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As a group of emerging contaminants of global concern, tire additives and their transformation products (TATPs) are causing a severe threat to aquatic ecosystems, particularly the highly lethal effects of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) on certain fish species. Yet, the contamination status of TATPs in the lake ecosystems remains largely uncharacterized. This study conducted the first nationwide monitoring of the distribution characteristics of TATPs in 208 lake sediments collected from five lake regions across China. All the 13 TATPs were identified in lake sediments, with the total levels varying between 1.4 and 1355 ng/g, and 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-OH-PPD) as the most dominant. The total levels of TATPs decreased in the following order: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau > Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Region, Eastern Plain > Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Northeast Plain (p

Abstract Uveal melanoma (UM) is a leading intraocular malignancy with a high 5‐year mortality rate, and radiotherapy is the primary approach for UM treatment. However, the elevated lactic acid, deficiency in ROS, and hypoxic tumor microenvironment have severely reduced the radiotherapy outcomes. Hence, this study devised a novel CoMnFe‐layered double oxides (LDO) nanosheet with multienzyme activities for UM radiotherapy enhancement. On one hand, LDO nanozyme can catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tumor microenvironment into oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS), significantly boosting ROS production during radiotherapy. Simultaneously, LDO efficiently scavenged lactic acid, thereby impeding the DNA and protein repair in tumor cells to synergistically enhance the effect of radiotherapy. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations decoded the transformation pathway from lactic to pyruvic acid, elucidating a previously unexplored facet of nanozyme activity. The introduction of this innovative nanomaterial paves the way for a novel, targeted, and highly effective therapeutic approach, offering new avenues for the management of UM and other cancer types.

ABSTRACT Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a common blood transmission pathogen worldwide, can lead to viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver diseases. In particular, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) may be caused by an immune response leading to suppressed virus replication. Gut microbiota can change the immunity status of the human body and, therefore, affect the replication of HBV. Thus, to identify whether there are differences in gut microbiota between HBV carriers and OBI carriers, we collected fecal samples from 18 HBV carriers, 24 OBI blood donors, and also 20 healthy blood donors as negative control. After 16S sequencing, we found that the abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly reduced in samples from OBI blood donors compared with those from healthy blood donors. Compared with samples from HBV carriers, the samples from OBI blood donors had a significantly increased abundance of Subdoligranulum, which might stimulate immune activation, thus inhibiting HBV replication and contributing to the formation of occult infection. Our findings revealed the potential role of gut microbiota in the formation of OBI and further provided a novel strategy for the treatment of HBV infection.IMPORTANCEOccult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is a special form of hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negative. Gut microbiota may contribute to the immune response leading to suppressed virus replication and, thus, participates in the development of OBI. The study on gut microbiota of OBI blood donors provides novel data considerably advancing our understanding of the immune mechanism for the determination of occult hepatitis B virus infection, which is helpful for improving the strategy of the treatment of HBV infection.

Abstract Background Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most prevalent kind type of paroxysmal Dyskinesia, characterized by recurrent and transient episodes of involuntary movements. Most PKD cases were attributed to the proline‐rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene, in which the c.649 region is a hotspot for known mutations. Even though some patients with PKD have been genetically diagnosed using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing, there are still cases of missed diagnoses due to the limitations of sequencing technology and analytic methods on throughput. Methods Patients meeting the diagnosis criteria of PKD with negative results of PRRT2‐Sanger sequencing and WES were included in this study. Mutation screening and targeted high‐throughput sequencing were performed to analyze and verify the sequencing results of the potential mutations. Results Six patients with PKD with high mutation ratios of c.649dupC were screened using our targeted high‐throughput sequencing from 26 PKD patients with negative results of PRRT2‐Sanger sequencing and WES (frequency = 23.1%), which compensated for the comparatively shallow sequencing depth and statistical flaws in this region. Compared with the local normal population and other patients with PKD, the mutation ratios of c.649dupC of these six patients with PKD were much higher and also had truncated protein structures and differentially altered mRNA expression. Conclusion Based on the above studies, we emphasize the routine targeted high‐throughput sequencing of the c.649 site in the PRRT2 gene in so‐called genetic‐testing‐negative patients with PKD, and manually calculate the deletion and duplication mutations depth and ratios to lower the rate of clinical misdiagnosis.

Objective To detect the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in blood donors in Guangzhou, so as to provide laboratory data support for the collection and clinical use of convalescent plasma. Methods Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured by ELISA in qualified donors. Among them, 326 donors who gave blood in February 2023 were tested for IgG antibodies, 444 donors were tested for neutralizing antibodies. In July 2023, 398 donors were tested for IgG and IgM. Results 399 of 724 blood samples diluted with normal saline (1∶160) were IgG reactive, with a reactive rate of 55.11%. Chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference in the reactive rate of IgG among samples collected at different times (25.46% in February vs 79.40% in July, χ2=210.74, P

Promoting metallic magnesium (Mg)-based implants to treat bone diseases in clinics, such as osteosarcoma and bacterial infection, remains a challenging topic. Herein, an iron hydroxide-based composite coating with a two-stage nanosheet-like structure was fabricated on Mg alloy, and this was followed by a thermal reduction treatment to break some of the surface Fe–OH bonds. The coating demonstrated three positive changes in properties due to the defects. First, the removal of –OH made the coating superhydrophobic, and it had self-cleaning and antifouling properties. This is beneficial for keeping the implants clean and for anti-corrosion before implantation into the human body. Furthermore, the superhydrophobicity could be removed by immersing the implant in a 75% ethanol solution, to further facilitate biological action during service. Second, the color of the coating changed from yellow to brown-black, leading to an increase in the light absorption, which resulted in an excellent photothermal effect. Third, the defects increased the Fe2+ content in the coating and highly improved peroxidase activity. Thus, the defect coating exhibited synergistic photothermal/chemodynamic therapeutic effects for bacteria and tumors. Moreover, the coating substantially enhanced the anti-corrosion and biocompatibility of the Mg alloys. Therefore, this study offers a novel multi-functional Mg-based implant for osteosarcoma therapy.

