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The quadrupole deformation β are extracted independently from energy and transition rates. The set of asymmetric parameters γ are obtained from energy ratio R2 (= [E.sup.+.sub.2]/[E.sup.+.sub.1]). It is observed that the set of β values evaluated from B(E2) are closer to the values of β extracted from [E.sup.+.sub.1] on considering the Grodzins empirical rule (Grodzins. Phys. Lett. 2, 88 (1962)) with uncertainty in even Mo, Ru, and Pd nuclei. The moment of inertia [I.sub.o] (= [J.sub.0]/[[??].sup.2]) generating the yrast band in these nuclei is evaluated from [E.sup.+.sub.1] using the asymmetric rotor model (Davydov and Filippov. Nucl. Phys. 8, 237 (1958)). The β γ, and [I.sub.0] values have good correlations with [N.sub.p][N.sub.n.] In addition, β and [I.sub.0] are related linearly in general. This systematic relate [E.sup.+.sub.1] B(E2; [0.sup.+.sub.1] → [2.sup.+.sub.1]) and asymmetric deformation γ that enables one to predict B(E2; [0.sup.+.sub.1] → [2.sup.+.sub.1]), the static quadrupole moment [Q.sub.0] and quadrupole deformation β of those nuclei whose only [E.sup.+.sub.1] is known. PACS Nos.: 21.10.Re, 21.60.Ev, 27.60+j. Les parametres de deformation quadripolaire β sont obtenus independamment a partir des energies et des taux de transition. Le parametre d'asymetrie γ est determine par le rapport d'energies R2 (= [E.sup.+.sub.2]/[E.sup.+.sub.1]). Nous observons que les valeurs de β obtenues des B(E2) sont plus pres des valeurs de β obtenues des [E.sup.+.sub.1] en considerant la regle empirique de Grodzins (Grodzins. Phys. Lett. 2,88 (1962)) avec une incertitude, meme dans les noyaux pairs de Mo, Ru et Pd. Le moment d'inertie [I.sub.o] (= [J.sub.0]/[[??].sup.2]) generant la bande d'yrast dans ces noyaux est evalue a partir des [E.sup.+.sub.1] en utilisant le modele du rotor asymetrique (Davydov and Filippov. Nucl. Phys. 8, 237 (1958)). Les valeurs de β, γ et [I.sub.0] sont en general bien correlees avec [N.sub.p][N.sub.n.] De plus, β et [I.sub.0] sont en general relies lineairement, ce qui relie systematiquement [E.sup.+.sub.1], B(E2; [0.sup.+.sub.1] → [2.sup.+.sub.1]) et γ. Nous pouvons alors predire le taus de transition B B(E2; [0.sup.+.sub.1] → [2.sup.+.sub.1]), le moment quadripolaire [Q.sub.0] et le parametre de deformation quadripolaire [ pour ces noyaux dont nous ne connaissons que [E.sup.+.sub.1]. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The deformation parameters, β and γ, of the collective model of Bohr and Mottelson [1] are basic descriptors of nuclear equilibrium shape and structure. In the recent past sets [...]

Three new ruthenium phosphonium alkylidene complexes incorporating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands with bulky N-aryl groups (2,6-diethyl, L = 1,3-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene ([H.sub.2]IDEP) and 2,6-diisopropyl, L = 1,3-bis(2, 6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene ([H.sub.2]ID-i-PP)) were synthesized and characterized. The [H.sub.2]ID-i-PP supported complex was found to exhibit excellent thermal stabilities relative to the parent N-mesityl (N-Mes) complexes as well as the [H.sub.2]IDEP supported complexes. All three phosphonium alkylidenes were evaluated in comparison to the N-Mes derivative and Grubbs second generation catalyst using standard olefin metathesis reactions and conditions. The complex containing the bulky [H.sub.2]ID-i-PP ligand was found to have excellent activity and longevity in comparison to the other catalysts. Although initiation rates were slow for this sterically bulky precatalyst, its superior activity led to the best overall efficiency in test reactions. Key words: olefin metathesis, ruthenium, catalysis, ligand design, decomposition. On a synthetase et caracterise trois nouveau complexes ruthenium phosphonium alkylidene dans lesquels sont integres des ligands carbenes N-heterocycliques contenant des groupements N-aryles volumineux (2,6-diethyle, L = 1,3-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl) imidazolin-2-ylidene ([H.sub.2]IDEP) et 2,6-diisopropyle, L = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene ([H.sub.2]IDiPP)). On a constate que les complexes supportes par [H.sub.2]ID-i-PP presentaient une excellente stabilite thermique comparativement aux complexes N-mesityl (N-Mes) parents, ainsi qu'aux complexes supportes par [H.sub.2]IDEP. On a evalue les trois phosphonium-alkylidenes comparativement au derive N-Mes et au catalyseur de Grubbs de deuxieme generation en utilisant des reactions et des conditions classiques de metathese des olefines. L'activite et la longevite du complexe contenant le volumineux ligand [H.sub.2]ID-i-PP se sont averees excellentes comparativement aux autres catalyseurs. Meme si les vitesses d'initiation de ce precatalyseur steriquement volumineux etaient faibles, son activite superieure a donne lieu a la meilleure efficacite globale dans les reactions de test. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: metathese des olefines, ruthenium, catalyse, conception de ligands, decomposition., Introduction Ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts that combine high activity (turn over frequency) with high thermal stability (turn over number) are of interest for the continued development and application of this [...]

