appeared in the late 1950s in an American research laboratory and was shown to the public who visited the laboratory. From then on, the production and popularization of digital games began to grow and address educational content, thus emerging educational digital games or also known as serious games. Serious games are also gaining prominence, because with them it is possible to conduct training, teach some type of content, perform experiments that would not be possible in everyday life, etc. For a serious game to reach its goals, it is necessary to involve a multidisciplinary team in order to balance the pedagogical, gameplay, usability and accessibility issues. Several methodologies are being applied for the development of educational games, however they present gaps such as: lack of documentation, lack of balance between pedagogical and computational aspects, lack of the necessary roles for development, etc. In order to obtain a methodology to fill these gaps, a field study was carried out based on the INTERA methodology, in which an educational game was developed and a survey of existing methodologies in the literature was also carried out, to analyze their similarities, differences and gaps. With the field study and analysis of the literature it was possible to notice that the INTERA methodology was also ideal for the development of educational games. In order to supply this problem, an extension of the INTERA methodology was proposed, where this extension was applied in the development of a game of the RPG genre. Using the extension of the methodology in the field study, it was possible to notice positive points on the part of the participants, such as the participation in a multidisciplinary project, learning the step by step of the development of an educational game, etc.

Submitted by Leonardo Alvarez Franco (leonardo.alvarez@unesp.br) on 2020-02-17T15:17:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Versão Final - Leonardo Alvarez Franco.pdf: 12740133 bytes, checksum: d0873a4a9cf81091dead5b21bd05988d (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2020-02-17T19:00:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 franco_la_me_bauru.pdf: 12740133 bytes, checksum: d0873a4a9cf81091dead5b21bd05988d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-17T19:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 franco_la_me_bauru.pdf: 12740133 bytes, checksum: d0873a4a9cf81091dead5b21bd05988d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-09-16 Esta dissertação buscou compreender de que formas as ilustrações de fantasia são utilizadas nos manuais de regras da franquia de jogos Dungeons & Dragons, publicada originalmente em 1974 e que recebe novas edições até hoje. Para isso, foram levantadas as relações entre design, comunicação e arte, analisando as representações da fantasia na literatura e nas artes visuais e gráficas, bem como uma pesquisa sobre a história da franquia e suas cinco edições principais. Foi realizada também uma análise documental dos manuais de regras mais importantes dessas cinco edições, na qual são observadas as variações de frequência e proporção no uso de imagens, as mudanças de linguagem e estilo visual. Desses livros, foram selecionadas ilustrações, posteriormente utilizadas em uma pesquisa com usuários que observou as relações emocionais que se estabeleciam entre imagem e leitor, através da aplicação de protocolos de diferencial semântico em entrevistas dirigidas. This dissertation sought to understand in what ways fantasy illustrations are used in the Dungeons & Dragons game franchise rulebooks, originally published in 1974 and receiving new editions to this day. For this, the relations between design, communication and art were raised, analyzing the representations of fantasy in literature and the visual and graphic arts, as well as a research on the history of the franchise and its five main editions. A documentary analysis of the most important rule manuals of these five editions was also performed, in which variations in frequency and proportion in the use of images, changes in language and visual style are observed. From these books, illustrations were selected, later used in a research with users that observed the emotional relations that were established between image and reader, through the application of semantic differential protocols in directed interviews.