Abstract Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) play critical roles in many human diseases. In vivo visualization of cells bearing mtDNA mutations is important for resolving the complexity of these diseases, which remains challenging. Here we develop an integrated nano Cas12a sensor (InCasor) and show its utility for efficient imaging of mtDNA mutations in live cells and tumor-bearing mouse models. We co-deliver Cas12a/crRNA, fluorophore-quencher reporters and Mg2+ into mitochondria. This process enables the activation of Cas12a’s trans-cleavage by targeting mtDNA, which efficiently cleave reporters to generate fluorescent signals for robustly sensing and reporting single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) in cells. Since engineered crRNA significantly increase Cas12a’s sensitivity to mismatches in mtDNA, we can identify tumor tissue and metastases by visualizing cells with mutant mtDNAs in vivo using InCasor. This CRISPR imaging nanoprobe holds potential for applications in mtDNA mutation-related basic research, diagnostics and gene therapies.

Objective HLA-DRB1 * 11:01, as a class HLA-Ⅱ gene, was reported to be associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in Han and Li population. Our study was to investigate the effects of viral selection pressure and CD4+T cell epitope on the natural outcome of HCV infection in HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 positive infected patients. Methods The positive selection sites and population growth of E1E2 and NS3 genes of common HCV 6a in HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 positive and negative groups in Guangdong were respectively analyzed. The peptide library covering the conserved regions of common HCV genotypes was used to stimulate HCV spontaneous clearance group and chronic infection group using ELISPOT method. Reactive peptides were obtained according to the number of spot-forming cells per well and the frequency of occurrence in different groups. Results The positive selection sites (PSSs) of E1E2 and NS3 of common HCV 6a in HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 negative group were greater than those in HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 positive group. Furthermore, the number of PPSs in CD4+T cell peptide in HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 negative group were also greater than those in HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 positive group; Both groups of HCV 6a had a population growth in Guangdong, and the expansion trend of HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 negative group was significantly higher than that of HLA-DRB1 * 11 :01 positive group. Compared to HCV chronic infection group, the response rate of HCV spontaneous clearance group to five peptides (C-52 E2691-707, C-119 NS31545-1560, C-134 NS4A1669-1684, C-154 NS4B1912-1927, C-159 NS4B1929-1944) was higher. However, the HCV chronic infection group showed a higher response rate to two of the peptides(C-111 NS31497-1512, C-130 NS31650-1665). When HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 typing was considered, there was no significant difference in HCV-specific immune response generated by PBMCs between HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 positive and HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 negative groups. Conclusion This study revealed the relationship between viral selection pressure of HLA-DRB1 * 11:01 HCV infected persons and CD4+T cell antigen epitopes. At the same time, CD4+ T cell antigen epitopes of HCV pan-genotype were obtained, providing basic data for the development of T cell vaccine suitable for HCV pan-genotype.

GaN power electronic devices, such as the lateral AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diode (SBD), have received significant attention in recent years. Many studies have focused on optimizing the breakdown voltage (BV) of the device, with a particular emphasis on achieving ultra-high-voltage (UHV, > 10 kV) applications. However, another important question arises: can the device maintain a BV of 10 kV while having a low turn-on voltage (Von)? In this study, the fabrication of UHV AlGaN/GaN SBDs was demonstrated on sapphire with a BV exceeding 10 kV. Moreover, by utilizing a double-barrier anode (DBA) structure consisting of platinum (Pt) and tantalum (Ta), a remarkably low Von of 0.36 V was achieved. This achievement highlights the great potential of these devices for UHV applications.

Summary: The ribosome-associated protein quality control (RQC) pathway acts as a translational surveillance mechanism to maintain proteostasis. In mammalian cells, the cytoplasmic RQC pathway involves nuclear export mediator factor (NEMF)-dependent recruitment of the E3 ligase Listerin to ubiquitinate ribosome-stalled nascent polypeptides on the lysine residue for degradation. However, the quality control of ribosome-stalled nuclear-encoded mitochondrial nascent polypeptides remains elusive, as these peptides can be partially imported into mitochondria through translocons, restricting accessibility to the lysine by Listerin. Here, we identify a Listerin-independent organelle-specific mitochondrial RQC pathway that acts on NEMF-mediated carboxy-terminal poly-alanine modification. In the pathway, mitochondrial proteins carrying C-end poly-Ala tails are recognized by the cytosolic E3 ligase Pirh2 and the ClpXP protease in the mitochondria, which coordinately clear ribosome-stalled mitochondrial nascent polypeptides. Defects in this elimination pathway result in NEMF-mediated aggregates and mitochondrial integrity failure, thus providing a potential molecular mechanism of the RQC pathway in mitochondrial-associated human diseases.

Estuaries serve as crucial filters for land-based pollutants to the open sea, but there is a lack of information on the migration and fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) within estuaries. This study focused on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) by examining the co-occurrence of OPFRs and their metabolites and quantifying their transport fluxes using a mass balance model. The seawater concentrations of OPFRs and their metabolites exhibited significant seasonal variations (p

Objective To study the application effect of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) in the screening of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) in blood donors, explore the correlation between COI and confirmed result by western blot (WB), so as to provide scientific evidence for blood banks to select optimal screening strategy and optimize process flows. Methods A total of 1 070 HTLV reactive blood samples by ELISA in preliminary screening in our province from 2016 to 2022 were included in this study. All samples were detected by ECLIA and WB (gold standard), and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to find optimal diagnostic critical value of ECLIA. Results Among 1 070 samples, 285 were positive by ECLIA, with a positive rate of 26.64% (285/1 070), with average COI value at 81.92 and the median at 4.98. A total of 70 ECLIA positive samples were confirmed by WB, with a positive rate of 6.54% (70/1 070). According to the results of WB, the median of WB-positive group and WB-negative group was 312.45 vs 2.76, respectively(P

