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The trophic niche is one of the most important ecological traits for any species, providing information about trophic position in the food web, habitat preferences, and interspecific interactions. In this study, we describe the autumn diet of two sympatric species of salamander from central Italy—Italian Cave Salamanders (Speleomantes italicus) and Fire Salamanders (Salamandra salamandra), assessing whether competition for the same prey occurs. Furthermore, we combine our data with those obtained for the same population during a different season (spring) and assess potential seasonal variation in the diet of these two salamander species. The overlap of the trophic niche between the two species was limited, with S. italicus consuming smaller and fast-moving prey (e.g., Diptera, Collembola), and S. salamandra consuming slow and often elongated prey (e.g., Gastropoda, Haplotaxida, Diplopoda). Seasonal differences in diet composition were observed in both species between spring and autumn; in autumn, both species narrowed their trophic niche breadth. This seasonal divergence is likely due to the variation of prey phenology and availability. The consumption of prey of different size was likely the main factor allowing the coexistence of these two salamander species. In both species we observed a general increase in the proportion of generalist individuals in autumn, most likely because of a reduction in prey availability. In addition to providing information on the trophic niche of these species, our study represented a further step that helps unravel the dynamics promoting the coexistence of potentially competing species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Leptophallus nigrovenosus is a trematode parasite found in snakes that requires feeding on amphibians to acquire the parasite. Firstly, this study investigated, in detail, the sensory receptors on the cercariae of these parasites, shedding light on the adaptations that allow them to find their host species. Secondly, the metacercariae of Salamandra salamandra were studied using histology to examine inflammatory responses in the eyes and potential eye damage. This study involved collecting snails (Planorbius metidjensis) and observing the emergence of cercariae. Salamander larvae were then exposed to these cercariae, and the larvae were later examined for the presence of metacercariae. Notably, this study is the first to report the presence of L. nigrovenosus in the snail P. metidjensis, a previously unrecorded host. These findings revealed that members of the genus Salamandra can serve as secondary intermediate hosts for L. nigrovenosus. Such infections in amphibians can lead to various eye issues, including cloudiness, inflammation, and tissue damage, ultimately affecting their survival. This research highlights the need for further investigation into trematode infections in amphibian eyes, which would provide valuable insights into their prevalence, transmission dynamics, and impact on host populations. (1) Background: Leptophallus nigrovenosus, an esophageal parasite that primarily affects water snakes of the genus Natrix, has a known life cycle that involves snail and amphibian hosts. However, the biological aspects, chaetotaxic patterns, and pathogeny of this parasite in its hosts have not been fully elucidated. (2) Methods: Snails (Planorbarius metidjensis) were collected in Spain and examined for cercaria emergence. The larvae were used to experimentally infect Salamandra salamandra, and metacercariae were isolated. Their chaetotaxy was studied using microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The eye histology was also examined. (3) Results: The cercariae displayed distinctive morphological characteristics. The results of this study revealed three types of ciliated sensory papillae on the cercarial teguments, suggesting an adaptation for host detection and orientation. The metacercariae isolated from subcutaneous tissues showed oval bodies covered in spines. The chaetotaxy patterns matched those of Leptophallinae species. This is the first report of the presence of L. nigrovenosus in the snail P. metidjensis. Additionally, this study detected metacercariae in the eyes of S. salamandra, emphasizing the need for further research on trematode infections in amphibian eyes. (4) Conclusions: Members of the genus Salamandra can serve as secondary intermediate hosts for L. nigrovenosus, and the presence of metacercariae in amphibian eyes may have implications for the survival and habitat management of these amphibians. Understanding this parasite's prevalence, transmission dynamics, and impacts on host populations is crucial for conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Studies on species' trophic niches are essential to understand the characteristics of species' ecology and life traits, as well as to improve conservation strategies. In the absence of competitors, species realize their trophic niche including in their diet the most profitable food resources. In the presence of competitors, species modify their preferences to reduce competition and maintain the highest benefits at the same time. In this study, we assessed the trophic niche of two species of salamanders coexisting in a forested area of Italy and evaluated which might be the mechanisms that these two species adopted to reduce competition. We found that the Italian cave salamander (Speleomantes italicus) mostly consumed flying prey with a hard cuticle, while the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) preferred worm-like and soft-bodied prey. In conclusion, we hypothesize that in our case, the two species of salamanders did not have to change their prey preference in order to avoid competition, but divergences in metabolism and behavioral traits likely worked as natural deterrent. The trophic niche of a species is one of the fundamental traits of species biology. The ideal trophic niche of a species is realized in the absence of interspecific competition, targeting the most