Involving local communities in ecosystem service research can improve the relevance, quality, and, ultimately, outcomes of natural resource management. Local engagement can also contribute to solutions for ecosystem management challenges by diversifying the range of options, and contextualizing their applicability. The benefits to local communities of ecosystem service-based policies for regulating industrial developments, such as oil palm industry growth, are therefore best understood from the perspectives of the local communities themselves. The goal of my study was to assess land-use change in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and to identify the causes and effects of the increasing expansion of the oil palm industry. I used various tools to explore how local communities perceive the changes to ecosystem services in an oil palm-dominated landscape. The research was conducted in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, between 2016 and 2018. In the following chapters, I present the details of my study. In Chapter 2, I examine community perceptions of environmental change. I used observations, focus group discussions (FGD), and interviews in four villages along the Belayan River, in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to explore how ecosystems are perceived by local communities living in different oil palm development contexts. I also used a novel tabletop Role Playing Game (RPG) to understand how these communities make land-use management decisions to meet their livelihood needs. The game is presented in Chapters 3 and 4. In Chapter 3, I describe my RPG and assess its value as a research tool, and in Chapter 4, I present the details of how I used my RPG to gather information on the demographic factors that affect land-use changes. Main livelihood activities differed across the villages, which were either fishing communities, oil palm smallholder communities, or forest-dependent communities. Perceptions of ecosystem services also varied across the villages, although three services were considered crucial by all four villages: fish provision, water quality, and land availability. These services can be a common-concern entry point for discussions on landscape management. Despite common recognition of the negative impacts of oil palm development on these crucial services, all communities are nevertheless choosing to expand the oil palm industry. The communities identified a wide array of direct and indirect drivers underlying this trend, including social influence, financial capital, ecological factors, and subsidies from local governments. This was evident in the game sessions, where most players chose to expand oil palm land-use in their landscapes. Their decisions in the game provided us with an understanding of how and why land-use changes occur. Decisions were affected by the demographics of players, particularly concerning how they allocated their labour in the game. For example, ethnicity and livelihood were shown to affect the amount of paddy farming, ethnicity, and education were shown to affect oil palm expansion, and livelihood and gender were shown to affect land clearing. In terms of land management, this study highlighted that every landscape has different types of actors that collectively affect land management decisions, which lead to oftendifferent land cover outcomes. I learned that the processes of planning and managing sustainable lands should be adapted to local contexts since the different actors have different characteristics, values, and perceptions for managing their land. Thus, to manage land more sustainably, it is necessary to include the more holistic knowledge of local communities, even though other factors, such as institutions (policy and social relations) and nature (climate change) are also drivers behind people’s land-use decisions. If crucial, widely valued ecosystem services are to be maintained in oil palm landscapes, it is essential to engage local people, along with policymakers and oil palm companies in the beginning stages of land-use policymaking processes.

Статья содержит результаты исследования, носящего пилотажный характер, в рамках которого проанализировано использование нескольких коммуникативных стратегий, наблюдаемых в игровом взаимодействии студентов 1-5-го курсов кафедры общей психологии и психологии личности УрФУ. В статье рассматривается склонность к риску как часть возможной коммуникативной стратегии, которая проявляется в ситуации ролевой игры. Наблюдение за игровым взаимодействием позволило рассмотреть поведенческий аспект коммуникации в дополнение к самооценочному, который представлен в результатах опросников. В качестве методик авторами были использованы: опросник «Исследование склонности к риску» А.Г. Шмелева, опросник «Самооценка склонности к экстремально-рискованному поведению» М. Цуккермана, опросник «Готовность к риску» А.М.Шуберт, Мельбурнский, опросник принятия решений (МОПР). В качестве основы наблюдения за проявлениями склонности к риску в ситуации ролевой игры авторами использована разработанная ими ранее классификация коммуникативных стратегий, применимая в бизнес-играх. Авторы статьи предполагают, что зная поведенческие маркеры склонности к риску в проявлении коммуникативных стратегий, с одной стороны, можно прогнозировать эффективность общения, а с другой — расширить спектр профессионально важных качеств в контексте рискологической компетентности. Результаты пилотажного исследования позволяют подтвердить важность изучения склонности к риску через наблюдение за игровым взаимодействием и расширить понимание риска в повседневном общении в молодежной среде. Полученные данные являются основанием для продолжения исследования с более детальной фиксацией результатов с последующей статистической обработкой данных. The results of a pilot research are contained in the article. In the framework of the research the use of several communication strategies in game interaction of 1-5 year students of the Department of General Psychology and Personality Psychology of UrFU was analyzed. Risk-taking as part of a possible communication strategy which is manifested in a roleplaying situation is discussed in the article. Observation of game interaction allowed us to consider the behavioral aspect of communication in addition to self-assessment which is presented in the results of questionnaires. The authors used the following methods: the Study “Propensity to risk” questionnaire by A.G. Shmelev, the Questionnaire “Self-assessment of propensity to extreme risk behavior” by M.Tsukkerman, the Questionnaire “Readiness for risk” by A.M. Schubert, Melbourn, Questionnaire for adoption decisions (MOPR). As a basis for monitoring the manifestations of risk-taking in a role-playing game, the authors used the previously developed classification of communicative strategies that is applicable in business games. The authors of the article suggest that knowing the behavioral markers of risk-taking in the anifestation of communicative strategies will allow, on the one hand, to predict the effectiveness of communication, and on the other - to expand the range of professionally important qualities in the context of risk competence. The results of the pilot study confirm the importance of studying the risk-taking through observation of the game interaction and expand the understanding of risk in everyday communication among young people. The data obtained are the basis for further studies with more detailed result fixation with subsequent statistical processing of data.

