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Using the case of French contemporary poetry, this article investigates the organization of “pure” art forms. These are highly legitimate art forms which, instead of being profit-oriented, comprise actors who strive primarily for esthetic recognition. The organizational life of such arts is based on a new academy system which is in some regards comparable to that of the 17th century—leading me to call the current system a “return to the academy.” I define an academy system as an assemblage of artistic institutions coupled with public funding for artists and artistic organizations. This two-pronged system organizes the arts along four dimensions: strategic, administrative, ideological, and professional. Its strategic mission is to support artistic creation, spread cultural democracy, and guarantee the construction and transmission of literary heritage. Paradoxically, the State cannot make these choices directly, firstly because of the widely accepted autonomy of art, and secondly because, in a democracy, the State can no longer select artists according to an explicit ideology. The academy is thereby “invisible.” Second paradox, its organization has led to the marketization of pure arts, and the transformation of artists into independent workers providing goods and services. Finally, I discuss how this system fits a new consumerist definition of culture, based on “traces” that have to be recorded and managed as heritage. These findings question the typical narrative that the arts were emancipated from the patronage system thanks to the market, as this does not apply to most artists.

Seed-assisted cast-mono silicon for photovoltaic (PV) application is a relevant alternative to the conventional Czochralski (Cz) in terms of cost and carbon footprint. Despite the remarkable PV conversion efficiencies reached when combining this material with novel cell concepts, cast-mono industrial deployment is infringed by the propagation of dislocation clusters during crystallization, inducing variations in final wafers quality. Indeed, some wafers feature dislocation-rich regions whose recombination activity is not fully understood. This article aims at providing insights into the carrier recombination in such regions. We focus on n-type cast mono grown from a compensated feedstock in order to obtain samples with the same crystallographic properties but different electron concentration ( n 0) values. The bulk carrier lifetime in the dislocation-rich region could be approximated by the combination of two discrete defects for which the symmetry factor k could be estimated first by exploiting the relationship between the defect lifetime gradient with 1/ n 0. Both defects energy positions ( ET ) could be obtained, thanks to the defect parameter surface solution method. We analyzed the variations of the first defect Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) parameters ( ET , k , and hole lifetime constant τp 0) with n 0 and for temperatures ranging from 30 to 75 °C. A temperature-assisted transition of the first defect from one state to another was highlighted and was found to be enhanced by low n 0 values. For each state, the SRH parameters were extracted.

Grass-based suckling beef-derived foods occasionally exceed regulatory levels for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Ensuring chemical safety requires understanding the cow-calf transgenerational PCB and PCDD/F fate. The current focus was on dairy cows, omitting transgenerational fate and suckling beef-related physiological effects. This study aimed to investigate PCB and PCDD/F absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion within 12 Simmental cows (six primiparous/six multiparous) and 12 calves fed with the milk of their respective mothers for 109 days prepartum until 288 days in milk (DIM), i.e., slaughter time. Eight cows were exposed to a grass silage-soil mixture. Four were decontaminated after DIM164 by receiving uncontaminated grass silage, which four control cows received. An input-output balance during gestation and lactation was computed from PCB, PCDD/F, and lipid inputs (solid feed/milk intakes), outputs (fecal/milk excretions), and body storage (initial/final burdens). At slaughter, PCB and PCDD/F tissue distribution, and lipid allometry were linked. Apparent PCB and PCDD/F absorption rates and metabolized fractions decreased with increasing chlorination. In calves, PCB absorption showed no effect due to chlorination (steady range: 71-87%). High-chlorinated PCB and PCDD/F absorption rates decreased when provided through soil. Cows excreted PCBs and PCDD/Fs via feces (50% relative to input) and milk (9%) and accumulated only 5% in their body, whereas calves accumulated the largest fraction of the total input in their bodies (44%). Cow physiology affected accumulation and excretion, as in primiparous cows, net body burden and milk assimilation efficiencies were higher and lower, respectively, than in multiparous. Liver-specific enrichment was observed in cows and calves (7.0- and 3.2-fold iPCB and dlPCB + PCDD/F TEQ, compared to empty body-based lipid concentrations), whereas iPCBs were also enriched in kidneys (3.1-fold) and muscles (1.5-fold). Consequently, adipose concentrations did not perfectly represent most edible beef tissues. This highlights the essence of integrating the interplay between physicochemical pollutant properties and animal physiology in transgenerational transfer assessments of PCBs and PCDD/Fs.

