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Artificial selection for specific behavioural and physical traits in domesticated animals has resulted in a wide variety of breeds. One of the most widely recognized examples of behavioural selection is the homing pigeon (Columba livia), which has undergone intense selection for fast and efficient navigation, likely resulting in significant anatomical changes to the hippocampal formation. Previous neuroanatomical comparisons between homing and other pigeon breeds yielded mixed results, but only focused on volumes. We completed a more systematic test for differences in hippocampal formation anatomy between homing and other pigeon breeds by measuring volumes, neuron numbers and neuron densities in the hippocampal formation and septum across homing pigeons and seven other breeds. Overall, we found few differences in hippocampal formation volume across breeds, but large, significant differences in neuron numbers and densities. More specifically, homing pigeons have significantly more hippocampal neurons and at higher density than most other pigeon breeds, with nearly twice as many neurons as feral pigeons. These findings suggest that neuron numbers may be an important component of homing behaviour in homing pigeons. Our data also provide the first evidence that neuronal density can be modified by artificial selection, which has significant implications for the study of domestication and interbreed variation in anatomy and behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social memory, the ability to recognize and remember individuals within a social group, is crucial for social interactions and relationships. Deficits in social memory have been linked to several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The hippocampus, especially the circuit that links dorsal CA2 and ventral CA1 neurons, is considered a neural substrate for social memory formation. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence of extrahippocampal contributions to social memory. The septal nuclei, including the medial and lateral septum, make up a basal forebrain region that shares bidirectional neuronal connections with the hippocampus and has recently been identified as critical for social memory. The focus of our review is the neural circuit mechanisms that underlie social memory, with a special emphasis on the septum. We also discuss the social memory dysfunction associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: supra-trochlear foramen located near the lower end of the humerus is less prevalent in human being as compared to other primates like Dogs. Its prevalence rate is different in different ethnic groups. The supratrochlear foramen is important not only clinically but anthropologically. It is prevalent more in Female and more on left sided humerus. It is a rare anatomical variation and should not be misinterpreted as injury (1) Aim/objective: to study prevalence of supra-trochlear foramen in Gujarat population and its morphometric analysis Methodology: 100 dry humeri were studied for morphometric changes in supra-trochlear foramina in anatomy department of SMT.NHL Municipal Medical College of Gujarat Results: out of the right sided bones examined, in a proportion of 33.9% STF were present and for the left sided bones the proportion was 34.1%.more oval shaped foramina were found in the study. Conclusion: STF was significantly present on left sided humerus. Oval shaped foramen was common in our study. Study is evolutionary important because it is also found in dogs and hyenas (2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach for the treatment of epilepsy. However, the optimal target for DBS and underlying mechanisms are still not clear. Here, we compared the therapeutic effects of DBS on distinct septal subregions, aimed to find the precise targets of septal DBS and related mechanisms for the clinical treatment. Methods Assisted by behavioral test, electroencephalography (EEG) recording and analyzing, selectively neuronal manipulation and immunohistochemistry, we assessed the effects of DBS on the three septal subregions in kainic acid (KA)‐induced mouse seizure model. Results DBS in the medial septum (MS) not only delayed generalized seizure (GS) development, but reduced the severity; DBS in the vertical diagonal band of Broca (VDB) only reduced the severity of GS, while DBS in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB) subregion showed no anti‐seizure effect. Notably, DBS in the MS much more efficiently decreased abnormal activation of hippocampal neurons. EEG spectrum analysis indicated that DBS in the MS and VDB subregions mainly increased the basal hippocampal low‐frequency (delta and theta) rhythm. Furthermore, ablation of cholinergic neurons in the MS and VDB subregions blocked the anti‐seizure and EEG‐modulating effects of septal DBS, suggesting the seizure‐alleviating effect of DBS was dependent on local cholinergic neurons. Significance DBS in the MS and VDB, rather than HDB, attenuates hippocampal seizure by activation of cholinergic neurons‐augmented hippocampal delta/theta rhythm. This may be of great therapeutic significance for the clinical treatment of epilepsy with septal DBS. Plain Language Summary The optical target of deep brain stimulation in the septum is still not clear. This study demonstrated that stimulation in the medial septum and vertical diagonal band of Broca subregions, but not the horizontal diagonal band of Broca, could alleviate hippocampal seizure through cholinergic neurons‐augmented hippocampal delta/theta rhythm. This study may shed light on the importance of precise regulation of deep brain stimulation therapy in treating epileptic seizures.