Video oyunları hikaye anlatımı için harika araçlardır. Fakat bu özelliklerini ortaya çıkarmak olması gerekenden daha zordur. Rol yapma oyunları yapmak oyun geliştiricilerinden çok fazla zaman ve çok fazla emek gerektirmektedir. Mevcut araçlar ne yazık ki zaten kanıtlanmış dizayn özelliklerine ve çoğunlukla var olan oyun mekaniklerinin kopyalanmasına odaklanmaktadır. Bu tez oyun geliştiricilere rol yapma oyunlarını çok daha kolay ve hızlı geliştirmelerine yardımcı olacak bir oyun geliştirme yazılım çerçevesi önermektedir. Bunu başarmak için bu tezde önerilen çerçeve varolan rol yapma oyunlarındaki ortak oyun mekaniklerini ve özelliklerini kullanıp, bunları model-view-controller tasarım örüntüsü temel alınarak geliştirilmiş yeni özelliklerin eklenmesi, çıkarılması ve değiştirilmesine imkan sağlayan modüler bir yapı sağlar. Bu modülerlik aynı zamanda önerilen çerçeveyi oyun geliştiriciler için son derece ölçeklenebilir bir oyun geliştirme ortamına dönüştürür.Bu çalışmada, bu çerçevenin yeteneklerini göstermek için bir oyun hazırlanmış ve çeşitli yinelemelerle geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, diğer geliştiricilerin çerçeveye ilişkin görüşlerini almak için bir kullanıcı çalışması sonuçlandırılmıştır. Video games are a great medium for storytelling. Taking advantage of this quality is, however, harder than it needs to be. Making role-playing games takes too much time and work on the part of game developers. Existing tools to develop such games, unfortunately, focus more on already proven design features and mostly duplicate the same game mechanics. This thesis proposes a game development framework to offer a solution to help game developers to build role-playing games in a much easier and quicker fashion. To accomplish this, the framework utilizes common game mechanics and features from existing role-playing games while providing a modular structure to add, remove, change or create new features to built games using a model-view-controller pattern. This modularity also transforms the proposed framework into a highly scalable game development environment to work with for developers.In this study, an example game is built and several iterations of it developed with this framework to show its capabilities. Also, a user study is concluded to gain the insights of other developers on the framework. 80

Mobil oyunların günümüzdeki konumu, `oyun` kavramının gerçekliğini sorgulatan olumsuz etkiler içermektedir. Oyun ile birey arasındaki ilişki ve bunu belirleyen birtakım ihtiyaçlar, zaman içerisinde değişime uğramış ve teknoloji ile dönüşen yaşam tarzımızda oyunlar basit bir `vakit öldürme` aracı olmaktan çıkmıştır. Boş zamanın mobil oyunlar ile anlamsızlaştığı bu süreçte oyun ve gerçeklik arasındaki hiyerarşik ilişkiler tersine dönmüştür. Mobil oyunların gerçekliği tehdit edercesine kuşatması ve insan ile kurduğu ilişki sonucunda ortaya çıkan etkiler, hem mobil oyunların realitesini ortaya koymakta hem de bu etkilerden etkilenen bireylerin konumunu gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu amaç çerçevesinde yapılan çalışmada oyun kavramı ve oynama ihtiyaçları detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Çalışmada mobil çevrimiçi rol yapma oyunu olan Lineage 2 Revolution dünyasına gözlemci olarak girilerek oyunsal eylemler deneyimlenmiş; oyunsal eylemlerin insan yapısında bulunan oynama ihtiyaçlarını sabote edişi ve değişen oyun yapısı, Baudrillard'ın Simülasyon Kuramı ile analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca Kracauer'in Kitle Süsü kavramından hareketle birey ve oyun arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Oyunlar, Simülasyon, Dijital Kitle Süsü, Çevrimiçi Mobil Oyunlar, Lineage 2 Revolution The current position of mobile games has negative effects that question the reality of the `game` concept. The relationship between the game and the individual and the needs that determine it have changed over time and in our lifestyle transformed with technology, games have ceased to be a simple ''time killing'' tool. In this process, where leisure time becomes meaningles with mobile games, the hierarchical relationships between game and reality have been reversed. The effects of the mobile games as a result of the siege and the relationship they establish with the people threaten the reality both reveal the reality of the mobile games and reveal the position of the individuals affected by these effects. In this study, the concept of play and its needs are examined in detail. In the study, gameplay experiences were experienced by entering the world of Lineage 2 Revolution, a mobile online role playing game as an observer; the sabotaged and changing game structure of the human needs of the playful actions have been analyzed by Baudrillard's Simulation Theory. In addition, Kracauer's Mass Ornament concept and the relationship between the individual and the game are discussed.Keywords: Games, Simulation, Digital Mass Ornament, Online Mobile Games, Lineage 2 Revolution 129