Two molecularly engineered Ru(II) complexes for direct pH optosensing in environmental or physiological media based on luminescence lifetime measurements--namely, Na2[Ru[(bpds).sub.2]([F.sub.15]ap)] and [Na.sub.2][Ru[(pbbs).sub.2](pyim)] (where bpds = 2, 2'-bipyridine-4,4'-disulfonate, [F.sub.15] ap = 5-perfluorooctanamide-1,10-phenanthroline, pbbs = 1,10phenanthroline-4,7-(diyl)bis(benzenesulfonate), and pyim = 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole)--have been prepared. The suitability of these two luminophores as generalpurpose pH indicators has been assessed to determine the general features of Ru(II) dyes required for such application. Their photochemical properties were investigated at different pH values in various buffer solutions using absorption spectroscopy, as well as steady-state and time-resolved luminescence. Both dyes display a parallel absorption and emission behavior as a function of pH (2-10), namely, higher luminescence in acidic solutions together with a 8-10 nm bathochromic shift in their (blue) absorption and 6-39 nm bathochromic shift in their (red) luminescence maxima in basic media, respectively. Similar ground-state acidity values ([pK.sub.6]) of 6.5 [+ or -] 0.2 for the amide group of the [F.sub.15] ap complex and 6.9 [+ or -] 0.2 for the imidazole NH moiety of the pyim complex have been measured. However, dramatic differences in their luminescence lifetimes as a function of pH were found. The HA and A forms of [sup.*][Ru[[(bpds).sub.2]([F.sub.15]ap)].sup.2-] conveniently display lifetimes of 372 and 263 ns, respectively, regardless of the solution acidity and buffer nature. Their relative contributions to the overall decay (0%-100%) are dependent on the solution pH indicating excited-state proton exchange rates well below the decay rates of the acidic and basic forms. However, [sup.*][[Ru[(pbbs).sub.2](pyim)].sup.2-] deactivation kinetics show a pH-independent component of 80 ns at high pH and an acidity-sensitive one that varies from 610 ns (at pH 2) to 170 ns (at pH 10). Both components are also dependent on the buffer nature and concentration, also indicating the lack of an acid-base equilibrium in its excited-state but an irreversible proton transfer by the buffer species. Density functional theory calculations have demonstrated the difficult accessibility of the base to the acidic perfluoroamide proton of the [F.sub.15] ap complex, severely slowing the excited-state proton transfer kinetics of the luminescent dye. Therefore, we conclude that the design of Ru(II) polypyridyl lifetimebased pH indicators not affected by the buffer nature and concentration requires the absence of proton exchange during the radiative deactivation of both the acidic and basic species, which then would remain in their ground-state relative ratio. This feature may be achieved by (a) mild excited-state acidities and (b) structural features that shield the exchangeable proton from the buffer access. 10.1021/ac1005266

A series of bimetallic ruthenium complexes [[[(bpy).sub.2]Ru-(bpy)[(C[H.sub.2]).sub.n](bpy)Ru[(bpy).sub.2]].sup.4+] (1, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridinyl, n = 3, 5, 8) for the coreactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system have been synthesized. Their ECL property at different working electrode has been studied in 0.1 M phosphate buffer by using tripropylamine (TPrA) and 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) as the coreactant. The results demonstrate that the ECL intensity depends largely on the length of the saturated carbon chain linkage: the longer is the carbon chain, the higher is the ECL intensity. A remarkable ECL enhancement (up to about 25 times), in comparison with the commonly used metallic [[Ru[(bpy).sub.3]].sup.2+], has been observed from 1c (n = 8) at Pt electrode. With 20 mM TPrA, the log of the ECL intensity increases linearly with the log of complex 1c concentrations over the concentration range of 1.0 x [10.sup.-16] to 1.0 x [10.sup.-6] M at glassy carbon electrode. The detection limit is 1.0 x [10.sup.-16] M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. This is the highest ECL detection limit for bimetallic system reported until now. The study provides a general methodology to further improve and tune the ECL efficiency by using multimetallic ruthenium complexes. 10.1021/ac9020903

