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Background: OPC is being considered as the most important agent of self-poisoning among the younger generation people because of its easy availability. Recent studies have reported an early increase in serum amylase levels among patients with OP compound poisoning and found hyperamylasemia to be closely associated with the clinical signs and symptoms and more so with respiratory failure. Aim: To study the serum amylase levels among patients with OPC poisoning and correlate its levels with the clinical features on the day of presentation. Methodology: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted for a period of two years in a Government medical college hospital at TamilNadu. A total of 278 patients reported to our hospital with history of OPC poisoning during the said period among which 157 patients satisfying our inclusion and exclusion criteria are selected as our study subjects. Severity of OPC intoxication was measured using POP (Peradeniya OP poisoning) scale and it was graded as mild, moderate and severe. Serum amylase level was measured for all the patients on the day of admission.

Introduction & Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent tumor in adults, it rarely occurs before the age of 25 years, with an annual incidence of only 1-2 cases per 10,00,000 people, accounting for only about 80 cases per year worldwide. Overall incidence of CRC involving hepatic exure is 2%, ascending colon is 5%, sigmoid colon is 21% which is very rare in young age group. Herein we report a 3 rare cases of CRC in young adults less than 25 years of age involving hepatic exure, ascending colon and sigmoid colon respectively. Case Description: Case 1: A 20 year-old male presented with complaints of abdominal distension and constipation for 1 week and loss of weight for 1 month. Patient had no comorbities and no family history of malignancy. CECT done showed an asymmetric wall thickening involving proximal transverse colon with signicant luminal narrowing. He underwent emergency laparotomy and intra operatively patient had a growth at hepatic exure of colon with dilated ascending colon, caecum and distal ileum and multiple enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. He was proceeded with right hemicolectomy with ileo transverse anastomosis. Post operative histopathology revealed mucinous adenocarcinoma involving hepatic exure. Case 2: A 25 year-old female was hospitalized due to com plaint s of abdominal pain for 3 months, lower abdomen mass for 1 month and melena for the past 15 days and loss of weight and appetite. Patient had no comorbities and no family history of malignancy. CECT done showed a suspicious wall thickening involving ascending colon. The patient was taken up for laparotomy and per operative ndings showed a ulceroproliferative growth involving ascending colon. Patient was proceeded with right hemicolectomy with ileo transverse anastomosis. Post operative histopathology revealed mucinous adenocarcinoma involving ascending colon.Case 3: A 22 year-old male was admitted for comp laint s of lower abdominal pain for 4 months, bleeding per rectum on and off for 1 month and abdomen distension and constipation for 5 days and loss of weight and appetite. Patient had no comorbities and no family history of malignancy. CECT done showed a circumferential wall thickening involving sigmoid colon. Hence the patient was proceeded for emergency laparotomy and per operative ndings showed a stenosing growth involving sigmoid colon. Patient was proceeded with Hartmann's procedure. Post operative histopathology revealed adenocarcinoma involving sigmoid colon. Conclusion: Within a young group, CRC is usually diagnosed later andpotentially associated with worst prognosis. Detecting CRC at an early, more treatable stage is important for cure and survival. This report suggest a greater suspicion rate and early screening that necessary when evaluating young patients with common symptoms.