Cellular heterogeneity is a well-accepted feature of tissues, and both transcriptional and metabolic diversity have been revealed by numerous approaches, including optical imaging. However, the high magnification objective lenses needed for high-resolution imaging provides information from only small layers of tissue, which can result in poor cell statistics. There is therefore an unmet need for an imaging modality that can provide detailed molecular and cellular insight within intact tissue samples in 3D. Using GFP-tagged GLUT4 as proof of concept, we present here a novel optical mesoscopy approach that allows precise measurement of the spatial location of GLUT4 within specific anatomical structures across the myocardium in ultrathick sections (5 mm x 5 mm x 3 mm) of intactmouse heart.We reveal distinct GLUT4 distribution patterns across cardiac walls and highlight specific changes in GLUT4 expression levels in response to high fat dietfeeding, and we identify sex-dependent differences in expression patterns. This method is applicable to any target that can be labelled for light microscopy, and to other complex tissues when organ structure needs to be considered simultaneously with cellular detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a dual-orthogonal circularly polarized waveguide antenna for modeling real GNSS signals in a shielded chamber. The proposed antenna consists of a septum structure for a circular polarization radiation pattern and a coaxal-to-waveguide transition for broadband characteristics. The designed antenna has dual orthogonal characteristics and forms RHCP and LHCP radiation patterns through the two ports. The fabricated antenna had gain characteristics higher than 12 dBic, an axial ratio of less than 3 dB, and a return loss higher than 10 dB in the GNSS band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach for the treatment of epilepsy. However, the optimal target for DBS and underlying mechanisms are still not clear. Here, we compared the therapeutic effects of DBS on distinct septal subregions, aimed to find the precise targets of septal DBS and related mechanisms for the clinical treatment. Methods: Assisted by behavioral test, electroencephalography (EEG) recording and analyzing, selectively neuronal manipulation and immunohistochemistry, we assessed the effects of DBS on the three septal subregions in kainic acid (KA)‐induced mouse seizure model. Results: DBS in the medial septum (MS) not only delayed generalized seizure (GS) development, but reduced the severity; DBS in the vertical diagonal band of Broca (VDB) only reduced the severity of GS, while DBS in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB) subregion showed no anti‐seizure effect. Notably, DBS in the MS much more efficiently decreased abnormal activation of hippocampal neurons. EEG spectrum analysis indicated that DBS in the MS and VDB subregions mainly increased the basal hippocampal low‐frequency (delta and theta) rhythm. Furthermore, ablation of cholinergic neurons in the MS and VDB subregions blocked the anti‐seizure and EEG‐modulating effects of septal DBS, suggesting the seizure‐alleviating effect of DBS was dependent on local cholinergic neurons. Significance: DBS in the MS and VDB, rather than HDB, attenuates hippocampal seizure by activation of cholinergic neurons‐augmented hippocampal delta/theta rhythm. This may be of great therapeutic significance for the clinical treatment of epilepsy with septal DBS. Plain Language Summary: The optical target of deep brain stimulation in the septum is still not clear. This study demonstrated that stimulation in the medial septum and vertical diagonal band of Broca subregions, but not the horizontal diagonal band of Broca, could alleviate hippocampal seizure through cholinergic neurons‐augmented hippocampal delta/theta rhythm. This study may shed light on the importance of precise regulation of deep brain stimulation therapy in treating epileptic seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is a potent modulator of pain. Specifically, acute stress due to physical restraint induces stress-induced analgesia (SIA). However, where and how acute stress and pain pathways interface in the brain are poorly understood. Here, we describe how the dorsal lateral septum (dLS), a forebrain limbic nucleus, facilitates SIA through its downstream targets in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of mice. Taking advantage of transsynaptic viral-genetic, optogenetic, and chemogenetic techniques, we show that the dLS→LHA circuitry is sufficient to drive analgesia and is required for SIA. Furthermore, our results reveal that the dLS→LHA pathway is opioid-dependent and modulates pain through the pro-nociceptive neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Remarkably, we found that the inhibitory dLS neurons are recruited specifically when the mice struggle to escape under restraint and, in turn, inhibit excitatory LHA neurons. As a result, the RVM neurons downstream of LHA are disengaged, thus suppressing nociception. Together, we delineate a poly-synaptic pathway that can transform escape behavior in mice under restraint to acute stress into analgesia.