profitable and easy-to-handle food resources. However, when a competitor is present, species adopt different strategies to reduce competition and promote coexistence. In this study, we assessed the potential mechanisms that allow the coexistence of two generalist salamanders: the Italian cave salamander (Speleomantes italicus) and the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We surveyed, in April 2021, a forested area of Emilia-Romagna (Italy) during rainy nights. Analyzing the stomach contents of the captured individuals, we obtained information on the trophic niche of these two sympatric populations. Comparing our results with those of previous studies, we found that the two species did not modify their trophic niche, but that alternative mechanisms allowed their coexistence. Specifically, different prey preferences and predator metabolisms were likely the major factors allowing reduced competition between these two generalist predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced trophic resources can pose relevant constraints to the development of freshwater animals with complex life cycles. For amphibians, food deprived environments, such as high-altitude ponds and springs and groundwaters are frequently used for breeding. The aim of this study is to outline trophic conditions leading to extreme cases of delayed larval development and increased size at metamorphosis of a European widespread amphibian, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We collected 150 fire salamander larvae, split them in two groups, one with high and one with low trophic resource availability. We then observed the effects of nutritional conditions on larval development recording time to metamorphosis and average day growth. Moreover, in the field, we surveyed larvae growth and size at metamorphosis in two artificial subterranean sites with low prey availability. Trophic conditions strongly affected larval development and under low food treatment time to metamorphosis reached up to 416 days. In the subterranean environments we observed a similar pattern, with larvae requiring more than one year to attain metamorphosis but reaching unexpected large sizes. Environmental trophic conditions experienced during early stages can induce strong delay in metamorphosis of the fire salamander; this plasticity makes fire salamander larvae optimal models for comparative studies and cross-environment experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small sample of fossil vertebrae of amphibians and reptiles found in the historical collection of the Museum of Geology and Palaeontology of the University of Torino is here described. The fossils most likely originate from the same deposits as the old collections from Weisenau, in the Mainz Basin. In spite of the small number of remains, at least five taxa are recognized: one urodele (Salamandra sansaniensis), one lizard (Pseudopus sp.), and three snakes (Falseryx petersbuchi, Zamenis kohfidischi, and Vipera antiqua). Records of only one of these, the viper, were already properly published in previous accounts on the site, whereas the urodele and lizard were only mentioned in literature, which we are now able to confirm. The other two snakes are identified in the early Miocene of Weisenau for the first time. For at least four of the identified taxa, the Weisenau occurrence is the oldest known. This small sample supports the hypothesis that the early Miocene of Europe was an important step towards establishing its modern herpetofauna, soon after the Oligocene/Miocene transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquest article proposa una lectura de l'obra de teatre de Josep M. Benet i Jornet Salamandra que la presenta com la culminació i el testament de la seva carrera. De fet, tracta el tema de l'extinció en termes universals, personals i referits a la llengua catalana, en relació amb els quals reflexiona sobre la funció de l'art, la memòria, la identitat individual i la pertinença a la col·lectivitat. Són motius constants en la trajectòria de Benet que Salamandra replanteja en una forma híbrida que qüestiona tot tipus de fronteres—entre arts, gèneres, identitats, concepcions de la realitat, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation into Italian of Quevedo's sonnet «Salamandra frondosa y bien poblada» dedicated to Vesuvius, which Alessandro Martinengo judged «magnífico» highlighting its originality with respect to the others of the «género volcánico». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Demostrar el efecto del latex Croton lechleri (sangre de grado) en la regeneración de las extremidades amputadas de salamandras. Material y método: Estudio experimental con grupo control. Se realizó la distribución aleatoria de 8 salamandras en 2 grupos. Después de un periodo de adaptación unas de las extremidades posteriores fueron amputadas a una distancia de 0.5cm desde la base. Los animales recibieron de manera tópica tratamiento: Grupo control (n=3) 2 gotas de suero fisiológico; Grupo Croton: 2 gotas de latex de Crotón lechleri. Los tratamientos fueron realizados cada 12 horas durante 38 días. Se realizaron mediciones de la longitud (cm) de los muñones los días 0 (basal), día 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33 y 38. Los grupos fueron mantenidos en acuarios bajo condiciones de alimentación estándar. Resultados: La longitud de las extremidades amputadas tratadas con Croton lecheri resultan ser estadísticamente superiores al grupo control a partir de las mediciones realizadas el día 28 en adelante (p=0.025). Al finalizar los tratamientos, el delta de la longitud de crecimiento de los miembros amputados de las salamandras controles fue 0.6 ± 0.1 mm, mientras que las tratadas con Croton lechleri fue 1.35 ± 0.25cm encontrándose diferencia significativa en ambos grupos (p= 0.003). Además, se observa el crecimiento del implante distal en su 70 % de la totalidad del tamaño original. Conclusión: El latex de Croton lechleri (sangre de grado) favorece la regeneración de extremidades amputadas de salamandras.

