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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(3), 1057-1065 | European Forum Insight of 27 December 2023 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction - II. The Impact of the War on the Accession Process of Ukraine - III. Peace Deal as a decisive factor for Ukraine’s Accession to the EU - IV. Impact of Ukraine’s future membership on the EU and its policies - V. Concluding remarks. | (Abstract) The candidate country status for Ukraine was justified and widely supported by the EU institutions and EU Member States because of Russia’s brutal invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. However, Ukraine’s accession to the EU is not going to be an easy ride. It is the first case in history of EU integration when a candidate country that fights for its sovereignty and existence is endeavoring to meet strict conditions of the EU membership. This situation brings to both the EU and Ukraine difficult choices and challenges. For Ukraine it is essential to secure a just and lasting peace deal with Russia, to end the hostilities and to be able to complete the meticulous EU accession process. For the EU it is urgent to adjust its institutional, legal, political and economic systems to absorb a new wave of enlargement that may bring 10 new Member States on board. This Insight advocates that Ukraine’s accession to the EU will not be conventional but an experimental exercise that embraces new accession tracks like “accession through war” and “gradual integration”.

Editorial of issue # 8-9 / 2022-2023

Salmonella pullorum (S. pullorum) is the causative agent of pullorum disease and results in severe economic losses in poultry, and can long-term survival by colonizing host organs. steE is an effector protein secreted by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2. It is not clear in vivo for the colonization of Salmonella. To investigate the role of steE on the colonization of S. Pullorum in the principal organs of chicken, we used S. pullorum and S. pullorum ΔsteE strains immunized chickens, respectively. The results of the virulence assay showed that the LD50 of S. pullorum ΔsteE was 22.8 times higher than that of S. pullorum in chickens. The colonization experiment of bacteria showed that the overall change trend of the number of S. pullorum and S. pullorum ΔsteE strains were similar in chicken liver, spleen, heart, bursa, and cecum, which increased first and then decreased. However, the deletion of steE caused significantly reduced colonization, pathological change, and virulence of S. pullorum in a chicken infection model. Our findings provide exciting insights into the pathogenic mechanism and live attenuated vaccine associated with steE in S. pullorum.

Mammalian yersiniosis is of interest to researchers around the world, due to the expansion of the range of spread of the disease. Most publications of previous years concerned productive animals and the spread of the pathogen in environmental objects. Recently, isolated reports have begun to appear about the isolation of pathogens, yersinioses, from unproductive animals and a rather specific course of diseases. The interest of bacteriologists and epidemiologists is based on the increasingly frequent detection of Y. Enterocolitica pathogen in the body of so-called companion animals, which are often directly in close contact with the host. To date, the possibility of human infection from a bacterial carrier has already been proven. The purpose of this study was to clarify the main vectors of pathogenesis of spontaneous feline intestinal yersiniosis by investigating changes in the architectonics of parenchymal organs. The materials for the study were the internal organs of cats that died as a result of spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis, the diagnosis of which was established based on the clinical picture and the determination of diagnostic titres of antibodies to standard yersiniosis antigens. It was found that the feline disease is mostly asymptomatic, and due to the affinity of many pathogens of yersiniosis in animals and humans, it becomes both epizootological and epidemiological in nature. The most significant pathomorphological changes were found in the organs of cats with intestinal yersiniosis; in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (stagnant phenomena, uneven damage to intestinal villi, sometimes crypts of the submucosal layer and vascular walls, active cell proliferation in desquamation areas); in the liver, mainly protein dystrophy, local areas of necrobiosis and cytolysis of hepatocytes; in the kidneys, congestive hyperaemia and the development of haemorrhagic diathesis, signs of vascular fragility and diapedesis bleeding, and in the case of chronisation of the process – a response to vascular endothelial damage in the form of migration of mononuclears to the future focus of inflammation; in the spleen and lymph nodes, delymphotisation of white pulp was observed, in other cases, an increase in the number of secondary lymph nodes with the formation of large reactive centres was detected in the spleen