The experiment employed a commonly used micro-sprinkling hose (N50) to investigate the variation in water distribution uniformity during different growth stages of spring wheat, considering four operating pressures (28, 35, 43, and 52 kPa) and two laying lengths (20 m and 40 m). By analyzing the water distribution uniformity of micro-sprinkling hose irrigation at varying plant heights of spring wheat, we have identified the pattern of N50′s water distribution uniformity under field conditions. The results demonstrated that both the water distribution uniformity and spatial distribution characteristics of micro-sprinkling hose irrigation are influenced by crop shading conditions. Changes in operating pressure lead to modifications in spraying angles, thereby affecting how crop shading impacts water distribution through micro-sprinkling hose. The influence of different wheat heights on the water distribution from micro-sprinkling hoses is clearly evident as there were fluctuations in intercepted sprayed water by the wheat canopy at vary heights. Notably, significant variations were observed among the head, center, and tail sections of micro-sprinkling hose at a plant height of 40 cm; however, alterations were relatively minimal at plant heights of 20 cm and 70 cm. Analysis of spring wheat’s plant height and grain yield variation curves indicates that uneven water distribution results in non-uniform crop growth. Based on our findings within the tested pressure range for two laying lengths, an optimal operating pressure range between 40 and 50 kPa was determined for ensuring uniform irrigation using micro-sprinkling hose. Determining the proper operating pressure and laying length is the key to achieving uniform irrigation. When designing the product, by choosing a relatively suitable arrangement of spray holes, the spraying angle during operation can be adapted to the plant height. This reduces the interception of water by crop shading, improves irrigation uniformity, and achieves water conservation and high yield.

Objective To study the CD4 T cell epitopes in Core and NS3 protein of genotype 1(GT1) and 6(GT6) of hepatitis C virus(HCV). Methods A total of 298 overlapping peptides(16-mer) spanning Core and NS3 protein of GT1 and GT6 HCV were synthesized. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) from 17 HCV+ and 7 healthy blood donors were stimulated by peptide pools, followed by evaluating T cell response by IFN-γ ELISPOT, by which 21 peptides with positive results were found. These peptides were further applied to individually stimulate 20 HCV+ and 18 healthy PBMCs. The differences of responsive frequencies to the 21 positive peptides between the two study groups were compared. Results Pooled and individual peptide stimulation tests showed that HCV+ PBMCs were responsive to the stimulation of 5 peptides(GT1 NS31273-1288 and NS31315-1330; GT6 NS31033-1048, NS31087-1102 and NS31351-1366), with a responsive frequency ranging 18.9%-27.0%. In contrast, healthy PBMCs were not or low responsive(0%-4.0%) to these five peptides. The responsive frequencies were statistically different between the two groups(P

Objective To learn the situation of the evolution process of HCV virus population and the selection pressure of HCV NS5B in intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Guangdong. Methods 141 blood samples from hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-positive blood donors and 58 from HCV patients in Guangdong were randomly collected for HCV NS5B sequence amplification, combined with HCV NS5B sequences from blood donors and IDUs obtained by sequencing previously(between 2009 and 2011). Homology analysis was performed by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, evolutionary analysis were performed by Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) software package. Selection pressure analysis was performed on sequences isolated from IDUs by Datamonkey online software package with Mixed Effects Model Evolution (MEME) method, and the population expansion of species were analyzed using Tajima and Fu neutrality test by Arlequin software. Results The comparison results of internal homology among different subtypes of IDUs in this group were as follows : HCV-3b had the highest homology (97%), followed by HCV-3a (96%), HCV-6a (95%) and HCV-1b (94%); HCV evolution rate analysis showed that HCV-1b had the fastest evolution rate [2.17E-03 substitutions/site/year (y/y/y)], followed by HCV-3b (2.12E-0 y/y/y), HCV-3a (1.58E-03 y/y/y) and HCV-6a (1.28E-03 y/y/y). The analysis on effective population of HCV: 1980~1990 was rapid growth period for HCV-6a, 1990~1995 period for HCV-1b, and 2000~2007 period for HCV-3a. HCV population genetic characteristics was as follows: HCV-1b, 3a, 3b and 6a experienced population expansion, among which 3a and 3b were the most obvious. As to the analysis of HCV selection pressure, two positive selection sites (235 and 243)were found in the 339 nucleotide fragment of the NS5B sequence in injecting drug users, but mutation only occurred at position 316 [mutation rate 1.24% (14/1 130)] among 5 direct antiviral drug (DAA) sites in this gene. Conclusion The evolution of HCV-3b in Guangdong has showed an obvious trend of population expansion, with a high proportion and homology especially in the local IDUs. HCV-3b should be the focus of HCV prevention and control in this region. Given that the positively selected sites of the HCV NS5B gene region of IDUs in Guangdong are non-DAA binding sites, DAA is expected to demonstrate a good effect on these patients.

Objective To investigate the CMV-IgG positive yeild among blood donors in Guangzhou and explore the differences in the efficacy of three test reagents, aimed at improving blood safety and service capacity of blood centers. Methods A total of 630 blood samples from eligible blood donors from July to October 2020 in our center were randomly selected and screened for CMV-IgG by one ELISA reagent.Among them, 180 samples were tested in parallel using three reagents (two ELISA reagents and one ECLIA reagent), and those tested negative were conducted quantitative CMV-DNA detection.The test results of different reagents were compared and analyzed. Results Out of the 630 samples, a total of 598 positive samples were screened out, including 180 samples yielded by three reagents, 171 and 175 by the two ELISA reagents, respectively, and 175 by ECLIA.The results given by three reagents were consistent (Kappa>0.4), and no significant difference in the positive yeild by three reagents was found.In the 180 samples, 11 were negative, among which 3, 2 and 6 samples were negative by all three reagents, two reagents and one reagent (ELISA), respectively.All the 11 samples were tested negative for CMV-DNA. Conclusion The yeild of positive CMV-IgG in blood donors was 94.9% (598/630), suggesting a high prevalence of CMV in Guangzhou. CMV serologically negative blood should be considered when providing blood products to immunocompromised patients to improve the safety of recipients.The detection results of ELISA reagents and ECLIA reagent for CMV- IgG are consistent, but ECLIA reagent has better detection efficacy.

Abstract Aim To develop a self‐management scale and evaluate its validity for pregnant woman with GDM in China. Design A cross‐sectional survey design. Methods This study was conducted through three phases. The item pools of the scale were developed through literature review and expert interview. Content validity was assessed by an expert panel. Structure validity was evaluated through exploratory factor analysis. In the end, internal consistency reliability was tested. Results The self‐management scale includes four dimensions, including self‐management consciousness, pregnancy management, blood glucose management and resource utilization, with a total of 35 items. In the scale, the Cronbach's α was 0.95. The split‐half reliability of the overall scale is 0.79. And the test‐retest reliability was 0.91. The content validity was 0.94. Conclusions The scale is significantly valid and reliable, and it can be used to evaluate the self‐management ability of pregnant woman with GDM in China.