For many species, population sizes are unknown despite their importance for conservation. For population size estimation, capture-mark-recapture (CMR) studies are often used, which include the necessity to identify each individual, mostly through individual markings or genetic characters. Invasive marking techniques, however, can negatively affect the individual fitness. Alternatives are low-impact techniques such as the use of photos for individual identification, for species with stable distinctive phenotypic traits. For the individual identification of photos, a variety of different software, with different requirements, is available. The European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a species in which individuals, both at the larval stage and as adults, have individual specific patterns that allow for individual identification. In this study, we compared the performance of five different software for the use of photographic identification for the European fire salamander: Amphibian & Reptile Wildbook (ARW), AmphIdent, I3S pattern+, ManderMatcher and Wild-ID. While adults can be identified by all five software, European fire salamander larvae can currently only be identified by two of the five (ARW and Wild-ID). We used one dataset of European fire salamander larval pictures taken in the laboratory and tested this dataset in two of the five software (ARW and Wild-ID). We used another dataset of European fire salamander adult pictures taken in the field and tested this using all five software. We compared the requirements of all software on the pictures used and calculated the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and the Recognition Rate (RR). For the larval dataset (421 pictures) we found that the ARW and Wild-ID performed equally well for individual identification (99.6% and 100% Recognition Rate, respectively). For the adult dataset (377 pictures), we found the best False Rejection Rate in ManderMatcher and the highest Recognition Rate in the ARW. Additionally, the ARW is the only program that requires no image pre-processing. In times of amphibian declines, non-invasive photo identification software allowing capture-mark-recapture studies help to gain knowledge on population sizes, distribution, movement and demography of a population and can thus help to support species conservation., Competing Interests: The department of Behavioural Ecology from Bielefeld University placed the order for the Amphibian & Reptile Wildbook software together with NC3 (Collaborative research centre “A Novel Synthesis of Individualisation across Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution: Niche Choice, Niche Conformance, Niche Construction (NC3)” founded by the DZG) and Heike Pröhl and Mirjam Nadjafzadeh, who received funding from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT). They are not receiving any kind of payment or other benefits in relation with the Amphibian & Reptile Wildbook.” This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials., (Copyright: © 2024 Schulte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The trophic niche of a species is one of the fundamental traits of species biology. The ideal trophic niche of a species is realized in the absence of interspecific competition, targeting the most profitable and easy-to-handle food resources. However, when a competitor is present, species adopt different strategies to reduce competition and promote coexistence. In this study, we assessed the potential mechanisms that allow the coexistence of two generalist salamanders: the Italian cave salamander (Speleomantes italicus) and the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We surveyed, in April 2021, a forested area of Emilia-Romagna (Italy) during rainy nights. Analyzing the stomach contents of the captured individuals, we obtained information on the trophic niche of these two sympatric populations. Comparing our results with those of previous studies, we found that the two species did not modify their trophic niche, but that alternative mechanisms allowed their coexistence. Specifically, different prey preferences and predator metabolisms were likely the major factors allowing reduced competition between these two generalist predators.

Antecedentes: clasificado en peligro de extinción. Los reportes sobre el manejo ex situ de puestas y de organismos posteclosión son escasos. Objetivo: desarrollar una metodología para el manejo pre y posnatal ex situ para ajolote de montaña y establecer parámetros óptimos de calidad del agua en esas etapas de desarrollo. Metodología: se incubaron 14 huevos en un acuario equipado con filtro externo y piedra de aireación. El flujo del agua fue de 90 L/hr y temperatura de 12 °C. Las larvas postnatales se alojaron en contenedores de plástico con un volumen promedio de 3,5 L y profundidad de 7 cm. Se registraron las condiciones de manejo del agua y alimentación. Resultados: la incubación fue de 40 días, con una eclosión del 100 %. La puesta se mantuvo en un volumen de 1.1 L/organismo, con recambios de agua del 30 %, dos veces/semana. Las larvas se alojaron en grupos de cinco con un volumen de 0,8 L/animal, con recambios diarios del 30 % y semanales del 100 %. Se usó agua de grifo filtrada y declorada. Los parámetros de calidad del agua: pH 7,6, Oxígeno disuelto 95 %, Conductividad eléctrica 300 μS/cm, Sólidos disueltos totales 947 ppm, Alcalinidad 62,9*, Calcio 43,4*, Fósforo 3*, Amoniaco 0,13*, Nitrito 0,21*, y Nitrato 26,6* (*mg/L). Las larvas recién nacidas se alimentaron desde el día uno con Daphnia spp. y Artemia franciscana dos veces/día. A partir de la semana dos también se dio Tubifex tubifex. Con la densidad poblacional y alimentación descritas, no registró canibalismo, ni problemas de salud. A los dos meses la sobrevivencia fue del 100 %. Conclusión: el género Ambystoma consta de 33 especies, sin embargo, no se puede generalizar una metodología de manejo ex situ, por lo que es necesario desarrollar protocolos para cada especie para lograr su supervivencia y posterior reproducción exitosa, en este caso el éxito de eclosión y sobrevivencia