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Objective To investigate potential causal pathways and temporal relationships of glucose metabolism and diabetes with heart rate variability (HRV). Methods The cohort study was developed in 3858 Chinese adults. At baseline and 6 years follow-up, participants underwent HRV measurement (low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], total power [TP], standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals [SDNN], and square root of the mean squared difference between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals [r-MSSD]) and determination of glucose homeostasis (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and insulin [FPI], homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]). Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to examine the temporal relationships of glucose metabolism and diabetes with HRV. Results FPG, FPI, HOMA-IR, and diabetes were cross-sectionally negatively associated with HRV indices at baseline and follow-up (P Conclusions The findings provide strong evidence that elevated FPG and diabetes may be the causes rather than the consequences of HRV reduction over time.

Progressive-iterative approximation (abbr. PIA) is an important and intuitive method for fitting and interpolating scattered data points. The triangular Bernstein basis with uniformly distributed parameters has the PIA property. For the sake of more flexibility, this paper presents a local progressive-iterative approximation (abbr. LPIA) format, which allows only a chosen subset of the initial control points to adjust and shows that the LPIA format is convergent for triangular Bezier surface of degree $$n \le 17$$ with uniform parameters. Furthermore, in order to accelerate the convergence rate, we develop a weighted LPIA format for triangular Bezier surfaces and prove that the weighted LPIA format has a faster convergence rate than the LPIA format when an optimal value of the weight is chosen. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the LPIA method and the fast convergence of the weighted LPIA method.

High fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) is an independent risk factor for several adverse health outcomes and has become a serious public health problem. We aimed to evaluate the spatial pattern and temporal trend of disease burden attributed to HFPG from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019.Using data from GBD 2019, we estimated the numbers and age-standardized rates of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to HFPG by calendar year, age, gender, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), and specific causes. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the temporal trends of deaths and DALYs from 1990 to 2019.In 2019, globally, the numbers of deaths and DALYs attributable to HFPG were approximately 6.50 million and 172.07 million, respectively, with age-standardized rates of 83.00 per 100,000 people and 2104.26 per 100,000 people, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the global numbers of deaths and DALYs attributed to HFPG have over doubled. The age-standardized rate of DALYs showed an increasing trend, particularly in males and in regions with middle SDI or below. The leading causes of the global disease burden attributable to HFPG in 2019 were diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease.HFPG is an important contributor to increasing the global and regional disease burden. Necessary measures should be taken to curb the growing burden attributed to HFPG, particularly in males and in regions with middle SDI or below.

The adverse health effects of pyrethroids exposure have attracted wide concern. We aimed to assess the associations of bifenthrin, a widely used pyrethroid, with glucose homeostasis and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the underlying mechanism. Serum bifenthrin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), and plasma protein carbonyl (PCO) were determined among 3822 participants from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by FPG, FPI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and abnormal glucose regulation (AGR). The associations of serum bifenthrin with glucose homeostasis and risk of T2DM were assessed by generalized linear models and logistic regression models. The role of PCO in the above associations was evaluated by mediation analyses. After adjusting for covariates, each 2-fold increase in serum bifenthrin was associated with a 0.21 mmol/L increase in FPG and a 5.19%, 10.49%, and 12.18% increase in FPI, HOMA-IR, and PCO levels, respectively. Monotonically elevated ORs of IFG and AGR (all P and P for trend0.05), but not T2DM (P 0.05) were detected to be associated with increased bifenthrin. Compared with the participants with low bifenthrin and low PCO, participants with high bifenthrin exposure and high PCO showed a 0.40 mmol/L, 11.07%, and 22.50% increase in FPG, FPI, and HOMA-IR, as well as a 119.97% and 48.88% increase in risks of IFG and AGR, respectively (P for trend0.05). Moreover, PCO mediated 13.61%-24.98% of the serum bifenthrin-associated glucose dyshomeostasis. The study suggested that bifenthrin exposure was dose-dependently associated with glucose dyshomeostasis in the general Chinese urban adults, and these associations were exacerbated and partly mediated by PCO. Given that other pollutants were not included in this study, the effect of co-exposure of pyrethroids with multiple pollutants is necessary to be considered in future studies.