Abstract The characteristics of a large sample size of the full-length genome of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) have not been extensively explored in China. Voluntary blood donors who were HBsAg-negative/HBV NAT-positive (HBsAg−/HBV NAT+) were identified by blood screening and recruited. Blood samples were tested for HBV serologic markers, viral loads, and PCR to identify OBI. HBV full-length genomes were obtained by amplifying two fragments using nested PCR. The characterization of OBI strains was based on sequence analyses compared with HBsAg+ strains obtained from the same donor population. Of the 50 full-length genomes of 172 identified OBI strains, 33 were classified as genotype B (OBIB) and 17 strains as genotype C (OBIC). Significantly higher nucleotide variabilities were observed in the Pre-S2/S promoter region (SP2) and core upstream regulatory sequence (CURS) in OBIB than in their HBsAg+ controls (P

How forests influence cloud cover in different regions is not well understood. Here, the authors use satellite data to show that forests enhance clouds over most temperate and boreal forests but inhibited clouds over forests of Amazon, Central Africa, and Southeast US relative to nonforest areas.

Flying insects exhibit outperforming stability and control via continuous wing flapping even under severe disturbances in various conditions of wind gust and turbulence. While conventional linear proportional derivative (PD)-based controllers are widely employed in insect-inspired flight systems, they usually fail to deal with large perturbation conditions in terms of the 6-DoF nonlinear control strategy. Here we propose a novel wing kinematics-based controller, which is optimized based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to stabilize bumblebee hovering under large perturbations. A high-fidelity Open AI Gym environment is established through coupling a CFD data-driven aerodynamic model and a 6-DoF flight dynamic model. The control policy with an action space of 4 is optimized using the off-policy Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) algorithm with automating entropy adjustment, which is verified to be of feasibility and robustness to achieve fast stabilization of the bumblebee hovering flight under full 6-DoF large disturbances. The 6-DoF wing kinematics-based DRL control strategy may provide an efficient autonomous controller design for bioinspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles.

Nonpolar (112¯0) a-plane GaN films were grown on semipolar (11¯02) r-plane sapphire substrates using various buffer layers within a low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition system. The structural properties of nonpolar a-plane GaN films were intensively investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra measurements. A set of buffer layers were adopted from a GaN layer to a composite layer containing a multiple AlN layers and a gradually varied-Al-content AlGaN layer, the full width at half maximum of the X-ray rocking curves measured along the [0001] and [101¯0] directions of a-plane GaN were reduced by 35% and 37%, respectively. It was also found that the basal-plane stacking faults (BSFs) density can be effectively reduced by the heterogeneous interface introduced together with the composite buffer layer. An order of magnitude reduction in BSFs density, as low as 2.95 × 104 cm−1, and a pit-free surface morphology were achieved for the a-plane GaN film grown with the composite buffer layer, which is promising for the development of nonpolar GaN-based devices in the future.

Anthocyanin is a characteristic nutrient of purple cabbage, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of anthocyanin by the phenylpropane pathway, which is an important part of plant secondary metabolism. In this research, 7 BrPAL, 8 BoPAL, and 15 BnPAL genes from genomes of Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica napus, divided into four subgroups, evolved from 4 PAL genes in Arabidopsis. The amplification and evolution of the BrPAL gene are due to segmental duplication and purifying selection. BrPAL genes clustered in the same clade have similar intron/exon structures and motifs. The cis-regulatory elements are divided into four categories: light, growth and development, stress and hormones. The qRT-PCR assays showed that most BrPAL genes were upregulated by UVA, low temperature and MeJA and downregulated by FR, high temperature, salt, PEG, IAA, ABA and GA, and there was a positive correlation between anthocyanin content and gene expression. This study can be used as a source for the function of the cabbage PAL gene and its molecular mechanism of regulating anthocyanin synthesis and provides a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of cabbage.

The Belt and Road (B&R) region, a vital area with historical, economic, cultural and political significance, has undergone rapid urbanization in the past several decades, especially in the form of urban expansion. In this study, 20 megacities in the B&R region were selected to explore different spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion. Object-oriented support vector machines (SVM), annual growth rate (AGR) models, and landscape metrics were employed to delineate the urban areas and characterize spatiotemporal characteristics and landscape patterns of these megacities during 1975–2015. All urban maps presented high overall accuracies (80.70%–95.90%) and overall Kappa coefficients (0.76–0.95). The study revealed that megacities in the B&R region have undergone different types of urban sprawl, mainly adopting a ‘concentric circle’ pattern in inland areas and a ‘sector’ pattern in coastal areas. Besides, six expansion modes were summarized according to the AGRs of individual megacities. Differences existed in megacities of the developing and developed countries and among five sub-regions. Moreover, ‘dispersion, gathering, and re-dispersion’ and ‘coalescence’ were two major landscape patterns of megacities in developing and developed countries. Results of this study can provide a scientific reference for urban planning and aid in sustainable development of local areas.

In this paper, we demonstrate high-performance quasi-vertical GaN-on-Sapphire Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) with a reverse GaN p-n junction termination (RPN). The SBD has a current output of 1 kA/cm2 at $V_{F}=2.5$ V, a low $V_{on}$ of 0.66 V ± 0.017 V, a low $R_{on,sp}$ of 1.4 $\text{m}\Omega \cdot $ cm2, current ON/OFF ratio of over $10^{9}$ (−3 V~3 V). By introducing the RPN, the breakdown voltage can boost from 459 V to 1419 V, and power figure-of-merit (FOM) can reach 1438 MV/cm2. It is shown that the presence of the RPN with a suitable anode recess depth can generate an electric field (EF) opposite to the built-in EF at the center of the second top p-n junction, which can decrease the EF peak intensity and make the electric field more uniformly distributed inside the device. Finally, the leakage current of the SBD is inhibited and the breakdown voltage is increased.