This work aimed to determine the formation over time of 3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutan-1-ol recognized as malty during the manufacture of Raclette-type cheese and the fermention of reconstituted skim milk, and filter-sterilized MRS broth. Using dynamic headspace-vacuum transfer in trap extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry-olfactometry (DHS-VTT-GC-MS-O) as a screening method for the malty compounds, five compounds (2-methylpropanal, 2- and 3-methylbutanal, and 2- and 3-methylbutan-1-ol) were identified as potential compounds causing the malty aroma in starter culture development and Raclette-type cheeses. Focus on compounds having a predominant sensorial effect (3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutan-1-ol), spikings of leucine, 13C-labeled leucine, α-ketoisocaproic acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid provided a better understanding of their formation pathway. This study highlighted the discrepancies in the formation of 3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutan-1-ol between the growth media; namely, despite the presence of free leucine available in MRS and the addition of an excess, no increase of the target compounds was observed. The concentration of these compounds in MRS increased only when α-ketoglutaric acid or α-ketoisocaproic acid was added, and a preference for the pathway to α-hydroxyisocaproic acid instead of 3-methylbutanal was shown. In addition, a formation of 3-methylbutanal when the bacteria were not yet active was observed when spiking α-ketoisocaproic acid, which potentially indicates that this part of the metabolism could take place extracellularly. These results could potentially unveil other, not-yet-identified reactants, directly influencing the production of compounds responsible for the malty aroma in Raclette cheese.

This work presents the development and the application of innovative and sustainable transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials for contacting polysilicon (poly-Si) on oxide (SiOx) stacks used as passivating contacts in solar cell devices. Adding hydrogen into ZnO:Al (AZO) layers deposited by magnetron sputtering potentially leads to a twofold positive effect. First, it brings hydrogen atoms into the layers, which can enhance both electrical and optical material properties of the TCO. Second, hydrogen can significantly improve cell performances, by fixing dangling bonds at the SiOx/substrate interface and by passivating bulk defects. In situ and ex situ hydrogenation processes have been compared on those multiple aspects with investigation about anneals at 350 °C. AZO layers have been successfully integrated on the front side of complete solar cells featuring poly-Si/SiOx-based passivating contacts, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 22.4% for a cell with AZO. The results show that using AZO instead of an indium based TCO is suitable for passivated contacts solar cell with high temperature route. Thus, it increases the credibility towards large-scale deployments of TCO-based high efficiency silicon solar cells in terms of cost and resources.

International audience; TRIZ methods have been developed and are widely used to solve problems. But one of the recognized limitations of these methods is the way to identify the priority problem to consider. This step of problem-solving process corresponds to the Analysis of Initial Situation, and has been developed as a part of the first versions of ARIZ, but then not pursued to be developed as an independent process. In this article, the authors aim is to develop a method enabling this identification of the priority problem, out of qualitative information, based on problem experts’ interviews. The proposal is based on the exploitation of the OTSM-TRIZ Network of Problems in order to build a Network of Parameters. This second network is a graphical representation of all the influence relationships between the parameters of the system. This representation leads to a new understanding of the problematic situation, and to the identification of new directions for the problem solving steps. The proposed method will be illustrated on a case study related to plastics injection moulding process.