The link between zinc exposure and glucose metabolism or the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is controversial, and underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to explore the associations of zinc exposure with glucose-insulin homeostasis traits and the long-term effects of zinc on the development of T2D, and further to estimate the potential roles of inflammation and oxidative damage in such relationships. We investigated 3890 urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort, and followed up every three years. Mixed linear model was applied to estimate dose-response associations between urinary zinc and glycemia traits [fasting plasma insulin (FPI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR), and β-cell dysfunction (homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, HOMA-B)], as well as zinc and biomarkers for systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein) and oxidative damage (8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine). Logistic regression model and Cox regression model were conducted to evaluate the relationships between urinary zinc and prevalence and incidence of T2D, respectively. We further performed mediation analysis to assess the roles of inflammation and oxidative damage biomarkers in above associations. At baseline, we observed significant dose-response relationships of elevated urinary zinc with increased FPI, FPG, HOMA-IR, and T2D prevalence and decreased HOMA-B, and such associations could be strengthened by increased C-reactive protein, 8-isoprostane, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Elevated C-reactive protein significantly mediated 9.09% and 17.67% of the zinc-related FPG and HOMA-IR increments, respectively. In longitudinal analysis, a significantly positive association between urinary zinc and T2D incidence was observed among subjects with persistent high urinary zinc levels when compared with those with persistent low zinc levels. Our results suggested that high levels of zinc exposure adversely affected on glucose-insulin homeostasis and further contributed to increased risk of T2D cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Moreover, inflammatory response might play an important role in zinc-related glucose metabolic disorder.

Global prevalence trend and regional differences of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) remain unclear. This study aimed to provide systematic and comprehensive evidence for the global prevalence of CWP. Literature research for studies that reported prevalence of CWP was conducted in PubMed, CNKI, and Web of Science. The identified studies were strictly screened according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of CWP in different periods and regions was calculated. A total of 37 studies were included after screening, and data from the Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program was additionally included in the meta-analysis. The global pooled prevalence of CWP decreased from 23.33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.03%, 28.62%) before 1970 to 6.00% (95% CI: 4.11%, 7.90%) in 1981-1990, but indicated a rebound (10.35%, 95% CI: 8.08%, 12.62%) in 1991-2000 and finally dropped to 2.29% (95% CI: 2.06%, 2.51%) in 2011-2020. In the recent 30 years, the top three pooled prevalence of CWP was found in Europe, China, and the USA, respectively. Few articles have reported the prevalence in developing regions, but available evidence indicated that the prevalence in developing regions was much higher than that in developed regions. Higher pooled prevalence was observed in studies which reported larger number of miners in collieries, older average age of miners, underground collieries, and longer dust exposure time. The global prevalence of CWP indicates a rebound in 1990s, but the overall trend is downward in the recent 60 years. The prevention and treatment of CWP should be currently emphasized in developing countries.

The effect of caffeine exposure on children's health remains poorly understood. We aimed to characterize the associations of caffeine and caffeine metabolites with adiposity outcomes among children and adolescents. We performed cross-sectional analyses of 1,447 children and adolescents aged 6-19 years from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to explore the associations of urinary caffeine and 14 caffeine metabolites with adiposity outcomes, including body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference (WC), obesity, and overweight. In linear regression models, compared with the participants who consumed low caffeine, higher BMI z-score, WC, and risks of obesity and overweight were more likely among those who consumed high caffeine (P 0.05). In WQS regression models, an interquartile range increase in the weighted caffeine index was significantly associated with increased BMI z-score (β = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.17) and WC (β = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.31, 2.09), and risks of obesity (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.17). Totally, no modification effect of age or gender was observed in the linear regression model. Nonetheless, in WQS models, the positive associations of caffeine exposure with WC and risks of obesity and overweight were significant in children aged 6-11 years rather than 12-19 years. When stratified by gender, caffeine exposure was significantly associated with BMI z-score and WC in both boys and girls. These results add novel evidence that caffeine exposure might be associated with adverse adiposity outcomes among children and adolescents.

The adverse effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), a group of common environmental pollutants, on mental health are unclear. This study is developed to evaluate the potential association of urinary PAH metabolites with depression in US adults.Measurement of 8 urinary PAH metabolites and assessment of depression were available for 9625 adults in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2005-2016. Multiple logistic regression models and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models were applied to evaluate the association between urinary PAH metabolites and depression.Among 9625 individuals with a weighted geometric mean age of 42.63 years, 801 participants suffered from depression. Significant positive dose-response relationships were observed between specific urinary PAH metabolites and the risk of depression after adjusting for potential confounders. Urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene was positively and dose-dependently associated with the risk of depression among total participants (odds ratio: 1.188; 95% confidence interval: 1.096-1.288). In addition, each 1-unit increase of ln-transformed urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 23-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, and total PAH metabolites was associated with a 23.3%, 32.6%, 23.3%, 29.4%, 30.8%, 22.8%, 29.4%, and 31.7% increment in the risk of depression in smokers, respectively (all P and PExposure to PAHs may elevate the risk of depression among US adults. More studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism by which PAHs induce the development of depression.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure has been related to the abnormal glucose metabolism and the risk of diabetes. However, the joint effects of various PCBs are uncertain and the potential mechanisms remain unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate the associations of serum PCBs with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and the risk of diabetes among a general Chinese population, and to estimate the mediating effects of oxidative stress in the above associations. Serum levels of seven indicator-PCBs (PCB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) and FPG values were determined among 4498 subjects from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Oxidative DNA damage biomarker (urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) and lipid peroxidation biomarker (urinary 8-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF

ObjectivesWe expected to explore the associations of hearing loss and hearing thresholds at different frequencies with total and cause-specific mortality.Methods11,732 individuals derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2012 were included in this study. Data of death was extracted from the NHANES Public-Use Linked Mortality File through December 31, 2015. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the associations between hearing loss, hearing thresholds at different frequencies and total or cause-specific mortality. ResultsA total of 1,253 deaths occurred with a median follow-up of 12.15 years. A significant positive dose-response relationship between hearing loss in speech frequency and total mortality was observed, and the HRs and 95% CIs were 1.16 (0.91, 1.47), 1.54 (1.19, 2.00) and 1.85 (1.36, 2.50), respectively for mild, moderate and severe speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL) with a P trend of 0.0003. In addition, moderate (HR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.20-3.00) and greater (3.50, 1.38-8.86) SFHL significantly elevated risk of heart disease mortality. Moreover, hearing thresholds of >25 dB at 500, 1000, or 2000 Hz were significantly associated with elevated mortality from all causes (1.40, 1.17-1.68; 1.44, 1.20-1.73; and 1.33, 1.10-1.62, respectively) and heart disease (1.89, 1.08-3.34; 1.95, 1.21-3.16; and 1.89, 1.16-3.09, respectively). Conclusion Hearing loss is associated with increased risks of total mortality and heart disease mortality, especially for hearing loss at speech frequency. Preventing or inhibiting the pathogenic factors of hearing loss is important for reducing the risk of death.

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) is one of the most serious occupational diseases caused by long-term inhalation of coal dust (including dust from coal mining or pure coal dust) in the workplace [1]. Although prevention efforts have been taken for many decades, CWP is still a public health issue around the world [2]. Especially in developing countries where coal is the main energy source, millions of workers are exposed to coal dust during their professional activities. Published literatures reported that more than 20 million workers are exposed to coal dust in the workplace in China and India alone [3, 4]. In addition, several international or national plans and programs were conducted to control industrial coal dust and prevent CWP since 1990. However, the global incidence and disease burden of CWP and their temporal trends over time are limited. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Conflict of interest: Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Liang has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Yang has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Ma has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Li has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Mu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Xiao has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Feng has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Dong has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Yu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Tan has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Zhou has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Shi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Yuan has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose.

To evaluate the association of shift work with 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Chinese workers. We included 23,064 workers in the first follow-up of the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. Questionnaires and physical examinations were conducted to collect data for all participants. Framingham Risk Score was calculated according to the multivariable risk algorithms, and used to evaluate 10-year CVD risk. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between shift work and 10-year CVD risk. Among 23,064 individuals, 51.92% of workers suffered shift work, and the proportions of shift work duration of 1-10, 10-20, and ≥20 years were 17.29%, 17.35% and 17.30%, respectively. Compared with individuals without a shift work history, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 10-year CVD were 1.027 (0.900-1.173), 1.058 (0.927-1.206) and 1.191 (1.036-1.368) for individuals with shift work duration of 1-10 years, 10-20 years, and ≥20 years, respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders. And the association was more obvious in males. When shift work and obesity were combined, the OR (95%CI) of high 10-year CVD risk (3.373, 2.390-4.761) was significantly increased for obese individuals with shift work of ≥20 years. Besides, the OR (95%CI) for higher 10-year CVD risk associated with shift work decreased as the leaving shift work duration prolonged. Shift work is associated with a higher 10-year CVD risk, especially among males. Obesity has a synergistic effect on such association while leaving shift work reduces such association.