The residents of Baisha, a county of Hainan Island, mainly composed of Li ethnic population and relatively closed living environment with its unique geographical location. Our previous study showed that Li ethnic population of Baisha is an endemic center for hepatitis C virus, with significantly higher rates than in other parts of China. However, the epidemiology of HBV in this region remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive epidemiological survey of HBV in Baisha County, including 1,682 Li ethnic residents. The total seropositive rate for HBsAg was 10.2% and was higher than other parts of China. HBV-positive status was associated with the 20–40-year-old group (OR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.04–1.39, P < 0.01) and alcohol consumption (OR = 2.17, 95%CI 1.58–2.99, P < 0.01). Phylogenetic analysis showed that HBV subgenotype D3 was predominant in Baisha County which was first discovered in China, followed by C5, C1, B2, and undetermined subgenotypes which were significantly different from other geographical distribution of main genotypes in China. The most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the HBV genotype C in the Li ethnic of Baisha County was 1846 (95%CI: 1739–1932), and Baisha-C5 was earlier than Baisha-C1 and Baisha-C2. Most Baisha-D3 sequences were concentrated in one bundle and unrelated to those D3 genome sequences elsewhere in the world. According to the phylogenetic tree, D3 was introduced into Baisha County in 1884 (95%CI: 1816–1993) and became a local endemic virus. In conclusion, HBV infection in the Li ethnic group is characterized by a high prevalence rate in 20–40-year-old individuals and a unique genotype distribution which were significantly different from other geographical distribution of main genotypes in China, and subgenotype D3 was first discovered in China.

The mechanism of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) has not yet been fully clarified. Our previous research found that novel OBI-related mutation within S protein, E2G, could cause the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion impairment, which resulted in intracellular accumulation in OBI of genotype B. Here, to further explore the role of E2 site mutations in the occurrence of OBI, we analyzed these site mutations among 119 OBI strains identified from blood donors. Meanwhile, 109 wild-type HBV strains (HBsAg positive/HBV DNA positive) were used as control group. Furthermore, to verify the E2 site mutations, two conservative 1.3-fold full-gene expression vectors of HBV genotype B and C (pHBV1.3B and pHBV1.3C) were constructed. Then, the E2 mutant plasmids on the basis of pHBV1.3B or pHBV1.3C were constructed and transfected into HepG2 cells, respectively. The extracellular and intracellular HBsAg were analyzed by electrochemical luminescence and cellular immunohistochemistry. The structural characteristics of S proteins with or without E2 mutations were analyzed using relevant bioinformatics software. E2 mutations (E2G/A/V/D) existed in 21.8% (26/119) of OBIs, while no E2 mutations were found in the control group. E2G/A/V/D mutations could strongly affect extracellular and intracellular level of HBsAg (p < 0.05). Notably, unlike E2G in genotype B that could cause HBsAg intracellular accumulation and secretion decrease (p < 0.05), E2G in genotype C could lead to a very significant HBsAg decrease both extracellularly (0.46% vs. pHBV1.3C) and intracellularly (11.2% vs. pHBV1.3C) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, for E2G/A mutations, the relative intracellular HBsAg (110.7–338.3% vs. extracellular) and its fluorescence intensity (1.5–2.4-fold vs. with genotype-matched pHBV1.3B/C) were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Furthermore, N-terminal signal peptides, with a typical cleavage site for peptidase at positions 27 and 28, were exclusively detected in S proteins with secretion-defective mutants (E2G/A). Our findings suggest that: (1) E2G/A/V/D mutations were confirmed to significantly influence the detection of HBsAg, (2) the underlying mechanism of OBI caused by E2G mutation is quite different between genotype B and genotype C, and (3) E2G/A could produce a N-terminal truncated S protein, which might attribute to the HBsAg secretion impairment in the OBIs.

Objective: The coiling and clipping of unruptured cerebral aneurysms (UCAs) in older patients has increased rapidly, and aneurysm size was a significant factor for decision-making in the treatment of UCAs. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of age on the functional outcomes of patients between the small versus large UCAs.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study for consecutive cases of UCAs admitted from May 2011 to December 2020. According to the maximum diameter of UCA, patients were divided into small UCAs (≤ 5 mm) group and large UCAs (>5 mm) group. Baseline characteristics, clinical complications, and outcomes of patients between the two groups were analyzed.Results: A total of 564 UCA patients received preventive treatment, including 165 small UCAs and 399 large UCAs. Compared with the small UCA group, the incidence of ischemia event in the large UCA group was significantly higher (7.3 vs. 2.4%; p = 0.029). Multivariable analysis demonstrating age (p = 0.006) and treatment modality (p < 0.001) were independent risk factors associated with poor outcome for patients with large UCAs.Conclusions: Preventive treatment of small UCAs is safe and effective, but older patients with large UCAs are at high risk of poor outcome, and the operations should be more cautious.

Clustering analysis has been widely used in pattern recognition, image processing, machine learning, and so on. It is a great challenge for most existing clustering algorithms to discover clusters with complex manifolds or great density variation. Most of the existing clustering needs manually set neighborhood parameter K to search the neighbor of each object. In this paper, we use natural neighbor to adaptively get the value of K and natural density of each object. Then, we define two novel concepts, natural core point and the distance between clusters to solve the complex manifold problem. On the basis of above-proposed concept, we propose a novel hybrid clustering algorithm that only needs one parameter M (the number of final clusters) based on minimum spanning tree of natural core points, called NCP. The experimental results on the synthetic dataset and real dataset show that the proposed algorithm is competitive with the state-of-the-art methods when discovering with the complex manifold or great density variation.