This work focuses on a passivating contacts technology for crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers based on ultra-thin (15nm) poly-crystalline Silicon (poly-Si) on silicon oxide (SiOx) stacks. Combined with standard TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide) layers in a simplified solar cells fabrication process, photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiencies approaching 22% are obtained on cast-mono wafers. This technology is also shown to be compatible with different TCO layers, depending on the post metallization annealing step. This so called "High Temperature Silicon Heterojunction" structure is therefore very promising for high efficiency solar cells processes at lower cost.

Warehousing challenges require not only effective management but also a new innovative strategy that can significantly improve warehouse efficiency. This study presents an innovative method for solving warehouse problems and achieving low-cost warehousing, based on complementarities between ARIZ (Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving), lean warehousing approach and discrete event simulation. In the proposed model, the lean warehousing is first used to understand and analyze problems in order to propose solutions that improve warehouse system efficiency. Then, a model of the improved system is developed and analyzed in a predictive simulation software (Witness 1 ), to evaluate its performance. The discrete event simulation allows for experiments on the system to be created and analyzed. Thus, an experimental design was developed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between the parameters of the system in order to formulate a generalized system of contradictions. And finally, ARIZ is used to address related contradictions for searching for an innovative solution, which must be subsequently implemented and evaluated in the discrete event simulation. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study, involving an automotive company specialized in the manufacturing of electronic modules that wants to reduce raw material warehousing costs. Generally, the aim of the proposed method, which combined lean management, discrete event simulation and the ARIZ algorithm, is to be able to propose solutions that go beyond the limits of continuous improvement and optimization methods. Such an approach enables to propose a kind of continuum between traditional multi-objectives methods and inventive ones.

This article analyses how the status of French poets evolved over a very long period. I draw on Weber to define status as level of social prestige anchored in a community, involving forms of sociability and deferential relations between unequal actors. I show that artists’ status is notably shaped by instances of consecration. I use quantitative and qualitative data to assess poets’ status across the centuries. After being essentially a court occupation, the fall of the Ancien Regime put an end to the longstanding relationship between poetry and the aristocracy, where poets were subordinate in status and depended on nobles for their social existence and prestige. The social history of the arts is most often that of a shift from the patronage system to a market-based organization in which experts (peers and cultural entrepreneurs) along with the public became the main instances of consecration. But unlike novels or fine arts, poetry was unable to establish itself solidly in the market, and the public played little role in shaping poets’ status as opposed to peers. Poets had to find alternative forms of social life, at the expense of growing specialization and a loss of contact with the circles of power; this notably involved new forms of State support, the State remaining a crucial instance of consecration essentially through the education system. This made poets specialists of culture and literature, often holding as a second job positions in the cultural field and the education system. Yet none of this damaged the dynamism of poetry or its social recognition.

International audience; The consecration of artists is a fundamental issue in the study of artistic fields. Status theory proposes that consecration (or “status”) is constructed through associations between actors, leading the actors to choose partners whose status is comparable to theirs. This theory, widely used in the study of artistic consecration, tends to undersocialize actors as it only considers their relative position in the status order. In particular, it hypothesizes that when two actors associate, they do so on the basis of their relative position in their respective areas of reference. Yet status theory can be accused of ignoring the aesthetic dimension of the works produced. In other words, it overlooks what makes art worlds distinct from other fields of production. The aim of this article is to complete this hypothesis by showing how aesthetic affinities can contribute to pairing choices (between a publisher and a poet, in particular), and how these aesthetic affinities can play a determining role in unequal artistic consecration.