The telencephalon of reptiles has been suggested to be the key to understanding the evolution of the forebrain. Nevertheless, a meaningful framework to organize the telencephalon in any reptile has, with rare exception, yet to be presented. To address this gap in knowledge, the telencephalon was investigated in two species of crocodiles. A variety of morphological stains were used to examine tissue in transverse, horizontal, and sagittal planes of sections. Besides providing a description of individual nuclei, brain parts were organized based on two features. One was related to two fixed, internal structures: the lateral ventricle and the dorsal medullary lamina. The other was the alignment of neurons into either layers, cortex, or not, nucleus. Viewed from this perspective, all structures, with limited exceptions, could be accurately placed within the telencephalon regardless of the plane of section. Furthermore, this framework can be applied to other reptiles. A further extension of this scheme suggests that all structures in the telencephalon could be grouped into one of two categories: pallial or basal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the predictive value of preoperative ultrasonography for the presence of an intracompartmental septum and the effect of a septum on clinical outcomes and complications in patients who underwent endoscopic first extensor compartment release for de Quervain's syndrome. A total of 170 patients (181 wrists) were examined, and a septum was present in 118 (69%) patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the preoperative ultrasonography were 88% and 94%, respectively. Patients were assessed at a minimum of 12 months after endoscopic release. The Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (54 to 4.2), visual analogue scale pain score (8.0 to 1.0) and pinch strength (2.3 to 3.2 kg) were significantly improved compared to the preoperative status (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes or complications between patients with and without a septum. Level of evidence: IV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex structure, chemical composition, and biomechanical properties of craniofacial cartilaginous structures make them challenging to reconstruct. Autologous grafts have limited tissue availability and can cause significant donor-site morbidity, homologous grafts often require immunosuppression, and alloplastic grafts may have high rates of infection or displacement. Furthermore, all these grafting techniques require a high level of surgical skill to ensure that the reconstruction matches the original structure. Current research indicates that additive manufacturing shows promise in overcoming these limitations. Autologous stem cells have been developed into cartilage when exposed to the appropriate growth factors and culture conditions, such as mechanical stress and oxygen deprivation. Additive manufacturing allows for increased precision when engineering scaffolds for stem cell cultures. Fine control over the porosity and structure of a material ensures adequate cell adhesion and fit between the graft and the defect. Several recent tissue engineering studies have focused on the trachea, nose, and ear, as these structures are often damaged by congenital conditions, trauma, and malignancy. This article reviews the limitations of current reconstructive techniques and the new developments in additive manufacturing for tracheal, nasal, and auricular cartilages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato fruit is a complex organ and is composed of various structures from the inside out, such as columella, septum, and placenta. However, our understanding of the development and function of these internal structures remains limited. In this study, we identified a plant-specific YABBY protein, SlYABBY2a, in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlYABBY2a exhibits relatively high expression levels among the nine YABBY genes in tomatoes and shows specific expression in the septum of the fruit. Through the use of a gene-editing technique performed by CRISPR/Cas9, we noticed defects in septum development in the Slyabby2a mutant fruits, leading to the inward concavity of the fruit pericarp and delayed septum ripening. Notably, the expression levels of key genes involved in auxin (SlFZY4, SlFZY5, and SlFZY6) and ethylene (SlACS2) biosynthesis were significantly downregulated in the septum of the Slalkbh10b mutants. Furthermore, the promoter activity of SlYABBY2a was regulated by the ripening regulator, SlTAGL1, in vivo. In summary, these discoveries provide insights into the positive regulation of SlYABBY2a on septum development and ripening and furnish evidence of the coordinated regulation of the auxin and ethylene signaling pathways in the ripening process, which expands our comprehension of septum development in the internal structure of the fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Patients affected by cleft lip and palate have a characteristic nasal deformity; however, the treatment timeline varies amongst providers. There has been a shift from a more conservative approach to earlier intervention in order to allow for more normal development of the nose. Form, function, and future development all must be considered. For this reason, this investigation was undertaken to present the current literature available on the effects to all aspects of primary septoplasty in the cleft nasal deformity. Design : An initial list of 222 papers was identified, and it was determined that 16 papers fit the inclusion criteria. Studies were included in which the initial age of operation for the majority of patients was between 3 and 12 months and in which patients underwent septal repositioning at the time of cleft lip repair. These papers were all reviewed by a single author initially, and the results recorded. All results were then verified by a second