The electrochemical behavior of a trinuclear ruthenium(II)-containing complex, [[[([(phen).sub.2]Ru(dpp)).sub.2]Rh[Cl.sub.2]].sup.5+] (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine), was studied in acetonitrile (MeCN) and aqueous solutions. In MeCN containing 0.10 M tetran-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP), the complex displayed a reversible, overlapping [Ru.sup.II/III] redox process with [E.sub.1/2] = +1.21 V vs Ag/[Ag.sup.+] (10 mM), an irreversible reduction of [Rh.sup.III/I] at -0.73 V vs Ag/[Ag.sup.+], and two quasi-reversible dpp/[dpp.sup.-] couples with [E.sub.1/2] = -1.11 and -1.36 V vs Ag/[Ag.sup.+] at a Pt electrode with a scan rate of 50 mV [s.sup.-1]. In 0.20 M Tris buffer solution (pH 7.4), an irreversible, overlapping [Ru.sup.II/III] oxidation at +1.48 V vs Ag/AgCl (3 M KC1), and an irreversible reduction of [Rh.sup.III/II] at -0.78 V vs Ag/AgCl were observed at a glassy carbon electrode with a scan rate of 50 mV/s. Investigations on the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of the complex revealed that 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) was superior to trinpropylamine (TPrA) as an ECL coreactant within their entire concentration range of 10-100 mM in MeCN, and in aqueous media, as low as 1.0 nM of the complex can be detected using TPrA coreactant ECL. A maximum ECL emission of 640 nm, which is about 55 nm blue shift to its fluorescence, was observed in MeCN with DBAE as a coreactant. Interactions of the complex with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) were conducted with a flow-cell based quartz-crystal microbalance, and a binding constant of 2.5 x [10.sup.5] [M.sup.-1] was calculated on the basis of the Langmuir isotherm equation.

We have developed a new fluorescent ensemble probe comprising an ionic conjugate between water-soluble thioglycolic acid (TGA) capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and [Ru(bpy).sub.2][(dppx).sup.2+] for the dual-color detection of complementary double-stranded DNAs (dsDNA). To provide the platform for DNA detection, the Rucomplex was first employed as an effective fluorescence quencher to TGA capped QDs via photoinduced electron transfer process. Because of its strong binding affinity with [Ru(bpy).sub.2][(dppx).sup.2+], complementary dsDNA can break up the low fluoresced ionic ensemble, set free the luminescent QDs, and concomitantly generate the [Ru(bpy).sub.2][(dppx).sup.2+] intercalated DNA complex. Thus, the recognition of dsDNA by [Ru(bpy).sub.2][(dppx).sup.2+] can be realized via both the restoration of QDs fluorescence and the emergence of a new fluorescence emission signal of the quencher--substrate at 609 nm, while single-stranded DNA, ribonucleic acid, bovine albumin serum, and biological relevant metal ions cannot produce the similar results. Therefore, a simple, fast, sensitive, and highly selective assay for dsDNA has been realized.

A dissolved oxygen sensor made of plastic optical fiber as the substrate and dichlorotris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium as a fluorescence indicator is studied. Oxygen quenching characteristics of both intensity and phase were measured; the obtained characteristics showed deviation from the linear relation described by the Stern-Volmer equation. A two-layer model is proposed to explain the deviation, and main parameters can be deduced with the model. OCIS codes: 060.2370, 120.0120, 130.6010.