indican que se cubrieron los requerimientos ambientales básicos de calidad del agua, alimentación y manejo de huevos y larvas, se consideró que es una especie metamorfa, que habita en aguas lóticas, bien oxigenadas, frías y prístinas. Este es el primer paso para establecer una colonia reproductiva, contribuyendo a la conservación de la especie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibian populations globally are in decline. One great threat is the abstraction of water resources that alter surface‐water hydrology. Conservation actions aimed at restoring or manipulating surface water are employed as a management tool, but empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these approaches is scarce. In this systematic review, we summarized the global experience of manipulating water for amphibian conservation. We explored examples of manipulating water to conserve amphibian species and communities. Approaches varied in their frequency of implementation and in their success. Extending hydroperiod to match larval requirements showed encouraging results, as did off‐season drying to control predators. Spraying water into the environment showed several potential applications, but successes were limited. Despite some promising interventions, we identified few (n = 17) empirically supported examples of successful water manipulation to benefit amphibians. It is unclear whether this stems from publication bias or if it is an artifact of language selection. However, manipulating water shows some potential in amphibian conservation, particularly at sites with a proximal water source and in regions where aridity is increasing due to climate change. Regardless of the scale of the intervention or its perceived probability of success, high‐quality reporting of empirical results will further understanding of how water manipulations can benefit threatened amphibian populations. Article impact statement: Manipulating water is a promising management tool in amphibian conservation, particularly where aridity increases due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food composition of a Salamandra salamandra population from the Iron Gates Natural Park was studied on 22 individuals, using the stomach flushing method . The field work was done on 8 March 2020, on a cold rainy day. All S. salamandra individuals had stomach contents; they consumed 208 preys from 20 invertebrate taxa. In addition, they consumed inorganic elements, vegetal remains and shed skin fragments. The most important prey taxa were Gastropods and Diplopods. Despite the cold weather registered at the beginning of March, the feeding intensity of this population was higher in comparison with other studies made in Romania. Moreover, the prey taxa consumed in early spring are the same with those consumed in other periods by this species. The high feeding intensity indicates that S salamandra is not affected by the low temperatures, having and optimal feeding even in the beginning of spring. Also, the increased feeding intensity indicates that the habitat has appropriate trophic resources and thus optimal conditions for S. salamandra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el archivo de Joaquín Díez-Canedo M. se conserva parte de su correspondencia con Octavio Paz, gracias a lo cual es posible conocer hoy la expectativa y pormenores de la edición de Salamandra. Junto con el libro de Luis Cernuda, Desolación de la quimera, fueron éstos los dos primeros títulos de la colección de poesía Las Dos Orillas, de la recién fundada editorial Joaquín Mortiz. La presente selección es testimonio del trato que tuvieron en esos años el poeta mexicano y su editor, y permite acercarse al mundo de la edición en los años sesenta, no sólo en México.

Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism facilitating the colonisation and adaptation to novel environments, such as caves. However, phenotypic plasticity in subterranean environments remains largely unexplored. Here, we test for plasticity in growth and development of fire salamander larvae ( Salamandra salamandra ) from subterranean and surface habitats, in response to contrasting food availability and light conditions. We hypothesized that: (i) low food availability and absence of light decrease larval growth and delay metamorphosis, (ii) light conditions mediate the effects of food availability on growth and time to metamorphosis, and (iii) larval response to contrasting light and food conditions is shaped by the habitat of origin. Our study showed that reduced food availability significantly delayed metamorphosis and slowed total length and body mass growth rates, while exposure to constant darkness slowed body mass growth rate. However, larvae slowed growth rates and increased time to metamorphosis without compromising size at metamorphosis. The effect of food availability on growth and time to metamorphosis did not change under different light conditions. Fire salamanders from subterranean and surface habitats responded differently only in relation to contrasting food availability conditions. Specifically, larvae from the surface habitat grew faster in high food conditions, while growth in larvae from the subterranean habitat was not influenced by food availability. Initial size also appeared to be an influential factor, since larger and heavier larvae grew slower, metamorphosed faster, and the size advantage was maintained in newly-metamorphosed juveniles. Overall, the results of our experiment suggest that plasticity and local adaptation favor the exploitation of aquatic subterranean habitats for breeding by fire salamanders, allowing successful development even under food shortage and day-length constraints, without compromising metamorphic size. Our findings have implications for conservation because they confirm that phenotypic plasticity plays a critical role in allowing fire salamanders to overcome altered environmental conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests. Dan Cogălniceanu is a member of Chelonia Romania, a non-profit NGO with an academic and nature conservation mission., (©2023 Băncilă et al.)