International audience; Passivating the contacts of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells (SC) with a poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si) layer on top of a thin silicon oxide (SiOx) is currently sparking interest for reducing carrier recombination at the interface between the metal electrode and the c-Si substrate. However, due to the interrelation between different mechanisms at play, a comprehensive understanding of the surface passivation provided by the poly-Si/SiOx contact in the final SC has not been achieved yet. In the present work, we report on an original ex-situ doping process of the poly-Si layer through the deposition of a B-rich dielectric layer followed by an annealing step to diffuse B dopants in the layer. We propose an in-depth investigation of the passivation scheme of the resulting B-doped poly-Si/SiOx contact by first comparing the surface passivation provided by ex-situ doped and intrinsic poly-Si/SiOx contacts at different steps of the fabrication process. The excellent surface passivation properties obtained with the ex-situ doped poly-Si(B) contact (iVoc = 733 mV and J0 = 6.1 fA cm−2) attests to the good quality of this contact. We then propose further STEM, ECV and ToF-SIMS characterizations to assess: i) the evolution of the microstructure and B-doping profile through ex-situ doping and ii) the diffusion profile of hydrogen in the poly-Si contact. Our results show a gradual filling of the poly-Si layer with active B dopants with increasing annealing temperature (Ta), which strengthens the field-effect passivation and enables an iVoc increase after annealing up to 800 °C. We also observe a diffusion of O from the SiON:B doping layer to the interfacial SiOx layer during annealing, that likely enhances the passivation stability of our ex-situ doped poly-Si contact with increasing Ta. Finally, we conclude that the mechanism dominating the surface passivation changes during the fabrication process of the poly-Si/SiOx contact from field-effect passivation after annealing (performed for B-diffusion in the contact) to chemical passivation after following hydrogenation of the samples (performed by depositing a H-rich silicon nitride layer)

The purpose of this research work is to provide supply chain managers with a formal and generalizable approach that furnishes accurate guidelines to achieve a 2D performance integrating both Lean and Green. Despite the fact that several research works have been conducted in the framework of Lean and Green, at a conceptual level, the relationship between both paradigms is still ambiguous. Furthermore, the literature revealed a lack of relevant and generalizable approaches that explicitly demonstrate how to successfully implement Lean and Green in a relevant and integrated way. Since risks are the main obstacles disrupting performance, this research work addresses the identified gap by proposing a risk management approach (RMA) for Lean Green performance in a supply-chain context. Risk cannot be managed if not well-identified, hence, a rigorous literature investigation was conducted to define this concept in a supply-chain context. Later, risk was introduced into Lean and Green aspects. Subsequently, through a comprehensive review of previous risk identification studies, a novel classification of supply chain risks in a Lean Green context was provided. At a corporate level, risks often include several sources that cannot be treated at once. Therefore, a risk assessment analysis was performed, employing an analytic hierarchy process for its ease of use and broad adaptability. The output of this analysis provides visibility for an organization’s position toward performance goals and underlines crucial risks to be addressed. The risk treatment process was upgraded in this approach to a detailed analysis that aims at investigating the root causes behind the prioritized risks. Deployment of the approach on a corporate level revealed that treating a risk may negatively affect treating another. Indeed, thinking Lean is not necessarily Green, which stands with the fact that Lean Green supply chain challenges may outstrip classic optimization methods and techniques, therefore, its management requires innovative approaches. Thereby, our findings support the applicability and efficiency of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) in this setting. Although the case study focused on a specific company, the developed framework can be customized to fit different cases.

International audience; The core idea of this paper is that the concept of boundary can help us to understand the social form careers take. The concept of boundary has informed much of the literature on careers. Scholars are now looking beyond the boundaryless/boundaried divide as the boundaryless argument has been convincingly contested theoretically and empirically. This is what we do in this article. It offers a definition of career boundaries which can be empirically tested as both objective and subjective construct along two dimensions: the existence of fixed career patterns and that of individual, shared, or collective awareness of these patterns. This leads us to build a six-case typology combining these two dimensions. To test the explanatory power of this theoretical framework, we use the original case of French poets. As poets do not work in stable organizations, we could expect erratic careers. We find that poets’ careers are not erratic, but follow fixed patterns, structured by publishers and the pace of publications, with, respectively, shared and individual awareness of these patterns. We also find that similarly reputed poets tend to follow similar career patterns as they cross the same boundaries at a similar moment in their career. We end by discussing how our typology can help to understand careers, using examples from the literature from various professional settings.