Bu araştırmanın amacı, klasik yöntemlerle işlenen derslerde öğretmen gözetiminde ek materyal olarak öğrencilerin yaşadıkları çevreden esinlenerek geliştirilen dijital eğitsel oyun kullanımının, İngilizce derslerindeki kelime öğrenme başarısına, bu öğrenilen kelimelerin kalıcılığına ve öğrencilerin oyun ve oyun ile işlenen dersler hakkındaki görüşlerine etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Bolu ilinde bulunan Gerede ilçesindeki MEB'e bağlı bir ortaokul olan Esentepe Ortaokulu'nda eğitim almakta olan altıncı ve yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinden toplamda 98 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Altıncı ve yedinci sınıflardan birer şube kontrol ve deney grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Her iki gruba da araştırma öncesi araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan başarı testi ön-test olarak uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubuna klasik yöntemlerle İngilizce dersi anlatılmıştır. Deney grubu ise klasik yöntemlerle anlatılan derslere ilave olarak araştırmacı tarafından öğrencilerin yaşadıkları çevreden esinlenerek geliştirilen dijital eğitsel bir RPG (Rol Yapma Oyunu) oynamıştır. Uygulama sonunda her iki gruba da başarı testi son-test olarak uygulanmıştır. Son-test sonuçlarına göre her iki deney grubunun içindeki üst, orta ve alt seviyedeki gruplardan seçilen toplamda 18 öğrenciyle de görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Uygulama bittikten bir ay sonra ise her iki gruba da kalıcılık testi uygulanmıştır. Son-test sonuçlarına göre deney grubunun başarısı kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede yüksek çıkmıştır. Aynı şekilde kalıcılık testine göre deney grubundaki öğrencilerin öğrendikleri bilgileri hatırlama düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede yüksek çıkmıştır. Yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda ise öğrencilerin verdikleri cevaplar, bu uygulama esnasında eğlendikleri ve öğrendikleri başlıkları altında toplanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Dijital Eğitsel Oyunlar, RPG, İngilizce Eğitimi, Kelime Bilgisi, Öğretmen Gözetiminde Oyun Oynama, İngilizce Dersi Hakkında Görüşler, Başarı, Kalıcılık. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of using digital educational games which has been developed as being inspired by the environment of the students under the supervision of the teacher as an additional material on the lessons which taught in classical methods, on the success of vocabulary learning in English lessons, the retention of these words and the students' views about the game and the lessons taught with the game. The sample of the study consists of a total of 98 students from sixth and seventh grade students studying at Esentepe Secondary School, a secondary school affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Gerede, located in Bolu province. One branch from each sixth and seventh grades were determined as control and experimental groups. Both groups were pre-tested with an achievement test developed by the researcher before the study. The control group was taught English through classical methods. In addition to the classical methods, the experimental group played a digital educational RPG developed by the researcher which was inspired by the environment of the students. At the end of the application, both groups were post-tested with the achievement test. According to the post-test results, a total of 18 students were interviewed which were selected from the successful, intermediate and low-level groups in both experimental groups. One month after the end of the application, the retention test was applied to both groups. According to the post-test results, the success of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Similarly, retention test scores were significantly higher in the experimental group than it was in the control group. As a result of the interviews, the answers of the students were gathered under the titles of having fun and learning during this application.Key Words: Dijital Educational Games, RPG, Teaching English, Vocabulary, Playing Games Under the Supervision of the Teacher, Views about the English Lesson, Success, Retention. 94