At present, the current direction in poultry farming is the development of methods for raising poultry without the use of antibiotics to overcome antibiotic resistance. For this purpose, it is recommended to use mineral supplements of chelated forms of microelements of zinc, copper, and manganese in poultry diets. Chelated minerals are characterised by better digestibility during intensive broiler farming, which limits the use of minerals and reduces environmental pollution. The purpose of the study was to examine the quality of meat of broiler chickens of the Cobb-500 cross, provided that chelated forms of zinc, copper, and manganese are included in the diet. Experimental studies were conducted in 2021 on broiler chickens of the Cobb-500 cross. Two groups of 20 heads of poultry were formed to examine the chemical composition of meat. Poultry of the control group received a basic diet with zinc, copper, and manganese sulfates, and poultry of the experimental group – enriched with chelated compounds of these microelements. The addition of chelated compounds of zinc, copper, and manganese to the diet of broiler chickens leads to an increase in the amount of fat, calcium and zinc in white muscles by 69.6, 24.6% and 1.4 times, and in red muscles-by 41.1, 30.9% and 3.4 times, respectively. The content of copper and manganese increases by 48.0 and 95.5% in red muscles and by 28.1 and 15.2% in white muscles compared to the control group. Therewith, there is a decrease in the relative content of essential amino acids by 1.1-1.3% and an increase in non-essential amino acids by 2.6-2.7%. According to the overall assessment of organoleptic parameters of broiler chickens fed zinc, copper, and manganese chelates, the sum of points was 2.0 points higher in the femoral muscles and 1.5 points higher in the pectoral muscles. In addition, according to the tasting assessment of meat from the thigh muscles of broiler chickens, more points were obtained in terms of tenderness by 10.0%, taste by 12.2%, and aroma by 13.2%. According to the tasting assessment of meat from the pectoral muscles of broiler chickens, more points were obtained in terms of tenderness by 18.9% and aroma by 10.3%. According to the reaction with copper sulfate, the content of ammonium and ammonia salts, broiler chicken meat was fresh and obtained from healthy poultry. As a result of organoleptic, physico-chemical, and biochemical studies of broiler chicken meat under the conditions of adding microelement chelates to the diet, it was established that it belongs to fresh and high-quality for consumption. These studies argue for the use of chelated compounds of microelements in poultry farming and contribute to their further introduction into production

Передмова

This article examines the extent of the practice of resilience in the process of the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (AA). Also, it analyses the main legislative and institutional tools promoting resilience of Ukraine’s market integration with the EU. Two cases are considered in this study. The first case is the launch of negotiations on the EU-Ukraine Agreement on Conformity and Acceptance of Industrial Products (ACAA). The second case is an EU-Ukraine Trade Dispute on Export Woods Ban. In both cases the EU institutions and Ukraine display a high degree of flexibility to pursue a policy of resilience to achieve a high degree of EU Internal Market rapprochement. In the case of Ukraine, the institutional mechanism of the EU-Ukraine AA remains unused as a forum to discuss effectively and to find solutions for impeding problems in the bilateral cooperation agenda. Therefore, a coherent, transparent, and effective institutional cooperation framework in the bilateral EU-Ukraine relations is still needed.

Very few people expected President Zelensky and his government to even think about EU membership amidst the avalanching invasion of the Russian army. In parallel with the accelerating speed of Ukraine’s accession, the EU was searching for new forms of political cooperation to strengthen its resilience and ensure mutual solidarity in times of intimidating security and economic crises in Europe. The European Political Community contains several important advantages to be considered by Ukraine against the backdrop of its accession process to the EU.

Мало хто очікував, що президент Зеленський і його уряд навіть подумають про членство в ЄС на тлі лавиноподібного вторгнення російської армії. Паралельно з прискоренням вступу України ЄС шукав нові форми політичної співпраці для зміцнення своєї стійкості та забезпечення взаємної солідарності в часи страшної безпеки та економічної кризи в Європі. Європейське політичне співтовариство містить кілька важливих переваг, які Україна має враховувати під час процесу вступу до ЄС.

ABSTRACT: Salmonella is one of the most common Gram-negative pathogens and seriously threatens chicken farms and food safety. This study aimed to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach for the identification of different Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The citE2 gene and interval sequence of SPS4_00301–SPS4_00311 existed in all S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars by genomic comparison. By contrast, a 76 bp deletion in citE2 was found only in Salmonella Pullorum. Two pairs of special primers designed from citE2 and interval sequence were used to establish the multiplex PCR system. The optimized multiplex PCR system could distinguish Salmonella Pullorum and non-Salmonella Pullorum. The sensitivity of the optimized multiplex PCR system could be as low as 6.25 pg/μL and 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for genomic DNA and Salmonella Pullorum cells, respectively. The developed multiplex PCR assay distinguished Salmonella Pullorum from 33 different Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes and 13 non-target species. The detection of egg samples artificially contaminated with Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, and naturally contaminated 69 anal swab samples showed that results were consistent with the culture method. These features indicated that the developed multiplex PCR system had high sensitivity and specificity and could be used for the accurate detection of Salmonella Pullorum in clinical samples.