Morphological observations (LM, TEM, SEM) of olfactory organs were conducted on three representatives of the family Salamandridae which differ in post-metamorphic habitat: the terrestrial fire salamander Salamandra salamandra , the semiaquatic alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris and the semiaquatic Himalayan newt Tylototriton verrucosus which exhibit increasing specialization towards life in water. We demonstrated variability in proportional size and shape of the main olfactory chamber (MOC), as well as in the degree of development of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) among the three species. In the fire salamander, the olfactory sensory epithelium was distributed throughout the MOC, while in the alpine and Himalayan newt the olfactory sensory epithelium was organized in strips. The presence of two types of olfactory receptor neurons (ciliated receptor neurons, microvillar receptor neurons) was confirmed in olfactory organs of all examined species. For the first time in amphibians, a subtype of ciliated receptor neuron – the giant neuron (rod-shape neuron), was detected in the MOC of all three salamandrids. The olfactory epithelium also consists of ciliated supporting cells and secretory supporting cells. The presence of goblet cells, mucociliary epithelial cells and squamous epithelial cells was demonstrated in the olfactory organs of all examined species. Our results indicate that the olfactory organs of salamandrids may differ in size, shape and distribution of olfactory epithelium depending on habitat type during the post-metamorphic stages of ontogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Climatic fluctuations underlie intraspecific diversification in an African salamander. • Cyto-nuclear discordances create a melting pot of genetic diversity. • Microrefugia allow persistence and diversification in North Africa. Abstract North Africa is a climatically and topographically complex region with unique biotic assemblages resulting from the combination of multiple biogeographic realms. Here, we assess the role of climate in promoting intra-specific diversification in a Palearctic relict, the North African fire salamander, Salamandra algira , using a combination of phylogenetic and population genetic analyses, paleoclimatic modelling and niche overlap tests. We used mitochondrial DNA (Cyt-b), 9838 ddRADseq loci, and 14 microsatellite loci to characterize patterns of genetic diversity and population structure. Phylogenetic analyses recover two major clades, each including several lineages with mito-nuclear discordances suggesting introgressive patterns between lineages in the Middle Atlas, associated with a melting pot of genetic diversity. Paleoclimatic modelling identified putative climatic refugia, largely matching areas of high genetic diversity, and supports the role of aridity in promoting allopatric diversification associated with ecological niche conservatism. Overall, our results highlight the role of climatic microrefugia as drivers of populations' persistence and diversification in the face of climatic oscillations in North Africa, and stress the importance of accounting for different genomic regions when reconstructing biogeographic processes from molecular markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Salamandra atra atra is the most widespread subspecies of the Alpine Salamander, both in Italy and in the other parts of the species distribution range. However, in particular for Italian populations, its ecology and demographic parameters are poorly known. We studied biometry (length, mass, body condition index) and demography (population density, sex ratio, proportion of gravid females) of this fully terrestrial salamander in the "Paneveggio- Pale di San Martino" Natural Park in the Dolomites. We used removal methods to estimate abundance on a surface of about 1000 m2. Density estimate of adults was 472 salamanders/ha, which falls within the density estimates that are available for this taxon. Sexes did not differ significantly in size and body mass. Body sizes of adults included the maximum sized salamander recorded in Italy. There was a high rate of gravid females (50%), which were comparable in size with non-gravid females. Males and non-gravid females did not show significant differences in their body condition index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Separate populations at the edge of a species range are receiving great attention and have been shown to be often different from populations in the core area. However, it has rarely been tested whether neighboring peripheral populations are genetically and evolutionarily similar to each other, as expected for their geographical proximity and similar ecological conditions, or differ due to historical contingency. We investigated isolation and differentiation, within‐population genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among multiple peripheral populations of a cold‐adapted terrestrial salamander, Salamandra atra, at the southern edge of the species core range. We carried out population genetic, phylogeographic, and phylogenetic analyses on various molecular markers (10 autosomal microsatellite loci, three mitochondrial loci with total length >2,100 bp, two protein‐coding nuclear genes) sampled from more than 100 individuals from 13 sites along the southern Prealps. We found at least seven isolated peripheral populations, all highly differentiated from the remaining populations and differentiated from each other at various levels. The within‐population genetic diversity was variable in the peripheral populations, but consistently lower than in the remaining populations. All peripheral populations along the southern Prealps belong to an ancient lineage that is also found in the Dinarides but did not contribute to the postglacial recolonization of the inner and northern Alps. All fully melanistic populations from the Orobian mountains