On the planet Mercury, pyroclastic deposits formed by explosive volcanism are developed around rimless volcanic pits that are up to dozens of kilometers in diameters. Some pyroclastic deposits on Mercury, however, host no discernable main eruption centers but feature pitted-ground terrains that each consists of many similar sized and irregularly shaped pits. Individual pits are usually much smaller and shallower than typical volcanoes on Mercury. The origin of these landforms is unknown, but it is indicative of styles of volcanism on Mercury and/or post-volcanic modifications. Here, we investigate the possible origin of these peculiar landforms based on their geological context, morphology, geometry, reflectance spectra, and geophysical background. Reflectance spectra of pyroclastic deposits around such volcanoes are comparable with those erupted from typical volcanic pits on Mercury, suggesting a genetic relation between these pitted-ground terrains with explosive volcanism, and the source magma might have similar compositions. Pitted-ground volcanoes are mainly observed in impact structures, and two cases were formed in high-reflectance smooth plains and channeled lava flows. Most pitted-ground volcanoes are relatively degraded compared with typical volcanoes on Mercury, and some might have been formed in geological recent times judged by both their pristine preservation and crosscutting relationship with impact rays. All pitted-ground volcanoes have unconfined morphology boundaries, and each case is composed by dozens of rimless pits that have similar preservation states and interconnected edges. Such morphological characteristics are unique among volcanic landforms on terrestrial bodies, and they cannot be explained by multiple post-eruption collapses of a main explosive volcano. Pitted-ground volcanoes that are developed in lava flows with the same age have different preservation states, suggesting that the pits were not formed by escape of thermally destabilized volatiles from substrate and subsequent roof collapses. The largest pitted-ground volcano (~3700 km2) is located on the Borealis Planitia, and Bouguer gravity data reveal no larger mass concentration in the subsurface than surrounding terrains, consistent with a paucity of shallow intrusions in the crust of Mercury. Short-term and spatially-clustered explosive eruptions could explain the peculiar morphology and geometry of the pits, suggesting that pits in a given pitted-ground volcano are akin to swarms of monogenetic volcanoes. However, possible magma dynamics for the formation of pitted-ground volcanoes cannot be confirmed until future high-resolution gravity mapping could reveal detailed interior structures beneath these volcanoes. Based on comparative studies with spatially-clustered and similarly aged volcanoes on Earth, we interpret that a combination of pervasive crustal fractures and regional thermal anomaly in the thin mantle of Mercury might have caused such short-term and spatially-clustered explosive eruptions. If this interpretation was true, the heavy degradation state of most pitted-ground volcanoes and the few well-preserved cases are consistent with an overall cooling trend of the mantle, indicating the existence of longstanding heterogeneous thermal structures in the mantle.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 (GT-3) represents 22–30% of all infections and is the second most common genotype among all HCV genotypes. It has two main subtypes, GT-3a and GT-3b, that present epidemiological differences in transmission groups. This report generated 56 GT-3a and 64 GT-3b whole-genome sequences to conduct an evolutionary kinetics and selective force analysis with reference sequences from various countries. Evolutionary analysis showed that HCV GT-3a worldwide might have been transmitted from the Indian subcontinent to South Asia, Europe, North America and then become endemic in China. In China, GT-3a may have been transmitted by intravenous drug users (IDUs) and become endemic in the general population, while GT-3b may have originated from IDUs and then underwent mutual transmission between blood donors (BDs) and IDUs, ultimately becoming independently endemic in IDUs. Furthermore, the spread of GT-3a and GT-3b sequences from BD and IDU populations exhibit different selective pressures: the proportion of positively selected sites (PPSs) in E1 and E2 from IDUs was higher than in BDs. The number of positive selection sites was higher in GT-3b and IDUs. These results indicate that different selective constraints act along with the GT-3a and GT-3b genomes from IDUs and BDs. In addition, GT-3a and GT-3b have different transmission routes in China, which allows us to formulate specific HCV prevention and control strategies in China.

To systematically characterize the prevalence and evolution of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection among voluntary blood donors (BDs) in Guangdong province, China. A three-year survey for HTLV epidemiology among BDs was performed in Guangdong during 2016-2018. Anti-HTLV-1/2 was screened by ELISA and ECLIA, and subsequently confirmed by western blot (WB) and nucleic acid testing (NAT). The prevalence of HTLV in donors from different cities was calculated. The identified HTLV-positive cases were phylogenetically genotyped and analyzed in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework. Among 3,262,271 BDs, 59 were confirmed positive for HTLV-1 (1.81 per 100,000) and no HTLV-2 infection was found. The prevalence of HTLV-1 varied significantly among 21 cities in Guangdong province, China. The highest prevalence was found in donors from Shanwei (13.94 per 100,000), which is a coastal city in eastern Guangdong. Viral genomic sequences genotyped from 55 HTLV-1 carriers showed that 39 were transcontinental subtype and 16 were Japanese subtype. Specially, 13 out of 39 transcontinental subtype sequences were characterized with L55P mutation and 21 out of 55 sequences were characterized with L19F mutation in viral gp46 protein. The L55P mutation seemed be specific to eastern Asia since it only presented in the sequences from Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis of gp46 gene shows that HTLV-1a may have been introduced to Guangdong through four different introduction events and formed major transmission clusters: clades I(13,602 years ago), II(16, 010 years ago), III(15,639 years ago) and IV(16,517 years ago). In general, Guangdong is considered to be a low-prevalence region for HTLV-1 infection, but the prevalence is significantly higher in Shanwei city. Transcontinental and Japanese subtype lineages dominate the prevalence in Guangdong. In terms of blood safety, HTLV antibody screening for first-time blood donors can effectively reduce the risk of HTLV transmission.

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of photosynthesis and physiological function of blueberry leaves under low temperature stress (4–6°C) by exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by spraying leaves with 0.5 mmol·L–1 NaHS (H2S donor) and 200 μmol·L–1 hypotaurine (Hypotaurine, H2S scavenger). The results showed that chlorophyll and carotenoid content in blueberry leaves decreased under low temperature stress, and the photochemical activities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) were also inhibited. Low temperature stress can reduce photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity by inhibiting stomatal conductance (Gs) of blueberry leaves, and non-stomatal factors also play a limiting role at the 5th day of low temperature stress. Low temperature stress leads to the accumulation of Pro and H2O2 in blueberry leaves and increases membrane peroxidation. Spraying leaves with NaHS, a donor of exogenous H2S, could alleviate the degradation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in blueberry leaves caused by low temperature and reduce the photoinhibition of PSII and PSI. The main reason for the enhancement of photochemical activity of PSII was that exogenous H2S promoted the electron transfer from QA to QB on PSII acceptor side under low temperature stress. In addition, it promoted the accumulation of osmotic regulator proline under low temperature stress and significantly alleviated membrane peroxidation. H2S scavengers (Hypotaurine) aggravated photoinhibition and the degree of oxidative damage under low temperature stress. Improving photosynthetic capacity as well as alleviating photosynthetic inhibition and oxidative stress with exogenous H2S is possible in blueberry seedlings under low temperature stress.