The analysis of multispectral imagery (MSI) acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) used on-site has become increasingly promising for timely assessments of grassland to support farm management. However, a major challenge of these methods is their calibration, given the large spatiotemporal variability of grassland. This study evaluated the performance of two smart farming tools in determining fresh herbage mass and grass quality (dry matter, crude protein, and structural carbohydrates): an analysis model for MSI (GrassQ) and a portable on-site NIRS (HarvestLabTM 3000). We compared them to conventional look-up tables used by farmers. Surveys were undertaken on 18 multi-species grasslands located on six farms in Switzerland throughout the vegetation period in 2018. The sampled plots represented two phenological growth stages, corresponding to an age of two weeks and four to six weeks, respectively. We found that neither the performance of the smart farming tools nor the performance of the conventional approach were satisfactory for use on multi-species grasslands. The MSI-model performed poorly, with relative errors of 99.7% and 33.2% of the laboratory analyses for herbage mass and crude protein, respectively. The errors of the MSI-model were indicated to be mainly caused by grassland and environmental characteristics that differ from the relatively narrow Irish calibration dataset. The On-site NIRS showed comparable performance to the conventional Look-up Tables in determining crude protein and structural carbohydrates (error ≤ 22.2%). However, we identified that the On-site NIRS determined undried herbage quality with a systematic and correctable error. After corrections, its performance was better than the conventional approach, indicating a great potential of the On-site NIRS for decision support on grazing and harvest scheduling.

Part 4: TRIZ Applications in Eco Design; International audience; Green design is a relevant research topic because of the need of powerful and confirmed systematic methods that can support companies in their efforts to develop green products within acceptable time and costs.TRIZ, as a theory of invention problem-solving has proven its effectiveness in stimulating designer’s creativity in several areas. Therefore, the main research question we address in this research is the following: how can TRIZ tools enhance the ideality of green-design methods?This paper presents an exploratory analysis of this question. First, our methodology aims to study the weakness of an open Eco-design method known as ECOFAIRE using a general problem solving methods characterization. Then, it attempts to enhance the ideality of ECOFAIRE through a reverse engineering process that has been applied to an eco-product known as Ecodistrib. As a result, ECOFAIRE’s ideality improvement assumptions with TRIZ tools are derived. The conclusion presents some perspectives to validate these assumptions and move towards a systematic approach for Ecodesign based on ECOFAIRE.

Part 2: TRIZ and Other Innovation Approaches; International audience; TRIZ and C-K are both presented as theories aiming to facilitate innovations. In recent years several authors have published articles enlightening differences between TRIZ and C-K. C-K was initially a descriptive theory of innovation, which has gradually been developed into methods with an operational focus.To clarify if both TRIZ and C-K could be recognized as theories, a first question will be considered, what is a theory? Are then TRIZ and C-K design theories, and if so, is it possible to consider two different theories of a single subject? This article is a first step in a more global perspective aiming at clarifying what a design theory should be and how these two proposals give part of answers, and they could be complementary.

We report in this paper on the development of thin passivating poly-crystalline Silicon (poly-Si) on silicon oxide (SiO x ) stacks, with poly-Si films deposited by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) and doped by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII). Such advanced passivating contacts can be integrated, in combination with In-free TCO layers, at both the front and rear sides of high efficiency solar cells via simple fabrication processes. High iV oc values close to 700 mV were obtained just after the annealing step required for the poly-Si crystallization and dopant activation. The first cell integration demonstrated photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiencies of 21.2% for this approach. Moreover, we demonstrated that the poly-Si layers elaboration process provides efficient external gettering effects on cast-mono wafers, with bulk carrier lifetime exceeding 3 ms after the poly-Si (n+)/SiO x stack formation. These results are therefore encouraging for the use of low cost, low carbon footprint Si materials, in double-side passivated contacts high efficiency cell structures.