The article provides data on the isolation and identification of the pathogen S. Pullorum from pathological material of chickens. With further study of tinctorial, cultural-morphological and biological properties of the pathogen. The susceptibility of Salmonella pullorum to broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs such as cephalosporins and carbopenems was further studied to determine the drug of choice for improving treatment and prevention of avian bacterial diseases. In order to diagnose Salmonella pullorum (S. Pullorum) diarrhea accurately and analyze its drug resistance. In this study, the pathogen of a chicken suspected of S. Pullorum was isolation, PCR amplification and drug sensitivity analysis of the pathogen from in chicken farm in Xinxiang, north China. The results showed that the bacteria strain was diagnosed as S. Pullorum base on isolation and identification, Gram staining and biochemical identification of the bacteria. Antibacterial drugs sensitivity test confirmed that the bacteria was sensitive to ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, meropenem and kanamycin, and the effect of sensitive antibiotics was obvious in clinical treatment. Altogether, the present experiment revealed a detailed measure for S. Pullorum prevention and control and that achieved good clinical results, which laid a fundamental information for farmers and veterinary workers on eradication of S. Pullorum.

This article investigates the complex problems arising from the discrepancy of traditional liberal crisis response approaches in the new type of complex emergencies. Based on the in-depth empirical analysis, it examines the EU role in addressing security sector reforms, humanitarian assistance and warfare in Libya and Ukraine, two key EU neighboring countries with ongoing military conflicts. It is argued that the observed over-emphasis on state-centric stabilization measures, with its main focus on formal state structures, fails to deal with the hybrid dynamics of conflict and peacebuilding in both countries. It is suggested that to shape comprehensive crisis response in an unstable neighborhood a multi-layered perspectives approach to security, sensitive to plural agencies and informal rules, should be developed both outside and within EU borders.

The release of ancient carbon from thawing permafrost is thought to have an important impact on global biogeochemistry through positive feedbacks. Here Dean and colleagues show that in Siberian permafrost, warming could liberate more contemporary carbon relative to aged counterparts.

The article is focused on the process of transposition “an acquis” of the EU in the legal system of Ukraine, provided by the Association Agreement and other international instruments. The author notes that the “acquis” of the EU transposition in the legal system of Ukraine is a difficult process which happens thanks to the participation of our state in foreign policies of the EU, the conclusion of bilateral agreements and sectoral cooperation with the EU. The first part of the article provides an overview of the place of association agreements in the EU legal system. The second part of the article analyses the process of transposition of the EU acquis into the legal system of Ukraine in the Association Agreement. The third part of the article reviews the transposition of the EU’s “sectoral acquis” into the legal system of Ukraine in the fields of energy and trade in goods. The possible effects of the transposition of the EU “acquis” on the legal system of Ukraine with respect of its Europeanisation are analyzed.

One of the new materials that have recently attracted wide attention of researchers are magnetoelectric (ME) composites. Great interest in these materials is due to their properties associated with the transformation of electric polarization/magnetization under the influence of external magnetic/electric fields and the possibility of their use to create new devices. In the proposed review, ME magnetic field sensors based on the widely used structures Terfenol—PZT/PMN-PT, Metglas—PZT/PMN-PT, and Metglas—Lithium niobate, among others, are considered as the first applications of the ME effect in technology. Estimates of the parameters of ME sensors are given, and comparative characteristics of magnetic field sensors are presented. Taking into account the high sensitivity of ME magnetic field sensors, comparable to superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), we discuss the areas of their application.

The article is devoted to the analysis of process of transposition «an acquis» of the EU in the legal system of Ukraine, provided by the Agreement on association and the Energy Community Treaty. The author notes that the «acquis» of the EU transposition in the legal system of Ukraine is a difficult process which happens thanks to the participation of our state in foreign policies of the EU, the conclusion of bilateral agreements and sectoral cooperation with the EU. An accession of Ukraine to the Energy Community and concluding the Association agreement with the EU has considerable influence on process of europeanization of the legal system of Ukraine.