to the southern Dinarides represent a single clade, to the exclusion of the two yellow‐patched populations inhabiting the Pasubio massif and the Sette Comuni plateau, which are distinguished as S. atra pasubiensis and S. atra aurorae, respectively. In conclusion, multiple populations of S. atra at the southern edge of the species core area have different levels of differentiation, different amount of within‐population genetic diversity, and different evolutionary origin. Therefore, they should be regarded as complementary conservation targets to preserve the overall genetic and evolutionary diversity of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report, through molecular identification, the first African records of a digenean trematode parasite of the genus Euryhelmis. We recovered metacercariae encysted in an anuran, the endemic Moroccan painted frog (Discoglossus scovazzi), and a vulnerable caudate, the North African fire salamander (Salamandra algira), from four localities in North Africa (Morocco). Our records go back to the past century and have been confirmed in successive fieldwork seasons thereafter. Metacercarial stages of these parasites require amphibians as the last intermediate host, but the exact identity of the primary hosts and predators of the infected animals in Africa remain unknown. Our searches with basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) from Genbank revealed that hosts were infected by parasites of Euryhelmis costaricensis, which showed almost the same genetic identity (with only one substitution) to previous reports from Costa Rica and Japan, suggesting a recent introduction in Morocco. We proceed to discuss the likely role of introduced mustelids as the potential definitive hosts of trematode adults. Under this assumption, we conclude that the infestation of Discoglossus scovazzi and Salamandra algira might pose a risk to these threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Transcriptomes of organisms reveal differentiation associated with the use of different habitats. However, this leaves open how much of the observed differentiation can be attributed to genetic differences or to transcriptional plasticity. In this study, we disentangle causes of differential gene expression in larvae of the European fire salamander from the Kottenforst forest in Germany. Larvae inhabit permanent streams and ephemeral ponds and represent an example of a young evolutionary split associated with contrasting ecological conditions. We hypothesized that adaptation towards differences in water temperature plays a role because the thermal regime between stream and pond habitats differs notably. Tissue samples from tail fins of larvae were collected to study gene expression using microarrays. We found ample evidence for differentiation among larvae occupying different habitats in nature with 2,800 of 11,797 genes being differentially expressed. We then quantified transcriptional plasticity towards temperature and genetic differentiation based on controlled temperature laboratory experiments. Gene‐by‐environment interactions modelling revealed that 28% of the gene expression divergence observed among samples in nature could be attributed to plasticity related to water temperature. Expression patterns of only a small number of 101 genes were affected by the genotype. Our analysis demonstrates that effects of environmental factors must be taken into account to explain variation of gene expression in salamanders in nature. Notwithstanding, it provides first evidence that genetic factors determined gene expression divergence between pond and stream ecotypes and could be involved in adaptive evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Conservation requires successful outcomes. However, success is perceived in many different ways depending on the desired outcome. Through a questionnaire survey, we examined perceptions of success among 355 scientists and practitioners working on amphibian conservation from over 150 organizations in more than 50 countries. We also sought to identify how different types of conservation actions and respondent experience and background influenced perceptions. Respondents identified 4 types of success: species and habitat improvements (84% of respondents); effective program management (36%); outreach initiatives such as education and public engagement (25%); and the application of science‐based conservation (15%). The most significant factor influencing overall perceived success was reducing threats. Capacity building was rated least important. Perceptions were influenced by experience, professional affiliation, involvement in conservation practice, and country of residence. More experienced practitioners associated success with improvements to species and habitats and less so with education and engagement initiatives. Although science‐based conservation was rated as important, this factor declined in importance as the number of programs a respondent participated in increased, particularly among those from less economically developed countries. The ultimate measure of conservation success—population recovery—may be difficult to measure in many amphibians; difficult to relate to the conservation actions intended to drive it; and difficult to achieve within conventional funding time frames. The relaunched Amphibian Conservation Action Plan provides a framework for capturing lower level processes and outcomes, identifying gaps, and measuring progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the role of habitat characteristics on the presence of Salamandra algira in the Edough Peninsula, north-eastern Algeria. In this region, 33 sites were surveyed over the late winter and spring for a period of three years. Salamandra algira was present at 16 of these sites and absent from 17. These sites were characterized based on parameters related to their macroecology (climate, topography) and habitat structure (density, height, canopy closure and diversity of woody plants). Our analyses showed that mean temperature, topography, woody plant density and height and canopy cover contributed most to the explaining differences between sites where S. algira was present and where it was absent. Most of the sites occupied by S. algira were supra- and meso-Mediterranean forest thermotypes and were dominated by deciduous/evergreen oak trees (Quercus canariensis Willd. and Quercus suber L.). In contrast, the presence of S. algira in thermo-Mediterranean forest was only confirmed in one location. This suggests that the transition between the thermophilic facies of the cork oak forest and the thermo-Mediterranean formations possibly determines the lower limits of S. algira in the region of Edough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salamandra algira is one of the few species of vertebrates that displays intraspecific variation in reproductive strategies, making it a valuable study model in reproductive mode evolution. How pueriparity (viviparity) in S. algira arose remains unclear mainly due to insufficient information on the distribution of both reproductive modes in the species. This note summarizes what is known about pueriparous reproduction in S. algira and adds new data on the distribution and geographic limits of both reproductive strategies and mitochondrial lineages within S. a. tingitana across the Western Rif in Morocco, with possible implications for our understanding of the ecological context of pueriparity. The occurrence of pueriparity in two mitochondrial sublineages suggests multiple events of pueriparity evolution in S. algira, or a model of mitochondrial capture through hybridization and introgression across the contact zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of high-throughput sequencing techniques provides the unprecedented opportunity to analyse controversial phylogenetic relationships in great depth, but also introduces a risk of being misinterpreted by high node support values influenced by unevenly distributed missing data or unrealistic model assumptions. Here, we use three largely independent phylogenomic data sets to reconstruct the controversial phylogeny of true salamanders of the genus Salamandra , a group of amphibians providing an intriguing model to study the evolution of aposematism and viviparity. For all six species of the genus Salamandra , and two outgroup species from its sister genus Lyciasalamandra , we used RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to obtain data for: (1) 3070 nuclear protein-coding genes from RNAseq; (2) 7440 loci obtained by RADseq; and (3) full mitochondrial genomes. The RNAseq and RADseq data sets retrieved fully congruent topologies when each of them was analyzed in a concatenation approach, with high support for: (1) S. infraimmaculata being sister group to all other Salamandra species; (2) S. algira being sister to S. salamandra ; (3) these two species being the sister group to a clade containing S. atra , S. corsica and S. lanzai ; and (4) the alpine species S. atra and S. lanzai being sister taxa. The phylogeny inferred from the mitochondrial genome sequences differed from these results, most notably by strongly supporting a clade containing S. atra and S. corsica as sister taxa. A different placement of S. corsica was also retrieved when analysing the RNAseq and RADseq data under species tree approaches. Closer examination of gene trees derived from RNAseq revealed that only a low number of them supported each of the alternative placements of S. atra . Furthermore, gene jackknife support for the S. atra - S. lanzai node stabilized only with very large concatenated data sets. The phylogeny of true salamanders thus provides a compelling example of how classical node support metrics such as bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probability can provide high confidence values in a phylogenomic topology even if the phylogenetic signal for some nodes is spurious, highlighting the importance of complementary approaches such as gene jackknifing. Yet, the general congruence among the topologies recovered from the RNAseq and RADseq data sets increases our confidence in the results, and validates the use of phylotranscriptomic approaches for reconstructing shallow relationships among closely related taxa. We hypothesize that the evolution of Salamandra has been characterized by episodes of introgressive hybridization, which would explain the difficulties of fully reconstructing their evolutionary relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings of abnormally pigmented amphibian individuals provide interesting insights on intraspecific phenotypic variability as well as on variation among populations inhabiting different habitats. Amphibian coloration is determined by chromatophores (specific epidermal cells), and a variety of abnormalities related to them have been reported. In this study we reported cases of albinism and leucism in six species of Italian amphibians, including some endemic species. For some taxa, like Hydromantes sarrabusensis, H. flavus, H. supramontis and Bufo viridis, we describe the first observations of albinism and leucism.

En este artículo se presenta el desarrollo de un robot anfibio con una dinámica de movimiento bioinspirada en la locomoción de la salamandra (Cryptobranchidae). El robot es teleoperado mediante una aplicación para dispositivos móviles (Smartphones, tablets, etc.). Se propone una estructura que permita al robot llevar a cabo dos acciones: caminar y nadar. Los movimientos de una salamandra real se han estimado basándose en una cámara cenital y se ha diseñado un algoritmo de control de locomoción que replique esos movimientos. El desempeño del robot se ha evaluado utilizando como métrica el error cuadrático medio entre el movimiento del robot y de la salamandra obteniendo errores menores al 5 % en los ángulos de movimiento de la espina dorsal.