We report on the developments related to the elaboration of 2-terminals CuGaSe2 (CGSe) on crystalline silicon (c-Si) monolithic tandem solar cells. Two different approaches for the interface layers between both cells were investigated. The first one uses thin ITO films as recombination layers. The second is based on a passivating tunnel junction formed by a p-type poly-crystalline Si films deposited on the implanted n+emitter of the silicon subcell, both highly doped layers being separated by an ultra-thin interfacial silicon oxide films. The first functional CuGaSe2/c-Si tandem devices were recently elaborated, with for both approaches, Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) values exceeding 1.1V.

In this paper, we present our latest developments in n+ poly-Si/SiO x passivated contacts elaborated on a high throughput LPCVD furnace as well as their integration in high efficiency large area n-type PERT solar cells. Both in-situ and ex-situ doping of the poly-Si layer have been investigated. Following a fine tuning of the thin oxide layer growth and of the poly-Si doping process, iVoc up to 735 mV could be reached on symmetrical samples with Cz silicon wafers. The high performances of this structure were also confirmed on advanced cast mono wafers with similar iVoc levels. Finally, a fabrication process based on high throughput industrial equipment from SEMCO SMARTECH was developed to form high efficiency polySi based PERT solar cells. Efficiency values up to 22.8% were measured on large area Cz silicon wafer using a standard 5 busbars screen printed metallization.

This paper reports on an innovative way for the hydrogenation of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers deposited by magnetron sputtering. These hydrogenated films offer the possibility to increase the performances of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells using passivating contacts technologies. Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) of Hydrogen is shown to improve both surface passivation and electrical properties of TCO layers depending on the post-implantation annealing steps. A double effect is obtained through this annealing process: (i) TCOs electrical conductivity improvement and (ii) a better passivation of the c-Si surface possibly due to the enhancement of the hydrogen diffusion.

International audience; Ion implantation is a suitable and promising solution for the massive industrialization of boron doping, which is a crucial process step for most next-generation solar cells based on crystalline silicon (c-Si). However, the use of ion implantation for boron doping is limited by the high temperature (in the 1050°C range) of the subsequent activation anneal, which is essential to dissolve the boron clusters and reach a high-emitter quality. In this work, we propose the use of plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) from B$_2$ H$_6$ gas precursor instead of the standard beamline ion implantation (BLII) technique to decrease this temperature down to 950°C. PIII and BLII boron emitters were compared with annealing temperatures ranging from 950°C to 1050°C. Contrary to BLII, no degradation of the emitter quality was observed with PIII implants annealed at 950°C along with a full activation of the dopants in the emitter. At 1000°C, emitter saturation current densities (J$_{0e}$) below 21 fA/cm$^2$ were obtained using the PIII technique regardless of the tested implanta-tion doses for sheet resistances between 110 and 160 $\Omega$/sq. After metallization steps, the metal/emitter contact resistances were assessed, indicating that these emitters were compatible with a conventional metallization by screen-printing/firing. The PIII boron emitters' performances were further tested with their integration in n-type passivated emitter rear totally diffused (PERT) solar cells fully doped by PIII. Promising results already show a conversion efficiency of 20.8% using a lower annealing temperature than with BLII and a reduced production cost. KEYWORDS annealing temperature, B$_2$ H$_6$ plasma, boron doping, n-type PERT solar cells, plasma-immersion ion implantation, silicon solar cells We report a new way to activate implanted boron emitter at low temperature that is the use of plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) from B$_2$H$_6$ plasma. A full activation of the emitter at 950°C was observed even for a high implantation dose corresponding to a sheet resistance of 112 $\Omega$/sq. Promising performances while being integrated in n-PERT solar cells fully doped by PIII were demonstrated with efficiency of 20.8% % using a lower annealing temperature than with BLII and a reduced production cost.