author for accuracy and completeness. Results : Symmetry was found to be improved by primary septoplasty. Growth was not found to be impaired in any study; data was insufficient to indicate that growth was improved. Obstruction was improved as determined both by imaging, endoscopy, and patient survey. Finally, reoperation rates occurred at an acceptable rate not exceeding that of primary rhinoplasty without septoplasty. Conclusion : Primary septoplasty leads to better aesthetic symmetry and function of the cleft nose without impairing growth. This change is maintained into adulthood often without the need for revisionary surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is known to regulate feeding, the central mechanisms contributing to this function remain enigmatic. Here, we aim to test the role of neurons expressing GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) in the dorsolateral septum (dLS; dLSGLP−1R) that project to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) on food intake and determine the relationship with feeding regulation. Methods: Using chemogenetic manipulations, we assessed how activation or inhibition of dLSGLP−1R neurons affected food intake in Glp1r-ires-Cre mice. Then, we used channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, chemogenetics, and electrophysiological recordings to identify and assess the role of the pathway from dLSGLP−1R →LHA projections in regulating food intake. Results: Chemogenetic inhibition of dLSGLP−1R neurons increases food intake. LHA is a major downstream target of dLSGLP−1R neurons. The dLSGLP−1R→LHA projections are GABAergic, and chemogenetic inhibition of this pathway also promotes food intake. While chemogenetic activation of dLSGLP−1R→LHA projections modestly decreases food intake, optogenetic stimulation of the dLSGLP−1R→LHA projection terminals in the LHA rapidly suppresses feeding behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that the GLP-1R agonist, Exendin 4 enhances dLSGLP−1R →LHA GABA release. Conclusions: Together, these results demonstrate that dLS-GLP-1R neurons and the inhibitory pathway to LHA can regulate feeding behavior, which might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of eating disorders or obesity.

Abstract Background The presence of a tracheal septum dividing the trachea into two makes intubation one of the main challenges of penguin anaesthesia. Differences in the length and location of the aforementioned tracheal septum have been described in some penguin species. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it has not been reported in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Therefore, one of the aims of this publication is to report the septal position in this Humboldt penguin. Furthermore, this publication describes the anaesthetic protocol and complications encountered and discusses some of the more important features of penguin anaesthesia. It is anticipated that this case report will aid in future procedures requiring anaesthesia of this penguin species. Case presentation A 25-year-old female Humboldt penguin was anaesthetized at the University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital for radiographs and computed tomography (CT) following three weeks of inappetence. After assessing the health status of the penguin from the clinical history and performing a physical examination, an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score of II was assigned and a combination of butorphanol 1 mg/kg and midazolam 1 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly to sedate the penguin. Induction of anaesthesia was performed via a face mask using sevoflurane in oxygen. The airway was intubated with a 4.0 mm Cole tube and anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen during the entire procedure. Anaesthetic monitoring consisted of an electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, non-invasive blood pressure, capnography, and body temperature. Conclusions Tracheal bifurcation was identified as the start of the tracheal septum 4.67 cm from the glottis using CT. Most of the anticipated complications of penguin anaesthesia, such as hyperthermia, hypothermia, regurgitation, hypoventilation, and difficulties in intubation were present in this case. However, no major sequalae occurred following the anaesthetic protocol described.

In this study, a dual-mode waveguide circularly polarized antenna for TC&R (telemetry, command, and ranging) was proposed for the communication between a low-orbit satellite and a ground station. The proposed antenna required both a wide −10 dB bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth of 7.1–7.3 GHz and 8.0–8.4 GHz. The antenna was designed with a stepped septum inside a square waveguide to obtain circular polarization and the axial ratio wide bandwidth. Next, a dual-mode synthesis method was adopted for link budgeting by combining square and circular waveguides. The requirement was that the co-polarization level with a symmetric −3 dB beamwidth of 39° must be −5 dBic or higher at ±76.5°, and the cross-polarization level must average −15 dBic or lower at ±76.5°. Finally, the corrugate structure attached to the outside of the extended circular waveguide was offset in multiple steps to suppress the back lobe of the cross-polarization As a result, the axial ratio maintained an average of 1.8 dB at 0° within each band of the required frequency. In addition, the co-polarization obtained an average of −4.52 dBic in the 7.2 GHz band and −5.31 dBic in the 8.2 GHz band at ±76.5°. Finally, in the case of the cross-polarization pattern, the back lobe level was suppressed by 9.89 dB at 7.2 GHz by the corrugate structure, and an average value of −19.9 dBic or less was obtained at ±76.5°. The proposed antenna was confirmed to be effective as a Korean low-orbit satellite TC&R antenna with a radiation pattern of a symmetric beamwidth.