Background: Acute mesenteric ischemia consists of the sudden, partial or complete, interruption of the blood ow in superior or inferior mesenteric vessels that result in intestinal ischemia. The incidence was exponentially increasing with age and no difference has been observed between sexes. Aim: The Aim of this case series was to highlight clinical presentation, the difculty in diagnosis and importance of early intervention and the prognosis of superior mesenteric vessel thrombosis with bowel ischemia. This article presented a case series of intestinal infarction through obstruction of superior mesenteric vessels – three cases of acute mesenteric artery thrombosis, two case of acute mesenteric vein thrombosis. Materials and methods: The materials for this case series was collected from patients diagnosed and admitted as acute superior mesenteric vessel thrombosis in various surgical units in Department of General Surgery, Govt. Kilpauk Medical College & Hospital & Govt Royapettah Hospital,Chennai. All 5 cases have been analyzed for this study during period of 18 months from March 2020 to Augest 2021. All Cases with superior mesenteric vessels thrombosis were included.No exclusion criteria. Results: This case series consisted of 5 cases, three cases of acute mesenteric artery thrombosis and two case of acute mesenteric vein thrombosis. In this case series, superior mesenteric artery thrombosis was more common with male preponderance. 4 out of 5 cases were male in which Superior mesenteric artery was more common when compared to vein thrombosis. Out of 5 cases, 2 cases were asymptomatic with mild abdominal discomfort. Most common complaints of 5 cases were sudden onset of abdominal pain with or without vomiting. Abdominal distension/ Constipation were not seen in all cases. Out of 5 cases, 2post- operative stay and no complications after surgery. 2 cases developed postop complications.1 case had deceased because of late presentation. Conclusion: The diagnosis of AMI is difcult and mostly delayed resulting in irreversible bowel ischemia which requires emergency intervention. Mortality and morbidity for AMI remains high, and in patients requiring extensive bowel resection the survival rate was low. As AMI mostly affects the elderly population physicians have to be aware of the possibility of this condition when facing the elderly patient even with mild sudden onset of abdominal pain complaints. An interdisciplinary collaboration is must, since patients are not initially evaluated by surgeons.

The transmission mechanism of monetary policy is correlated to lending which expands aggregate demand in the economy. The banking system form an important place in the monetary policy transmission. The channels of monetary policy transmission are: Interest Rate Channel, Credit or Loan Supply Channel, Exchange Rate Channel, and Asset Price Channel. The financial prices include interest rates, exchange rates, yields, asset prices, and equity prices, and the financial quantities consists of money supply, credit aggregates, supply of government bonds and foreign denominated assets. RBI uses various monetary policy frameworks over the years which is classified as pre-monetary targeting (1947 to 1984-85), monetary targeting (1984-85 to 1997- 98), Multiple Indicators approach (1998-99 to 2014), Inflation Targeting (from 2013 onwards), and Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT). MCLR also drastically decreased for all these banks from 2019 to 2021. The external benchmark has increased for the three types of banks from 2019 to 2021. The repo rate gives a contrast data between pre and post FIT periods. The financial system is not fully developed which is a hindrance to the transmission mechanism. The cost of lending, issues in bond market, and pandemic situation related problems requires an appropriate transmission mechanism in the monetary policy of our country.

India is currently fighting against the deadly contagious, Novel coronavirus (nCoV) in all possible means. Though many antiviral drugs are available in the mainstream treatment for respiratory viral infections, no targeted antiviral has been identified, and vaccine trials are ongoing. The traditional system of medicine possesses a broad range of scope to bridge the gaps in treatment methods and the time lag between vaccine developments. There may be a chance of mutation of the virus, drug resistance, etc. The present study reports metabolites profiling from the shoot of Curcuma longa, and the LCMS method was used to characterize phytochemical in which sixteen compounds were screened and used for the active site of the SARS CoV-2 spike protein using Autodock 4.2.6. The three dimensions crystal structure PDB id was retrieved from PDB, and the active sites were predicted using metapocket 2.0. Binding affinity data and interaction patterns revealed that these compounds could inhibit the development of disease inside the body system, and it can be used to design different nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals. © 2021 by the authors.

This article explains the Specialty of the Tamil language. The Tamil language and literature has a long tradition. In that tradition Tholkapiyam is one of the masterpieces of the literary grammar of the Tamil language. It remains the treasury of knowledge of the Tamil people to this day. The complete grammar of all the texts available to us is the epic. This article trying to prove that grammar is archaic and profoundly semantic is to say that it only refers to archeology in a special sense in Tholkapiyam. Explanatory methodology was adopted for this study. ‘Tholkapiyam porulathikaram’ is of benefit to literary historians and critics alike, as it is not only a grammar text for ‘ezhuthu’ and ‘Sol’, but also a grammar book for literature related to Tamil life. This article explains that semantics with such multifaceted features is unique to Tamil.