Fire severity is a key fire regime characteristic with high ecological and carbon cycle relevance. Prior studies on boreal forest fires primarily focused on mapping severity in North American boreal forests. However, the dominant tree species and their impacts on fire regimes are different between North American and Siberian boreal forests. Here, we used Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to test the potential for using the most common spectral index for assessing fire severity, the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), over two fire scars and 37 field plots in Northeast Siberian larch-dominated (Larix cajanderi) forests. These field plots were sampled into two different forest types: (1) dense young stands and (2) open mature stands. For this evaluation, the dNBR was compared to field measurements of the Geometrically structured Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI) and burn depth. We found a linear relationship between dNBR and GeoCBI using data from all forest types (R2 = 0.42, p < 0.001). The dNBR performed better to predict GeoCBI in open mature larch plots (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.001). The GeoCBI provides a holistic field assessment of fire severity yet is dominated by the effect of fire on vegetation. No significant relationships were found between GeoCBI components (overall and substrate stratum) and burn depth within our fires (p > 0.05 in all cases). However, the dNBR showed some potential as a predictor for burn depth, especially in the dense larch forests (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.001). In line with previous studies in boreal North America, the dNBR correlated reasonably well with field data of aboveground fire severity and showed some skills as a predictor of burn depth. More research is needed to refine spaceborne fire severity assessments in the larch forests of Northeast Siberia, including assessments of additional fire scars and integration of dNBR with other geospatial proxies of fire severity.

This article analyses the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (EU-Ukraine AA). It argues that this new legal framework, which has the objective to establish a unique form of political association and economic integration, is characterized by three specific features: comprehensiveness, complexity and conditionality. After a brief background of the EU-Ukraine relations, the following aspects are scrutinized: legal basis and objectives, institutional framework and mechanisms of enhanced conditionality, and legislative approximation. In addition, constitutional challenges for the effective implementation of the EU-Ukraine AA are discussed. Based upon a comparison with other EU external agreements, it is demonstrated that the EU-Ukraine AA is an innovative legal instrument providing for a new type of integration without membership.

The paper is devoted to the possibility of using magnetoelectric materials for the production of a crankshaft position sensor for automobiles. The composite structure, consisting of a PZT or LiNbO3 piezoelectric with a size of 20 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, and plates of the magnetostrictive material Metglas of the appropriate size were used as a sensitive element. The layered structure was made from a bidomain lithium niobate monocrystal with a Y + 128° cut and amorphous metal of Metglas. Various combinations of composite structures are also investigated; for example, asymmetric structures using a layer of copper and aluminum. The output characteristics of these structures are compared in the resonant and non-resonant modes. It is shown that the value of the magnetoelectric resonant voltage coefficient was 784 V/(cm·Oe), and the low-frequency non-resonant magnetoelectric coefficient for the magnetoelectric element was about 3 V/(cm·Oe). The principle of operation of the position sensor and the possibility of integration into automotive systems, using the CAN bus, are examined in detail. To obtain reliable experimental results, a special stand was assembled on the basis of the SKAD-1 installation. The studies showed good results and a high prospect for the use of magnetoelectric sensors as position sensors and, in particular, of a vehicle’s crankshaft position sensor.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

In this work a magnetoelectric (ME) current sensor design based on a magnetoelectric effect is presented and discussed. The resonant and non-resonant type of ME current sensors are considered. Theoretical calculations of the ME current sensors by the equivalent circuit method were conducted. The application of different sensors using the new effects, for example, the ME effect, is made possible with the development of new ME composites. A large number of studies conducted in the field of new composites, allowed us to obtain a high magnetostrictive-piezoelectric laminate sensitivity. An optimal ME structure composition was matched. The characterization of a non-resonant current sensor showed that in the operation range to 5 A, the sensor had a sensitivity of 0.34 V/A, non-linearity less than 1% and for a resonant current sensor in the same operation range, the sensitivity was of 0.53 V/A, non-linearity less than 0.5%.

All legal measures limiting human rights in response to COVID-19 adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine are made pursuant with respective clauses of two specific legal acts: the Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine (art. 16) and Law “On the protection of the population from infectious diseases” (art. 3). The said legislation empowers the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as a key body in the protection of the population against infectious diseases with a broad margin of appreciation. However, more importantly, is that the Ukrainian Constitution envisages a restriction on certain rights and freedoms if these restrictions are prescribed by law in the interests of protecting the health of the population. Ukrainian think tanks and NGOs express deep concern on unconstitutionality of limitations of human rights caused by the Government’s measures to fight COVID-19.

The pandemic has exposed all the weaknesses and shortcomings of the Ukrainian health protection system, which has been on a periphery of the national reforms agenda for many years. In many regards, the Ukrainian way to protect the population against infectious diseases remains ineffective and fragmented and based of outdated Soviet-time approaches and methods. To date, Ukraine is one of the unfortunate leaders among European countries in confirmed Covid-19 cases and coronavirus death tolls. There is still no clear national strategy on how to prevent the further spread of Covid-19 in Ukraine is in place. The President of Ukraine and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine forecasted the terms of vaccination under the WHO COVAX initiative. However, detailed arrangements are far from being in place.