There is increasing attention on how biomass exchanges determine linkages between ecosystems. However, there is limited information on the factors determining the direction and overall magnitude of energy flow, especially in systems where primary producers are limited., In this study we compared two aquatic ecosystems (cave and spring pools) using the biomass exchanges driven by a biphasic predator, the fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra)., Between 2013 and 2014, we monitored 21 fire salamander breeding sites (12 cave pools and 9 spring pools) and we quantified the larval biomass input-export. The balance between input and export was related to different abiotic and biotic variables., Salamandra salamandra larvae constituted a major component of the animal biomass in both cave and spring pools, and were the most abundant top predator. Light was the most important parameter in constraining predator biomass; biomass export was lowest in the sites that received less light. In cave pools, the biomass balance was negative, while it was positive in spring pools., Our study demonstrates that cave pools are a system with much lower productivity than springs, and their functioning strongly depends on the input of external resources. Predator occurrence may constitute a major trophic subsidy in poorly productive environments. Gradients of abiotic variables such as light incidence can constrain population size of predators and determine a large variation in their biomass balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salamanders have evolved a wide variety of antipredator mechanisms and behavior patterns, including toxins and noxious or adhesive skin secretions. The high bonding strength of the natural bioadhesives makes these substances interesting for biomimetic research and applications in industrial and medical sectors. Secretions of toxic species may help to understand the direct effect of harmful substances on the cellular level. In the present study, the biocompatibility of adhesive secretions from four salamander species ( Plethodon shermani , Plethodon glutinosus , Ambystoma maculatum , Ambystoma opacum ) were analyzed using the MTT assay in cell culture and evaluated against toxic secretions of Pleurodeles waltl , Triturus carnifex , Pseudotriton ruber , Tylototriton verrucosus , and Salamandra salamandra . Their effect on cells was tested in direct contact (direct culture) or under the influence of the extract (indirect exposure) in accordance with the protocol of the international standard norm ISO 10993-5. Human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and articular chondrocytes (HAC), as well as the cell lines C2C12 and L929 were used in both culture types. While the adhesive secretions from Plethodon shermani are cytocompatible and those of Ambystoma opacum are even advantageous, those of Plethodon glutinosus and Ambystoma maculatum appear to be cytotoxic to NDHF and HUVEC. Toxic secretions from Salamandra salamandra exhibited harmful effects on all cell types. Pseudotriton ruber and Triturus carnifex secretions affected certain cell types marginally; those from Pleurodeles waltl and Tylototriton verrucosus were generally well tolerated. The study shows for the first time the effect of salamander secretions on the viability of different cell types in culture. Two adhesive secretions appeared to be cell compatible and are therefore promising candidates for future investigations in the field of medical bioadhesives. Among the toxic secretions tested, only two of the five had a harmful effect on cells, indicating different cell toxicity mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies investigating the contact zones in parapatric species can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that cause range borders. Such studies can also provide a better understanding of the mechanisms which allow coexistence within contact zones. In land salamanders, parapatric range limits among species are often determined by abiotic factors and interspecific competition. The ranges of the parapatric Salamandra salamandra and S. atra narrowly overlap in the European Alps. Climatic gradients that determine their parapatric range margins suggest dissimilar species-habitat-relationships. However, habitat use for these species has not yet been studied in the contact zone where the parapatric ranges overlap and where the species locally co-occur in syntopy. To better understand their parapatric range limits and local syntopy, we compared the species' microhabitat use in a contact zone in Switzerland and quantified the degree of interspecific niche overlap in relation to resource availability. We observed that most studied microhabitat variables were neither selected nor avoided by the two species, suggesting random use of the habitat for the variables that we studied. Interspecific niche overlap was generally large, but did not differ from that expected by chance. Unlike previous studies that analyzed patterns of cooccurrence of these species at larger spatial scales, we observed no niche differentiation within the contact zone. Both species likely select the same areas that are suitable and available for salamanders while they similarly avoid generally unsuitable habitat. This indicates that niche differentiation can vary depending on the spatial scale where it is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid population studies depend on reliable capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methodology. The available methods for such studies on amphibians are often invasive, unsuitable for long-term studies, time-consuming and/or expensive. We present a new software tool, connected to a MS Access database, ManderMatcher, for CMR study of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra and related species) by means of a robust matching algorithm using 44 pattern characteristics. Metadata related to standardised counts (e.g., weather and lunar variables) as well as a myriad of individual sighting variables can be entered and saved as well. Application of the presented method to a database of 9,397 sighting records gathered over a period of eight years, as well as a random sample validation, demonstrate the accuracy of the applied matching algorithm. Differences with other methods are discussed. The program is made freely available for download and widespread application is encouraged, especially given the contemporary context of a fungal disease threatening survival of fire salamander populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibian skin provides a habitat for bacterial communities in its mucus. Understanding the structure and function of this 'mucosome' in the European fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra) is critical in the context of novel emerging pathogenic diseases. We compare the cutaneous bacterial communities of this species using amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. Across 290 samples, over 4000 OTUs were identified, four of them consistently present in all samples. Larvae and post-metamorphs exhibited distinct cutaneous microbial communities. In adults, the parotoid gland surface had a community structure different from the head, dorsum, flanks and ventral side. Larvae from streams had higher phylogenetic diversity than those found in ponds. Their bacterial community structure also differed; species of Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Methylophilaceae and Sphingomonadaceae were more abundant in pond larvae, possibly related to differences in factors like desiccation and decomposition rate in this environment. The observed differences in the cutaneous bacterial community among stages, body parts and habitats of fire salamanders suggest that both host and external factors shape these microbiota. We hypothesize that the variation in cutaneous bacterial communities might contribute to variation in pathogen susceptibility among individual salamanders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]