Sphingoid bases, such as unsaturated sphingosine (So) and its corresponding dihydro-saturated species sphinganine (Sa), are present in cell samples in low abundance. This fact combined with their low-to-moderate electrospray ionization (ESI) potential, compared to other sphingolipids such as sphingomyelins, limits their detection and quantitafion by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-[MS.sup.2]). To enhance the ESI efficiency of sphingoid bases, a novel procedure to generate stably derivatized analytes that enhance the LC-[MS.sup.2] detection of sphingoid bases when analyzed using LC-[MS.sup.2] was developed. In this method, a ruthenium complex, [4-(N-succimidyloxycarbonyl propyl)-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine] bis(2,2'-bipyridine) Ru(II) dihexafluorophosphate, is added directly to a cell extract. This complex reacts with and covalently binds to an amino group within the sphingoid bases. The dicationic nature of the ruthenium ion enhances the compound's ionization efficiency resulting in increased LC-[MS.sup.2] signals for the derivatized sphingoid bases. Consequently, the detection and quantitation of sphingoid bases are greatly improved.

This paper presents a ruthenium metal-contact RF microelectromechanical system switch based on a corrugated silicon oxide/silicon nitride diaphragm. The corrugations are designed to substantially reduce the influence of the fabrication-induced stress in the membrane, resulting in a highly insensitive design to process parameter variations. Furthermore, a novel multilayer metal-contact concept, comprising a 50-nm chromium/ 50-nm ruthenium/500-nm gold/50-nm ruthenium structure, is introduced to improve the contact reliability by having a hard-metal surface of ruthenium without substantial compromise in the contact and transmission-line resistances, which is shown by theoretical analysis of the contact physics and confirmed by measurement results. The contact resistance of the novel metallization stack is investigated for different contact pressures and is compared to pure-gold contacts. The contact reliability is investigated for different dc signal currents. At a measurement current of 1.6 mA, the Ru-Au-Ru contacts have an average lifetime of about 100 million cycles, whereas the Au--Au contacts reach 24 million cycles only. For larger signal currents, the metal contacts have proven to be more robust over the Au--Au contacts by a factor of ten. The measured pull-in voltage is reduced significantly from 61 V for flat diaphragm to 36 V for corrugated diaphragm with the introduction of corrugation. The measured RF isolation with a nominal contact separation of 5 [micro]m is better than -30 dB up to 4 GHz and still -21 dB at 15 GHz, whereas the insertion loss of the fully packaged switch including its transmission line is about -0.7 dB up to 4 GHz and -2.8 dB at 15 GHz. [2007-0271] Index Terms--Contact metal, contact resistance, corrugated membrane, RF microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch, wafer-level packaging.

Light-driven water oxidation occurs in oxygenic photosynthesis in photosystem II and provides redox equivalents directed to photosystem I, in which carbon dioxide is reduced. Water oxidation is also essential in artificial photosynthesis and solar fuel-forming reactions, such as water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen (2 [H.sub.2]O + 4 hv [right arrow] [O.sub.2] + 2 [H.sub.2]) or water reduction of C[O.sub.2] to methanol (2 [H.sub.2]O + C[O.sub.2] + 6 hv [right arrow] C[H.sub.3]OH + 3/2 [O.sub.2]), or hydrocarbons, which could provide clean, renewable energy. The 'blue ruthenium dimer,' cis, cis-[[[(bpy).sub.2]([H.sub.2]O)[Ru.sup.III]O [Ru.sup.III](O[H.sub.2])[(bpy).sub.2]].sup.4+], was the first well characterized molecule to catalyze water oxidation. On the basis of recent insight into the mechanism, we have devised a strategy for enhancing catalytic rates by using kinetically facile electron-transfer mediators. Rate enhancements by factors of up to [approximately equal to] 30 have been obtained, and preliminary electrochemical experiments have demonstrated that mediator-assisted electro-catalytic water oxidation is also attainable. catalysis | redox mediator | electron transfer

A small series of ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridine) complexes is synthesized in which ethynylated thiophene residues are attached to one of the 2,2'-bipyridine ligands and the photophysical properties are depending on the conjugation length of the thiophene-based ligand. One of the main features of these systems is that the conjugation length imposed by the thiophene-based ligand helps in controlling the rate constants for both radiative and nonradiative decay from the two metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) triplet states.

A new flow injection analysis (FIA) system equipped with an electrochemiluminescent (ECL) detector has been developed and applied for the ECL detection of 2-thiouracil. The FIA-ECL system used a specially designed flow-through ECL thin-layer cell to reduce the dead volume, the IR drop across the cell, and the probability of accumulation of gas bubbles in the cell. It was thus envisioned to improve the detection limit of the FIA-ECL method. After being established, the new FIA-ECL system was used to investigate the ECL response of 2-thiouracil in the presence of the ECL of Ru[(bpy).sub.3.sup.2+]. It was found that 2-thiouracil could enhance the ECL of Ru[(bpy).sub.3.sup.2+] over a wide pH range (pH 4.0-12.0). A highly sensitive method for detection of 2-thiouracil in biological samples was developed by the new FIA-ECL system after optimizing several experimental conditions, such as the applied potential of the working electrode, the pH value of the aqueous solution, the flow rate of carder solution, and the concentration of Ru[(bpy).sub.3.sup.2+].