The development of wind energy is essential for decarbonizing energy production. However, the construction of wind farms changes land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation by modifying land surface properties and disturbing land–atmosphere interactions. In this study, we used moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite data to quantify the impacts on local climate and vegetation of 319 wind farms in the United States. Our results indicated insignificant impacts on LST during the daytime but significant warming of 0.10 °C of annual mean nighttime LST averaged over all wind farms, and 0.36 °C for those 61% wind farms with warming. The nighttime LST impacts exhibited seasonal variations, with stronger warming in winter and autumn, up to 0.18 °C, but weaker effects in summer and spring. We observed a decrease in peak normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for 59% of wind farms due to infrastructure construction, with an average reduction of 0.0067 compared to non-wind farm areas. The impacts of wind farms depended on wind farm size, with winter LST impacts for large and small wind farms ranging from 0.21 °C to 0.14 °C, and peak NDVI impacts ranging from −0.009 to −0.006. The LST impacts declined with the increasing distance from the wind farm, with detectable impacts up to 10 km. In contrast, the vegetation impacts on NDVI were only evident within the wind farm locations. Wind farms built in grassland and cropland showed larger warming effects but weaker vegetation impact than those built on forests. Furthermore, spatial correlation analyses with environmental factors suggest limited geographical controls on the heterogeneous wind farm impacts and highlight the important role of local factors. Our analyses based on a large sample offer new evidence for wind farm impacts with improved representativeness compared to previous studies. This knowledge is important to fully understand the climatic and environmental implications of energy system decarbonization.

Rural settlements account for 45% of the world’s population and are targeted places for poverty eradication. However, compared to urban footprints, the distribution of rural settlements is not well characterized in most existing land use and land cover maps because of their patchy and scattered organization and relative stability over time. In this study, we proposed a pixel- and object-based method to map rural settlements by employing spectral-texture-temporal information from Landsat and Sentinel time series. Spectral indices (maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and minimum normalized difference built-up index (NDBI composite) and texture indices (vertical transmit and vertical receive (VV) polarization of mean synthetic aperture radar (SAR) composite) were calculated from all available Landsat and Sentinel-1A data from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018. These features were then stacked for segmentation to extract potential rural settlement objects. To better differentiate settlements from bare soil, the gradient of annual NDVI maximum (namely, gradient of change, use gradient for simplicity) from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2018 was used. The rural training samples were selected from global urban footprint (GUF) products with a post filtering process to remove sample noise. Scatter plots between pixel- and object-based values per feature were delineated by t-distribution ellipses to determine the thresholds. Finally, pixel- and object-based thresholds were applied to four features (NDVI, NDBI, VV, gradient) in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to obtain the distribution of rural settlements in eight selected Asian regions. The derived maps of rural settlements showed consistent accuracy, with a producer’s accuracy (PA) of 0.87, user’s accuracy (UA) of 0.93 and overall accuracy (OA) reaching 90% in different landscape conditions, which are better than existing land cover products.

How maize yield response to precipitation varies across a large spatial scale is unclear compared with the well-understood temperature response, even though precipitation change is more erratic with greater spatial heterogeneity. This study provides a spatial-explicit quantification of maize yield response to precipitation in the contiguous United States and investigates how precipitation response is altered by natural and human factors using statistical and crop model data. We find the precipitation responses are highly heterogeneous with inverted-U (40.3%) being the leading response type, followed by unresponsive (30.39%), and linear increase (28.6%). The optimal precipitation threshold derived from inverted-U response exhibits considerable spatial variations, which is higher under wetter, hotter, and well-drainage conditions but lower under drier, cooler, and poor-drainage conditions. Irrigation alters precipitation response by making yield either unresponsive to precipitation or having lower optimal thresholds than rainfed conditions. We further find that the observed precipitation responses of maize yield are misrepresented in crop models, with a too high percentage of increase type (59.0% versus 29.6%) and an overestimation in optimal precipitation threshold by ∼90 mm. These two factors explain about 30% and 85% of the inter-model yield overestimation biases under extreme rainfall conditions. Our study highlights the large spatial heterogeneity and the key role of human management in the precipitation responses of maize yield, which need to be better characterized in crop modeling and food security assessment under climate change.

Accurate and timely urban land mapping is fundamental to supporting large area environmental and socio-economic research. Most of the available large-area urban land products are limited to a spatial resolution of 30 m. The fusion of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for large-area high-resolution urban land mapping has not yet been widely explored. In this study, we propose a fast and effective urban land extraction method using ascending/descending orbits of Sentinel-1A SAR data and Sentinel-2 MSI (MultiSpectral Instrument, Level 1C) optical data acquired from 1 January 2015 to 30 June 2016. Potential urban land (PUL) was identified first through logical operations on yearly mean and standard deviation composites from a time series of ascending/descending orbits of SAR data. A Yearly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maximum and modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) mean composite were generated from Sentinel-2 imagery. The slope image derived from SRTM DEM data was used to mask mountain pixels and reduce the false positives in SAR data over these regions. We applied a region-specific threshold on PUL to extract the target urban land (TUL) and a global threshold on the MNDWI mean, and slope image to extract water bodies and high-slope regions. A majority filter with a three by three window was applied on previously extracted results and the main processing was carried out on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. China was chosen as the testing region to validate the accuracy and robustness of our proposed method through 224,000 validation points randomly selected from high-resolution Google Earth imagery. Additionally, a total of 735 blocks with a size of 900 × 900 m were randomly selected and used to compare our product’s accuracy with the global human settlement layer (GHSL, 2014), GlobeLand30 (2010), and Liu (2015) products. Our method demonstrated the effectiveness of using a fusion of optical and SAR data for large area urban land extraction especially in areas where optical data fail to distinguish urban land from spectrally similar objects. Results show that the average overall, producer’s and user’s accuracies are 88.03%, 94.50% and 82.22%, respectively.