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We aimed to perform a contemporaneous systematic review and meta-analysis of the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies to resolve conflicting results in the literature about the prevalence and anatomical variations of maxillary sinus septa. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, and Cochrane library databases were searched (from inception to 31 October 2022) to identify studies that assessed prevalence and anatomical characteristics (location, orientation, and/or morphology) of maxillary sinus septa in the subjects undergoing CBCT imaging. The necessary data were extracted and pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. A total of 19 studies were eligible, compromising 6507 subjects and 12,536 maxillary sinuses. According to analysis, septa were observed in 34.7% (95% CI: 30.0–39.4) of the maxillary sinuses. Also, 22.9% (95% CI: 17.2–28.7) of patients showed septa in one maxillary sinus, while 17.7% (95% CI: 12.6–22.9) featured them bilaterally. Prevalence of maxillary sinus septa in men was 51.9% (95% CI: 42.0–61.8), which was higher than in women (47.0% [95% CI: 37.6–56.4). Septa were present in 34.8% (95% CI: 23.1–46.5) and 34.3% (95% CI: 26.7–41.9) of the left and right maxillary sinuses, respectively. Regarding location, most of the septa (54.0% [95% CI: 19.7–22.4]) were identified in the middle maxillary sinus region. The most frequent orientation of maxillary sinus septa was coronal (56.9% [95% CI: 54.2–59.5]). Finally, majority of the maxillary sinus septa were incomplete (68.8% [95% CI: 65.9–71.6]). Septa had a considerable prevalence in the maxillary sinuses. Also, significant variations were observed in the anatomical characteristics of the maxillary sinus septa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Endogenous acetylcholine modulates medial habenula neuronal activity. • Acetylcholine can be detected in medial habenula in vivo. • Acetylcholine release from medial habenula can elicit feed-forward activation. While the functional and behavioral role of the medial habenula (MHb) is still emerging, recent data indicate an involvement of this nuclei in regulating mood, aversion, and addiction. Unique to the MHb is a large cluster of cholinergic neurons that project to the interpeduncular nucleus and densely express acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) suggesting that the activity of these cholinergic neurons may be regulated by ACh itself. Whether endogenous ACh from within the habenula regulates cholinergic neuron activity has not been demonstrated. Supporting a role for ACh in modulating MHb activity, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increased the firing rate of MHb cholinergic neurons in mouse habenula slices, an effect blocked by AChR antagonists and mediated by ACh which was detected via expressing fluorescent ACh sensors in MHb in vivo. To test if cholinergic afferents innervate MHb cholinergic neurons, we used anterograde and retrograde viral tracing to identify cholinergic inputs. Surprisingly, tracing experiments failed to detect cholinergic inputs into the MHb, including from the septum, suggesting that MHb cholinergic neurons may release ACh within the MHb to drive cholinergic activity. To test this hypothesis, we expressed channelrhodopsin in a portion of MHb cholinergic neurons while recording from non-opsin-expressing neurons. Light pulses progressively increased activity of MHb cholinergic neurons indicating feed-forward activation driven by MHb ACh release. These data indicate MHb cholinergic neurons may utilize a unique feed-forward mechanism to synchronize and increase activity by releasing local ACh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Correction of caudal septal deviations has always been a challenging subject in septorhinoplasty. The septum batten extension graft (SBEG) is a new graft that has potential properties in rhinoplasty. However, few reports have evaluated the surgical outcomes of this technique. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SBEG in correcting caudal septal deviation. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with caudal septal deviation undergoing septorhinoplasty using SBEG at 2 different hospitals in 2019. We then retrospectively reviewed medical records and photographs of 50 patients at the preoperative period, as well as at 1-month, and 12-month postoperatively. Gross changes in nasolabial angle, columellar show, nasal tip projection, and dorsal nasal deviation were evaluated by a photographic analysis method, and nasal obstruction was assessed by patient satisfaction with breathing. Results There was a significant difference between the mean nasolabial angle and columellar show at 1 and 12-months postoperatively, compared with the previous values (p < 0.0001). The nasolabial angles were in a favorable position with an increase of 12 to 15 degrees compared with the preoperative state. The columellar show also improved by an average of 1.2 mm and was in good condition. The postoperative dorsal nasal deviation was significantly reduced, and projection was significantly increased (3.521 ± 0.087 mm vs. 0.719 ± 0.028; p < 0.0001; p < 0.001). Moreover, this method had a significant favorable effect on nasal obstruction (p = 0.049). Conclusion Our results showed that septorhinoplasty using SBEG is useful for correcting caudal septal deviation, with favorable surgical outcomes, and it has responded well to all five aforementioned criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nose reconstruction often requires scarce cartilage grafts. Nasal cartilage properties must be determined to serve as design criteria for engineering grafts. Thus, mechanical and biochemical properties were obtained in multiple locations of human nasal septum, upper lateral cartilage (ULC), and lower lateral cartilage (LLC). Within each region, no statistical differences among locations were detected, but anisotropy at some septum locations was noted. In the LLC, the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in the inferior-superior direction were statistically greater than in the anterior-posterior direction. Cartilage from all regions exhibited hyperelasticity in tension, but regions varied in degree of hyalinicity (i.e., Col II:Col I ratio). The septum contained the most collagen II and least collagen I and III, making it more hyaline than the ULC and LLC. The septum had a greater aggregate modulus, UTS, and lower total collagen/wet weight (Col/WW) than the ULC and LLC. The ULC had greater tensile modulus, DNA/WW, and lower glycosaminoglycan/WW than the septum and LLC. The ULC had a greater pyridinoline/Col than the septum. Histological staining suggested the presence of chondrons in all regions. In the ULC and LLC, tensile modulus correlated with total collagen content, while aggregate modulus correlated with pyridinoline content and weakly with pentosidine content. However, future studies should be performed to validate these proposed structure-function relationships. This study of human nasal cartilage provides 1) crucial design criteria for nasal cartilage tissue engineering efforts, 2) quantification of major and minor collagen subtypes and crosslinks, and 3) structure-function relationships. Surprisingly, the large mechanical properties found, particularly in the septum, suggests that nasal cartilage may experience higher-than-expected mechanical loads. While tissue engineering holds promise to generate much-needed cartilage grafts for nasal reconstruction, little is known about nasal cartilage from an engineering perspective. In this study, the mechanical and biochemical properties of the septum, upper lateral cartilage (ULC), and lower lateral cartilage (LLC) were evaluated using cartilage-specific methods. For the first time in this tissue, all major and minor collagens and collagen crosslinks were measured, demonstrating that the septum was more hyaline than the ULC and LLC. Additionally, new structure-function relationships in the ULC and LLC were identified. This study greatly expands upon the quantitative understanding of human nasal cartilage and provides crucial engineering design criteria for much-needed nasal cartilage tissue engineering efforts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common cause of nasal obstruction is a deviated nasal septum. It causes breathing difficulties and may eventually also cause sinusitis, epistaxis, sleep disturbances and snoring. The traditional surgeries of the nasal septum improve the nasal airway but do not fulfil the essential criteria in most instances. Endoscopic septoplasty is a fast-developing concept and gaining popularity as it provides a direct targeted approach to the septal anatomic deformity allowing a minimally invasive procedure under excellent visualization. The aim of this study is to compare the post-operative morbidity among conventional and endoscopic septoplasty. The present prospective study was conducted on 50 patients having deviated nasal septum. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 25 each. Out of 50 patients, in 25 patients (Group A) Conventional septoplasty was done, whereas in other 25 patients (Group B) endoscopic septoplasty was done. The patients were followed up post-operatively at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Study Design: comparative study. The mean of operating time (min) in Group A was 60.47 ± 8.16 which was significantly higher as compared to Group B (39.7 ± 6.73). (p value <.0001). The Mean of blood loss (mL) was significantly higher in Group A (88.67 ± 8.77) as compared to Group B. (54.6 ± 7.18). (p value <.0001). Post-operative NOSE score at one month was 7.33 ± 1.5 in group A which was significantly higher as compared to Group B (5 ± 1.41). (p value = 0.0007) whereas post-operative NOSE score at 3 months in Group A was 6.53 ± 1.25 which was significantly higher as compared to Group B (4.4 ± 1.78). Proportion of post-operative complications was comparable in Group A and Group B (No complication 80% vs. 92% respectively). According to the present study, both the conventional and endoscopic septoplasty procedures were effective in relieving nasal obstruction in the patients. Endoscopic septoplasty showed significantly better result than conventional septoplasty in