A novel nanobipyramidal structure along with nanowires and cubes of tin oxide are synthesized by employing RuO2 as a promoter/nucleating gent. The nanobipyramids are collected in the downstream where the temperature is between 2090 and 500 degree Celsius, whereas nanowires and cubes are formed on the substrate containing the reaction mixture.

The electroluminescent properties of polyamidoamine dendrimers containing pendant [Ru(bpy)(sub 3)](super +2) are investigated. Indium tin oxide (ITO) and gold electrodes were used to make devices and they were compared to devices made from [Ru(bpy)(sub 3)](super +2) films.

The experiment was done where the X-ray reflectometry technique in its energy dispersive variant (EDXR) is used to study the morphological characteristics of dimeric ruthenium phthalocyanine thin films. The study gives information on the gas diffusion process through the film and the mechanisms of interaction between the film and gas molecules.

Air-stable and commercially available alkynophilic metal salts, such as Pt[Cl.sub.2], Pt[Cl.sub.4], and [[Ru[Cl.sub.2][(CO).sub.3]].sub.2], have catalyzed the cycloisomerization of 1-alkyl-2-ethynylbenzenes to produce substituted indenes even at an ambient temperature. The studies have shown that the cycloisomerization has proceeded through the formation of a vinylidene intermediate and turnover-limiting 1,5-shift of benzylic hydrogen.

Study is conducted to characterize in detail the DNA binding geometry of the flexible 'light switch' dimer [[mu-bidppz([phen.sub.4])[Ru.sub.2].sup.4+] (2) and further compare to the rigid, planar homologue in syn conformation [[mu-dtpf([phen.sub.4])[Ru.sub.2].sup.4+] (3). The results show that both enantiomers of 3, which is regarded as a planar syn rotamer of 2, intercalate into poly[dAdT.sub.2] with overall binding geometries similar to those of corresponding enantiomers of 2.

The lowest energy transition of ruthenium(II) complex of dipyridol[2,3-a:3',2',-c]phenazine], a metal to ligand charge transfer was probed using resonance Raman spectroscopy. DFT calculations predict that the vibrational modes are delocalized over the entire ppb ligand, which in turn indicates that the structural changes upon excitation are also delocalized.

Experimental and theoretical evidence that water forms on the RuO2(001) surface already at room temperature is presented. In a two-step process, hydrogen saturates first the bridging oxygen atoms to form ([O.sub.br]-H) species and subsequently partly of these [O.sub.br]-H groups move to the undercoordinated Ru atoms where they form adsorbed water.

The in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, ex situ X-ray fluorescence and X-ray powder diffraction have helped in the analysis of phase segregated nanostructured PtRu anode catalysts in an operating direct methanol fuel cell. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis has showed that the Ru-O bond lengths are shorter than those reported for Ru-O of ruthenium oxides, indicating that the phases in which the Ru resides in the catalysts are not similar to oxides.

Stable monolayers of [Ru[(bpy).sub.2](bpySH)]([P[F.sub.6].sub.2]), RuBpySH, are formed on micro and macro platinum electrodes by spontaneous adsorption from micromolar solutions of the complex in 50:50 v/v water/acetone. The observation of emission is consistent with investigations of the heterogeneous electron-transfer process that show weak adsorbate-electrode interactions.

The influence of the electronic difference of (HMB)Ru(III) and Cp*Ru(III) moieties on the manner in which their [eta.sup.3]-tpdt ligand functions as a dithiolate ligand to metal fragments from compounds of Ru(II)/Ru(III) and groups [(HMB)[Ru.sup.II]-(eta.3.)-tpdt and HN(CH2Ch2(S.sup.-))2} is described. Although both complexes behave as dithiolate chelates in bridging mode, dihomonuclear derivatives are formed with Ru fragments of like oxidation state, whereas trihomonuclear complexes derive from interactions with Ru complexes of different metal oxidation states.