Background: Hearing loss has become an increasingly prevalent disability and has greatly increased the global burden of diseases. However, evidences on the associations between hearing loss and total and cause-specific mortality are limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the associations of hearing loss with total and cause-specific mortality among US adults. Methods: 11,732 individuals derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2012 were included in this study. Data of death was extracted from the NHANES Public-Use Linked Mortality File through December 31, 2015. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the associations between hearing loss and total or cause-specific mortality. A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the epidemiological evidences on the association of hearing loss with total mortality. Findings: A total of 1,253 deaths occurred with a median follow-up of 12.15 years. Significant positive dose-response relationship between hearing loss in speech frequency and total mortality was observed, and the HRs and 95% CIs were 1.16 (0.91, 1.47), 1.54 (1.19, 2.00) and 1.85 (1.36, 2.50), respectively for mild, moderate and severe speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL) with a Ptrend of 0.0003. In addition, moderate (HR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.20-3.00) and greater (3.50, 1.38-8.86) SFHL significantly elevated risk of heart diseases mortality. With regard to the frequency, hearing thresholds of >25 dB at 500, 1000, or 2000 Hz were significantly associated with elevated mortality from all causes (1.40, 1.17-1.68; 1.44, 1.20-1.73; and 1.33, 1.10-1.62, respectively) and heart diseases (1.89, 1.08-3.34; 1.95, 1.21-3.16; and 1.89, 1.16-3.09, respectively). The meta-analysis further revealed the positive association between hearing loss and total mortality (pooled HR: 1.33, 95%CI: 1.11-1.60). Interpretation: Hearing loss is associated with increased risks of total mortality and heart diseases mortality, especially for hearing loss at speech frequency. Funding Statement: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81903291). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The NHANES protocol was approved by the NCHS Ethics Review Board and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

To investigate the associations between sleep duration and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and the potential mechanism. Overall, 24,471 subjects without ASCVD were included from Dongfeng-Tongji (DFTJ) cohort. Data collection included questionnaires and general medical examinations. We used logistic regression models and generalized linear models to examine the associations between sleep duration, peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts, and 10-year ASCVD risk. Mediation analyses were further performed to assess the potential role of peripheral WBC counts in the associations between sleep duration and 10-year ASCVD risk. Increased risk of 10-year ASCVD was observed as sleep duration extended. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of 10-year ASCVD were 1.24 (1.11–1.38), 1.12 (1.03–1.22), and 1.21(1.08–1.36) for individuals with nighttime sleeping duration of ≥ 9 h, daytime napping duration of > 30 min, and daily sleep duration of ≥ 9 h, respectively. Peripheral WBC counts mediated 14.1%, 14.5%, and 12.6% in the associations of nighttime sleep duration of ≥ 9 h, daytime napping duration of > 30 min and daily sleep duration of ≥ 9 h with 10-year ASCVD risk, respectively. Extended sleep durations are associated with the increased 10-year ASCVD risk, and the associations are partially mediated by peripheral WBC counts.

Exposure to acrolein was reported to be related with adverse health effects. However, the associations between acrolein exposure and blood lipids remain largely unknown. We assessed the associations of urinary acrolein metabolites with blood lipids using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and further investigated the existence of mediation by systemic inflammation in the associations. Urinary acrolein metabolites, N-acetyl-S-(carboxyethyl)-l-cysteine (CEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (3-HPMA), blood lipids, and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured in the NHANES. The associations of urinary acrolein metabolites with blood lipids and dyslipidemia and hs-CRP were estimated by multiple linear and logistic regression models. Mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediating effects of hs-CRP on the associations between urinary acrolein metabolites and blood lipids. We found urinary CEMA+3-HPMA (∑acrolein) was significantly associated with higher levels of serum triglycerides (TG), hs-CRP, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Each 1-unit increment in ln-transformed level of ∑acrolein was associated with a 0.06 mmol/L increment in TG and 0.02 mmol/L decrement in HDL-C (all P 0.05). A positive dose-response relationship was observed between urinary ∑acrolein and dyslipidemia risk. In addition, hs-CRP significantly mediated the associations of urinary ∑acrolein with serum TG and HDL-C, with mediated proportions of 22.12% and 41.41%, respectively. In conclusion, acrolein exposure is associated with the levels of serum TG, HDL-C, and hs-CRP. Hs-CRP may mediate acrolein-associated alterations of blood lipids. Our results indicated that decreased exposure to acrolein may reduce systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia risk.

The Meteorological measurement automatic temperature testing system having a defect image. For example: noise problem, contrast is insufficient problem, put forward research programme for image pretreatment, try the median filter, histogram equalization, image binarization methods to remove noise, enhanced images for feature points clear and accurate. I have conducted simulation experiment for subsequent recognition process.