Eğlence endüstrisi hızla değişmeye devam etmektedir ve video oyunları bu değişimde önemli bir faktör durumuna gelmiştir. Çeşitli medyalar arasında geçen hikaye anlatıcılığının da yardımıyla kurgusal dünyalar eğlence endüstrisindeki bu değişimin odak noktası olmuştur. Kurgusal bir dünya bir medya tipinde başarılı olduğunda diğer medyalara da yayılmaktadır. Video oyunları başka medyalardan kurgusal dünyalar alıntıladıkları gibi, kendi eşsiz dünyalarını da yaratmışlardır. Teknolojideki gelişmeler video oyunlarının eğlence endüstrisindeki bir sonraki büyük marka olabilecek kadar daha detaylı ve zengin dünyalar sunabilmelerini sağlamaktadır.Bu tez bilgisayar rol yapma oyunlarındaki kurgusal dünyalarda yer alan dünya oluşturma yöntemlerindeki örnekleri ve trendleri ortaya çıkartmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu türdeki en başarılı on oyunun içerik analizi yapılarak oyun dünya tasarımındaki geçmiş başarılar daha iyi anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu analiz ile dünya oluşturmaya yönelik tekrar eden öğeler sunulurken, bir taraftan da her bir kurgusal dünyanın farklı medyaları kullanması da verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada oluşturulan dünya oluşturma unsurlarına bakış sistemi kurgusal dünyaların yapıtaşlarını daha iyi anlamak için farklı oyunlara da uygulanabilir. The entertainment industry has been changing rapidly and the growing popularity of video games has become a major factor in this transition. Fictional worlds have become the focus of this change in entertainment industry with the help of the possibilities created by transmedia storytelling. Once a fictional world is successful for one type of media it expands through different media. Video games have been borrowing fictional worlds from other media, as well as creating their own unique worlds. Improving technology enabled video games to present detailed and rich worlds which can become the next big franchises in the entertainment industry. This thesis attempts to find out the patterns and trends of worldbuilding methods in the fictional worlds of computer role-playing games. A content analysis of ten of the most successful games of this genre is used to create a better understanding of the past achievements of game world design. With this analysis repeating patterns of worldbuilding in games will be presented while the use of different media for each fictional world will be given. The framework used in this study to look at worldbuilding elements can also be used for more games to understand the structures of fictional worlds. 110

Öğretmen ve öğrencinin eğitim sürecinde istenen sonuçları elde edebilmesi için mevcut öğretim tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda, konuşma becerisinin geliştirilmesi için `rol oynama` tekniği ele alınmıştır. Türkiye'de Arapça öğretiminde konuşma becerisinin geliştirilmesinde karşılaşılan zorluklar irdelenmiş, öğrencilerin öğrendiklerini uygun ortamlarda uygulamalarına yardımcı olmak üzere rol yapma tekniği detaylarıyla ele alınmıştır. Yabancılar için Arapça öğretiminde ders kitabı olarak kullanılan dört dil serisi, rol tekniği açısından incelenmiş, incelemede elde edilen verilen ışığında öğrencilerin konuşma becerilerini geliştirmek amacıyla söz konusu ders serilerinden `Silsilet el-Lisân` serisinin temalarına paralel olarak rol kartları tasarlanmıştır. Existing teaching techniques should be improved in order for teachers and students to be able to obtain the desired results in the process of education. This study considers `role-playing` technique to improve the speaking skill. Thus, the study scrutinises the challenges encountered in developing the speaking skill in teaching Arabic in Turkey, and it considers role-playing technique in detail to help students to apply what they have learnt to appropriate situations. Four series of books used as course books in teaching Arabic were analysed in this study from the aspect of role-playing technique and role cards were designed in parallel to the themes available in the book series `Silsilat al-Lisān` so as to improve the speaking skill in the light of the analysis results. 105

So when we’re talkin about dice gods it’s clear to note that I don’t think anyone actually believes in a divine dice being that is granting wishes but, because the entire game boils down to randomness and chance something that develops in every group I’m sure of it every group something like this comes up or some sort of luck based, fate altering idea is born, where we before you roll something really important you’re getting ready to roll *rubs his hands together and raises them as if praying* and you go “Oh, okay come on dice gods.” You’re hoping, what you’re trying to do is in your, in your monkey brain *laughter* trying to change the fate, the randomness so that it bends into your favor.