Mononuclear [Ru(super II)(tptz)(acac)(CH3CN)(CIO4 and mixed-valent dinuclear [(acac)2Ru(super III){(mu-tptz-H(super +)(super -)}-Ru(super II)(CH3CN)]CIO4 complexes are synthesized. The Ru precursor complex Ru(acac)2-(CH3CN)2 facilitates the formation of an unprecedented bridging motif of tptz and the subsequent stabilization of a mixed-valent Ru(superII) Ru(III) configuration in the native state of [(acac)2Ru(super III){(mu-tptz-H(super +))(super -)}-Ru(super II)(acac)(CH3CN)]ClO4 -Ru(super II)(acac)(NC4H4N)ClO4.

Nanosecond step-scan FT-IT measurements to detect triplet intraligand ((super 3)IL) excited sates in Ru(super II) complexes bearing 4-piperidinyl-1,8-napthalimide (PNI) subunits. Results reveal that the two C=O vibrations are substantially red-shifted following laser excitation, a direct consequence of sensitizing the PNI-localized triplet excited state.

The potential energy surfaces are performed in the triplet and quintet electron states at the PW91/TZP level in order to estimate the importance of the relativistic effects on the reaction mechanisms between Ru and CO2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to optimize all stable species and transition states with and without relativistic correction.

The monomeric five-coordinate complexes [(PCP)Ru(CO)(eta(super 1)-ClCH(sub 2)Cl)][BAr'(sub 4)] and [(PCP)Ru(CO)(eta(super 1)-N(sub 2)][BAr'(sub 4)] are synthesized upon reaction of (PCP)Ru(CO)(OTf) (6) with NaBAr'(sub 4) in CH(sub 2)Cl(sub 2) or C(sub 6)H(sub 5)F. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations were preformed.

The rearrangement of the ruthenium complex on DNA in real time is studied by analyzing the energy transfer from a minor groove binding dye DAPI. The analysis has shown that there is a slow cooperative effect and the ruthenium complexes move from a spread out binding during the intercalation toward the thermodynamically favored distribution.

Emission and absorbance spectra, along with low-temperature excited-state lifetimes was obtained for the hemilabile complexes, [Ru(bpy)2L](PF6)2 [L=(2-methoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (RuPOMe) and (2-ethoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (RuPOEt). The photophysical and kinetic data of these two complexes show that the replacement of a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand with a phosphine-ether chelate stabilizes the metal HOMOd-state and increases the MLCT gap.

Comprehensive data and insight into the properties of a Ru(super 5+)(sub 2) compound is presented. The compound is exceptionally well suited to provide a definitive understanding of the (super 4)B(sub 2u) state arising from a pi(super *2)delta(super *) configuration, which persists over the entire temperature range from 3 to 300 K.

A study is conducted to identify the role of ruthenium promoters in enhancing electrocatalytic activity toward organic fuels for fuel cells, with particularly concerns on the methanol decomposition product, surface CO. Different methods used to prepare Ru-decorated Pt single crystal surfaces while reviewing Ru-decorated Pt nanoparticles along with the methods of characterization and testing of their activity.

A study investigates the electron-transfer dynamics from Ru(dcbpy)(sub 2)-(X)(sub 2) complexes (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'bipyridine, X2 = SCN(super -), 2CN(super -), and dcbpy, referenced as RuN3, Ru 505, and Ru470, respectively) to nanocrystalline SnO2 films by ultrafast infrared spectroscopy. Details of the possible reason for the different injection dynamics in these dyes and under different environments are discussed.

The structure-property relations of various amphiphilic ruthenium (II) complex monolayers on sulphases containing different kinds of ions are studied. Surface pressure-are isotherm measurements, Brewster angle microscopy, and X-ray reflectivity measurement is employed.

An experiment for third-year undergraduate a student is designed which provides synthetic experience and qualitative interpretation of the spectroscopic properties of the ruthenium complexes. It involves the syntheses and characterization of several coordination complexes of ruthenium, the element found directly beneath iron in the middle of the d-block in the periodic table.

The synthesis and structural characterization by NMR and X-ray analysis of various mononuclear, homodinuclear, and heterodinuclear complexes are described, along with the study of their absorption, electrochemical, and near-IR emission properties.

A study was conducted to investigate the origin of the degradation observed for devices employing Al as the cathode material. The result reveals that the degradation is the result of electrochemical reactions between the Al cathode, the Ru(bpy)(super 2+)(sub 3) complex, and the indium tin oxide (ITO).

The study is done on the photophysical properties of polypyridyl ruthenium (II) complexes substituted by pyrrole groups and of their corresponding soluble polymers synthesized either by electroxidative or photoredox techniques. By using the photophysical data, attempts were made to study the polymer architecture.