Non-destructive examination of steam generator (SG) tubes of Fast Breeder Reactors is of paramount importance. The inspection needs to be carried out from the inner side of an SG tube due to the constraint in accessibility. Recently, the magnetostrictive ultrasonic guided wave (MUGW) technique has been proposed as an alternative for the inspection of SG tubes. As a commercial MUGW probe for small-diameter ferromagnetic tubes is not available, it needs to be designed and developed with optimum parameters. This paper proposes a three-step optimization approach for the development of a MUGW probe, namely optimization of the diameter and length of a permanent magnet (for bias) finite element modeling based, optimization of the width of the transmitter and receiver coils of the probe by empirical modeling and the optimization of the number of turns of the transmitter and receiver coils by equivalent circuit models. A MUGW probe is fabricated and tested experimentally to validate the optimized parameters. Experiments show the validity of the approach in terms of generation, long-range propagation (47.6 m) of L(0,2) mode at 300 kHz, and the required sensitivity (multiple 10% wall thickness deep uniform wall loss circumferential grooves) in SG tubes.

Acute appendicitis is a surgical emergency and requires surgical intervention. This is a study among 30 patients in tertiary care centre in south india to compare the efcacy of early oral feeding compared to traditional late oral feeding. Early oral feeding was found to be superior in all aspects over tradional oral feeding. Hence this can be promoted in all patients undergoing appendicectomy .

In this study, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based signal processing methodology is applied for eliminating noise due to permeability variations in saturation eddy current (EC) testing signa...

Acute abscesses are a surgical emergency and almost always require drainage, especially from supercial sites. This is a study among 100 patients in a tertiary care centre in South India to compare the efcacy of two methods of management of supercial – skin and soft tissue- abscesses in terms of post operative pain, wound healing time, duration of inpatient treatment and recurrence of abscess at primary site. The rst method was the conventional Incision and Open drainage and healing by secondary intention. The second method involved Incision and Drainage and primary closure of the wound with a negative pressure drain. The latter method was found to be signicantly superior to the conventional method in all the above mentioned outcomes. Hence, this method can be promoted along with the use of appropriate antibiotics to lessen the inconveniences of the patients.

The A Mean Square Cordial labeling of a Graph G(V,E) with p vertices and q edges is an onto from V to {0, 1} such that each edge uv is assigned the label where (ceil( x)) is the least integer greater than or equal to x with the condition that the number of vertices labeled with 0 and the number of vertices labeled with 1 differ by at most 1 and the number of edges labeled with 0 and the number of edges labeled 0 and the number of edges labeled with 1 differ by at most 1.In this paper we analysed that Pentagonal snake PSk, Subdivision of a pentagonal snake S(PSk ) ,Double pentagonal snake D(PSk) and Alternate pentagonal snake A(PSk) are mean square cordial graphs.

In this paper, the detection of subsurface flaws by pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique has been studied. Experiments have been carried out on an 8.0 mm thick stainless steel plate with subsurface flaws located at different depths below the surface by varying the excitation rise time (Er). The conventional PEC signal parameters like peak amplitude (Vp), time-to-peak (Tp) and rise time (tr) are influenced by noise and could not be effectively used to detect flaws located beyond 4.0 mm below surface. In this context, a new approach based on fitting the PEC response pulse to a modified inductor current equation has been proposed. Based on this approach, two parameters viz. time constant (τ) and voltage parameter (V1/V0) have been derived and used for detection and separation of flaws. The study shows that the two parameters derived from the proposed approach can be used to detect flaws located 6.0 mm below the surface with improved sensitivity. The advantage of the proposed approach is that, it does not require subtraction from reference signal to detect flaws. The derived parameters are also able to differentiate the subsurface and surface flaws.