Light is essential for plant growth. Light intensity, photoperiod and light quality all affect plant morphology and physiology. Compared to light intensity, photoperiod, little is known about the effects of different monochromatic lights on crop species. To investigate how different lighting conditions influence crops with heterogeneous colors in leaves, we examined photosynthetic characteristics and quality (regarding edibility and nutrition) of purple cabbage under different combinations of lights. Eight different treatments were applied including monochromic red (R), monochromic blue (B), monochromic yellow (Y), monochromic green (G) and the combination of red and blue (3/1, RB)， red/blue/yellow (3/1/1, RBY)， red /blue/green (3/1/1,RBG) and white light as the control. Our results indicate that RBY (3/1/1) treatment promotes the PSII activity of purple cabbage, resulting in improved light energy utilization. By contrast, both G and Y lights alone have inhibitory effect on the PSII activity of purple cabbage. In addition, RBY (3/1/1) significantly boosts the anthocyanin and flavonoids content compared with other treatments. Although we detected highest soluble protein and vitamin C content under B treatment (increased by 29.99% and 14.29% compared with the control respectively), RBY (3/1/1) appeared to be the second-best lighting condition (with soluble protein and vitamin C content increased by 8.63% and 4.07% respectively compared with the control). Thus we prove that the addition of yellow light to the traditional combination of red/blue lighting conditions is beneficial to synthesizing photosynthetic pigments and enables superior outcome of purple cabbage growth. Our results indicate that the growth and nutritional quality of purple cabbage are greatly enhanced under RBY (3/1/1) light, and suggest that strategical management of lighting conditions holds promise in maximizing the economic efficiency of plant production and food quality of vegetables grown in controlled environments.

Energy-efficient data aggregation is important for underwater acoustic sensor networks due to its energy constrained character. In this paper, we propose a kind of energy-efficient data aggregation scheme to reduce communication cost and to prolong network lifetime based on distributed compressed sensing theory. First, we introduce a distributed compressed sensing model for a cluster-based underwater acoustic sensor network in which spatial and temporal correlations are both considered. Second, two schemes, namely, BUTM-DCS (block upper triangular matrix DCS) and BDM-DCS (block diagonal matrix DCS), are proposed based on the design of observation matrix with strictly restricted isometric property. Both schemes take multihop underwater acoustic communication cost into account. Finally, a distributed compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm, DCS-SOMP (Simultaneous Orthogonal Matching Pursuit for DCS), is adopted to recover raw sensor readings at the fusion center. We performed simulation experiments on both the synthesized and real sensor readings. The results demonstrate that the new data aggregation schemes can reduce energy cost by more than 95 percent compared with conventional data aggregation schemes when the cluster number is 20.

This paper develops and applies a novel method for inferring land cover/land use (LCLU) change that combines direct multi-date classification with measures from a change vector analysis. The model predicts change directly rather than the land cover at either time, although these could be inferred. Unsupervised classifications of bi-temporal imagery were manually labeled and used to generate reference data for class-to-class changes. These were used to train a Random Forest model with inputs from the bi-temporal image bands and change vector measures (change vector direction, angle and the spectral angle) and used to generate a predicted surface of land cover change for a case study in the Pearl River Delta, China. The overall accuracy of LCLU change prediction was 96% and specific class-to-class changes had errors rates of 0–12.8%. Some errors were related the semi-automated labeling of the training data. The spectral angle variables and Near Infra-Red image bands for both years were found to be strong predictors of change. Odd ratios were used to quantify regional differences in land cover change rates in urban and peri-urban areas. The regional differences and origins of the observed errors are discussed, along with some areas of further work. The key contributions of this paper are the focus on change rather than LCLU through the construction of a model to predict changes directly and the development of an approach that provides quick, effective and informative analysis of LCLU change in support of policy and planning in rapidly urbanizing areas.

The Internet of Things is built based on various sensors and networks. Sensors for stereo capture are essential for acquiring information and have been applied in different fields. In this paper, we focus on the camera modeling and analysis, which is very important for stereo display and helps with viewing. We model two kinds of cameras, a parallel and a converged one, and analyze the difference between them in vertical and horizontal parallax. Even though different kinds of camera arrays are used in various applications and analyzed in the research work, there are few discussions on the comparison of them. Therefore, we make a detailed analysis about their performance over different shooting distances. From our analysis, we find that the threshold of shooting distance for converged cameras is 7 m. In addition, we design a camera array in our work that can be used as a parallel camera array, as well as a converged camera array and take some images and videos with it to identify the threshold.

Both HCV genotypes and viral loads are predictors of therapeutic outcomes among patients treated with α-interferon plus ribavirin; however, such correlation has only been studied for genotypes 1, 2, and 3 but not for genotype 6.299 voluntary blood donors were recruited who were HCV viremic. Their mean age was 31.8; the male/female ratio was 3.82 (225/59). The viral loads of HCV were measured using the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan test (CAP/CTM) while HCV genotypes were determined by direct sequencing the partial NS5B region. HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 6 were determined in 48.9%, 8.7%, 12.3%, and 30.1% of the donors, respectively, and the levels of mean viral loads in genotype 1 and 6 significantly higher than that of 2 and 3 (P

Recently in China, HCV 6a infection has shown a fast increase among patients and blood donors, possibly due to IDU linked transmission.We recruited 210 drug users in Shanwei city, Guangdong province. Among them, HCV RNA was detected in 150 (71.4%), both E1 and NS5B genes were sequenced in 136, and 6a genotyped in 70. Of the 6a sequences, most were grouped into three clusters while 23% represent emerging strains. For coalescent analysis, additional 6a sequences were determined among 21 blood donors from Vietnam, 22 donors from 12 provinces of China, and 36 IDUs from Liuzhou City in Guangxi Province. Phylogeographic analyses indicated that Vietnam could be the origin of 6a in China. The Guangxi Province, which borders Vietnam, could be the first region to accept 6a for circulation. Migration from Yunnan, which also borders Vietnam, might be equally important, but it was only detected among IDUs in limited regions. From Guangxi, 6a could have further spread to Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan, and Hubei provinces. However, evidence showed that only in Guangdong has 6a become a local epidemic, making Guangdong the second source region to disseminate 6a to the other 12 provinces. With a rate of 2.737×10⁻³ (95% CI: 1.792×10⁻³ to 3.745×10⁻³), a Bayesian Skyline Plot was portrayed. It revealed an exponential 6a growth during 1994-1998, while before and after 1994-1998 slow 6a growths were maintained. Concurrently, 1994-1998 corresponded to a period when contaminated blood transfusion was common, which caused many people being infected with HIV and HCV, until the Chinese government outlawed the use of paid blood donations in 1998.With an origin from Vietnam, 6a has become a local epidemic in Guangdong Province, where an increasing prevalence has subsequently led to 6a spread to many other regions of China.