So save-or-suck usually when we’re talking about it is talking about a mechanic in the game for spells and the idea is, not always it could also be like uh events that the the DM puts on to you S: Like what? B: Like a trap or uh you drink some poison or something and what it’s if you have a save you have to roll the dice you add the appropriate modifier meaning like what your characters good at for that situation and then you roll the dice which is the random chance and you have to beat a certain number that the DM has come up with. Um higher number’s harder to succeed lower number’s easier to succeed. So Save-or-suck is the idea that you have to succeed or it’s terrible usually when we’re talking about it with spells what it means is “I cast a certain spell” *gestures forward with his hand” and the enemy has to make a save and if the don’t it’s really really bad but if the do nothing really happens. And I would say that used sparingly against a player save-or-suck can be an intense moment if the player knows it. It’s not it’s really not fun if the player doesn’t know, if they’re just rolling the dice, *pretends to cast dice* and then the DM goes “Oh well now you’re dead” *shrugs* that’s not really fun doesn’t build tension, but when if the if rolling if the DM is like “Listen this is gonna it comes down to this roll” then there’s some tension build up there. That could fun but it can’t happen all the time if it happens all the time your players aren’t gonna want to interact with anything, they will fear having a save or suck situation and then when it comes to spells that are save-or-suck nothing is more disappointing than casting a spell that you think is gonna do something awesome and then nothing happens.

With our group when we are playing Dungeons and Dragons and we roll the dice and something bad happens, we lots of time look for any excuse to negate that bad happening. So we roll the dice and there’s a low number when we wanted a high number but it kinda hit a notebook S: *snickers* B: and we say “Okay that was interference, something got in the way” and you reroll the dice. But we will never ever do that if the roll is high. Strictly us trying to get out of a sticky situation. S: Can you give me specific examples of what counted and didn’t? B: *chuckle* Well towards the end you started to put a big kabosh on “okay no where the dice lands, the dice lands,” but it would tend to be if um it hit something on the table that wasn’t normally there or if we didn’t roll the dice fully and it kinda slipped out of our hands. Sometimes we’d count that as interference. Usually it had to do with hitting something on the table or. And in some cases if the dice isn’t rolled if it just plopped down and just landed right down on the table without any rolling we’d go “Oh clearly that was interference.” S: *laugh* B: But yeah towards the end we started to uh, we got a little crazy with interference so uh S: Why do you think that is why do you think we stopped it? B: Um I would say it’s, I don’t know. Because I guess we viewed having the random chance as more *air quotes* “correct” right? Like the point of the dice in the game is to add some suspense to make it so you don’t know what is or isn’t gonna happen. So I think we got rid of the interference because we wanted to keep the odds more pure.

An undead walks into an inn and immediately finds the nearest lonely patron, sits next to him and starts talking and yammering his ear off. He complains about how there are secret groups of paladins and clerics constantly plotting the eradication of his culture and how dwarves have been immigrating into his homeland and causing the downfall of underworld society. The innkeep sees the other man is annoyed and goes over there and asks the undead to leave. The undead says “Why, I’m not doing anything wrong!” and the barkeeper says “We don’t serve wight supremacists.”

The process of bringing someone back from the dead is an arduous process. Souls in the Great Beyond have very little reason to leave and if they do, the way back is hard to find. A spell that brings someone back from the dead does not instantly revive them. Instead it opens a way to entreat their soul back into their lifeless body. When the spell is cast up to three Players can opt to make an offering or speech of some kind to try and convince the spirit to come back. Each player makes a skill check relevant to their contribution to the ritual. The DM then sets the DC they must beat based on how much the spirit can connect with the offering. For example a spirit is more likely to hear the pleas of a distraught lover or close friend than an acquaintance. The DM then rolls a d20 and has to beat DC 20. For each successful entreatment the DC is lowered by 3. On a success the player is brought back to life.

Whenever you are and an ally are both adjacent to an enemy you may add 1d4 to your attack roll against that enemy.