Fuel Clad Chemical Interaction (FCCI) is one of the life limiting issues in the MOX fuel pins of fast breeder reactors. Clad wastage due to FCCI coupled with stress arising from fission gas pressure and Fuel Clad Mechanical Interaction (FCMI) due to fuel swelling can lead to fuel pin failure. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques such as Gamma Scanning, Eddy current testing and Neutron Radiography have been successfully used on MOX fuel pins of a test sub-assembly irradiated in Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) to a burn-up of 112 GW d/t to detect signatures of FCCI. The results obtained by the various NDE techniques have been correlated and verified through metallographic examination on fuel pin cross-sections. The measured clad wastage of 85 μm agrees well with a model developed for MOX fuel with high Pu content. The results of examinations have enabled validation of the model and given confidence to the designer that PFBR MOX fuel can safely attain the target burn-up of 100 GW d/t.

This paper presents the development of a high-sensitive remote field eddy current (RFEC) instrument for detection of flaws in ferromagnetic steel tubes. The instrument is capable of simultaneously ...

Bilobed gallbladder is extremely rare. It is important to identify this anomaly preoperatively to avoid intraoperative complications. Authors in this report describe successful surgical management of a patient with bilobed gall bladder with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis. A middle aged female who has presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain and features of obstructive jaundice. Pre-operative ultrasonogram revealed bilobed gallbladder with cholelithiasis and dilated common bile duct (CBD) secondary to CBD stones. These findings were confirmed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). This case was successfully managed by open procedure after attempted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) failed. Simultaneous removal of both lobes of gallbladder and addressing CBD stones is extremely important to prevent the recurrence of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis in these cases.

Mycobacterial infections remain a public health problem. Historically important, globally ubiquitous and with a wide host range, we are still struggling to control mycobacterial infections in humans and animals. While previous reviews have focused on individual mycobacterial infections in either humans or animals, a comprehensive review of the zoonotic aspect of mycobacteria in the context of the One Health initiative is lacking. With the purpose of providing a concise and comprehensive resource, we have collated literature to address the zoonotic potential of different mycobacterial species and elaborate on the necessity for an inter-sectorial approach to attain a new vision to combat mycobacterial infections.

Background: Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are a group of highly morbid and lethal infections. Successful management entails early recognition, aggressive operative debridement, aggressive appropriate antibiotics and supportive care. Aims: to find out the age & gender distribution, category and etiological factors of NSTIs ii) To identify the prognostic factors and mortality rate of the same. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study of 42 patients, who were admitted with NSTIs at Govt. Royapettah hospital were done between January 2015 and December 2015. Results: Most common category of NSTI was found to be Necrotizing fasciitis with male preponderance, with a mean age of 49 years. Significant association was found between NSTIs and Diabetes & Anemia. Idiopathic etiology (45% ) was most common in our study followed by trauma(43%). Conclusions: Necrotizing soft tissue infections are fulminant polymicrobial soft tissue infections with a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis of the presence of a NSTI is critical if optimal outcomes are to be achieved

Three analogs of quinoline hybrid 4-cis-fluoro-proline amides (QHCFPAs) were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT 135, FT-IR and ESI-MS. The in vitro antidiabetic activity of the titled compounds was performed by reported spectrophotometric method and the percentage inhibition of α-amylase was found comparable to that of standard drug acarbose. In silico ADMET properties of the titled compounds were predicted and discussed. Further, molecular docking studies of QHCFPAs were performed against the target α-amylase enzyme to identify the plausible binding interactions between enzyme and the QHCFPAs. Among QHCFPAs, (2R,4R)-1-((2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl)methyl)-4-fluoro-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (QPAA) exhibited good docking score andbinding energy of −4.5 and −40.12 kcal/mol, respectively and (2R,4R)-1-((2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl)methyl)-N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide(QPDMAA) exhibited docking score and binding energy of −4.7 and −42.90 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential studies were also performed to support the in silico and in vitro biological screening results. Finally, molecular dynamics study was also explored for QPAA in order to correlate the findings of in silico and in vitro studies.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the trachea are rare childhood quasi-neoplastic lesions.7-year-old boy with recurrent episodes of cough, breathing difficulty and wheeze, initially treated as asthma.CT chest and flexible bronchoscopy revealed a mass lesion of the trachea, which was excised by diode laser through the ventilating bronchoscope. Histopathology confirmed it as the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.Use of laser ensured complete endotracheal excision of the tumor.

An ultrasonic guided wave based methodology is developed for inspection of steam generator tubes of the prototype fast breeder reactor. To this aim, axisymmetric longitudinal mode (L(0,2)) at the frequency of 250 kHz is optimized using 3D-finite element simulation and experiments. The group velocity of mode L(0,2) at 250 kHz is found to be 5387 m/s. First, the long range propagation of the L(0,2) mode at 250 kHz is examined and the mode is found to propagate over a distance of 45.6 m with a sufficiently good SNR. Secondly, the detection of multiple defects such as circumferential, axial, partial-pinholes and tapered defects lying in the same line of sight is investigated using 3D-finite element simulation and the results obtained are validated experimentally for the first three cases. The sensitivities achieved are 0.23 mm depth (10%WT) for circumferential, axial and tapered defects and for partial-pinholes: 1 mm diameter and 1.38 mm depth (60%WT). Thirdly, 3D-FE simulations with ID and OD pinhole defects are performed which show that the ID and OD defects are detected by L(0,2) with a fairly similar sensitivity. Finally, study on the thermal expansion bend (with three successive bends) shows that the bend does not have much influence on the mode and the multiple circumferential defects considered in the bend are detected with good sensitivity.

In this article presents an analysis of speed control of Brushless DC (BLDC)motor for feed drives. The feed drives play a crucial role in CNC machines. BLDC motor has been progressively replacing conventional DC drives in various applications due to its brushless and low power-loss operation. In this paper three phase voltage source inverter fed BLDC motor control is analysed. The proposed model has been developed using Simulink/MATLAB and also their speed and torque performance for various load conditions using PI Controller. are analysed.

Studies on design optimisation of eddy current probe have been carried out for detection of deep sub-surface defects in thick stainless steel plates. The performance of send–receive type air core, ferrite core, ferrite core with outer shielding, and cup-core probes has been analysed and compared using finite element modelling. The model predicted results have indicated that the cup-core probe ensures better sensitivity for detection of deep sub-surface defects. For experimental studies, a high sensitive eddy current instrument with digital lock-in amplifier functionality implemented in LabVIEW software has been developed. Experimental results have confirmed that cup-core probe is capable of detecting defects located at 8.0 mm below the surface in 12.0 mm thick stainless steel plates as well as simulated sub-surface localised corrosions. A linear relationship between phase angle and defect depth below the surface has been observed, apart from discrimination of sub-surface and surface defects.

For non-destructive examination of small diameter (outer diameter, OD 17.2 mm) and thick walled (wall thickness, 2.3 mm) ferromagnetic Modified 9Cr–1Mo steel steam generator (SG) tubes of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), this paper proposes magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technique. Three dimensional finite element (3D-FE) modeling has been performed to optimize the magnetizing unit and inter-coil spacing of bobbin coils used for axial magnetization of the tube. The performance of the technique has been evaluated experimentally by measuring the axial ( B a ) component of the leakage fields from localized machined defects in SG tubes. The MFL technique has shown capability to detect and image tube outside defects with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) better than 6 dB. Study reveals that Inconel support plates surrounding the SG tubes do not influence the MFL signals. As the MFL technique can detect localized defects in the presence of support plates as well as sodium and the remote field eddy current technique is sensitive to distributed wall thinning, their combined use will ensure comprehensive inspection of the SG tubes.

The incidence of resistant mastitis in dairy cows in Tamil Nadu, India was 56.l %. The predominant resistant causative pathogen was Escherichia coli (50.64 %) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (44.25 %) and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (5.11 %). Incidence of resistant mastitis was high in Holstein Friesian cross breed followed by Jersey cross breed and non descript. Highest incidence was observed in early stage of third lactation. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test revealed the E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA organisms showed more sensitivity to enrofloxacin, amoxicillin+sulbactam, gentamicin and ceftriaxone and had highest resistant to penicillin followed by amoxicillin, oxytetracycline and methicillin. The study highlights the need for preventing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.