terms of time taken for surgery, blood loss during the surgery, post-operative complications and in terms of quality of life as assessed by NOSE Score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A deviated nose is a common problem among patients for both cosmetic and functional reasons. The correction remains a major challenge for the rhinoplasty surgeon. Unrecognized nasal septal deviations stand as the primary reason for failed rhinoplasty outcomes. There is a paucity of data in the literature about septoplasty classifications and technical details in preservation rhinoplasty (PR) for various crooked noses. Materials and Methods: The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various septum deviations according to the nasal axis. Moreover, a treatment algorithm is suggested with technical details based on PR principles. Results: The directions and curvature of the cartilaginous deviation of crooked nose such as C-shaped, reverse C-shaped, straight axis deviations (I-shaped), and S-shaped are described. According to the deviation, a septoplasty classification (Type 1–Type 4) is suggested. Conclusions: On the basis of septal deviation, different PR techniques are proposed to achieve the desired straight nasal dorsum with an optimal functional outcome. Compared to the classical L-strut concept, the quadrangular cartilage remains preserved in the swinging door technique. The cartilage might be further used in the future for grafting in the hybrid structural/preservation technique if needed, ultimately saving rib cartilage and/or conchal cartilage. Finally, surgery time is reduced, and patient's morbidity remains minimal. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Correction of caudal septal deviations has always been a challenging subject in septorhinoplasty. The septum batten extension graft (SBEG) is a new graft that has potential properties in rhinoplasty. However, few reports have evaluated the surgical outcomes of this technique.

We explored the potential for cFOS expression as a marker of functional development of "resting-state" waking activity in the extended network of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. We examined sleeping and awake mice at (P)ostnatal days 5, 9, 13, and 17 as well as in adulthood. We find that cFOS expression is state-dependent even at 5 days old, with reliable staining occurring only in the awake mice. Even during waking, cFOS expression was rare and weak at P5. The septal nuclei, entorhinal cortex layer (L)2, and anterodorsal thalamus were exceptional in that they had robust cFOS expression at P5 that was similar to or greater than in adulthood. Significant P5 expression was also observed in the dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex L6, postsubiculum L4-6, ventral subiculum, supramammillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. The expression in these regions grew stronger with age, and the expression in new regions was added progressively at P9 and P13 by which point the overall expression pattern in many regions was qualitatively similar to the adult. Six regions-CA1, dorsal subiculum, postsubiculum L2-3, reuniens nucleus, and perirhinal and postrhinal cortices-were very late developing, mostly achieving adult levels only after P17. Our findings support a number of developmental principles. First, early spontaneous activity patterns induced by muscle twitches during sleep do not induce robust cFOS expression in the extended hippocampal network. Second, the development of cFOS expression follows the progressive activation along the trisynaptic circuit, rather than birth date or cellular maturation. Third, we reveal components of the egocentric head-direction and theta-rhythm circuits as the earliest cFOS active circuits in the forebrain. Our results suggest that cFOS staining may provide a reliable and sensitive biomarker for hippocampal formation activity development, particularly in regard to the attainment of a normal waking state and synchronizing rhythms such as theta and gamma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of anther characteristics in orchid taxonomy, cladistic analysis, and understanding the development and evolution of various traits is significant. Therefore, Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk was selected for the study due to the lack of information about these characteristics. In this taxon, anther primordium developed two thecae directed towards the lateral side, which produced wedge-shaped, rectangular or triangular massulae through repeated mitotic divisions of archesporial cells. The anther wall developed from the outer secondary parietal layer and inner secondary parietal layer, made up of epidermis, endothecium, a middle layer, and tapetum. Each theca had a central septum that divided it into two microsporangia. Tapetum of dual origin was observed. Cytokinesis produced isobilateral, tetrahedral, linear, T-shaped and decussate types of microspore tetrads. Each microspore had a smaller lenticular generative cell and a larger spherical vegetative cell, which were formed by the mitotic division of the nucleus. Additionally, the endothecium developed ring-shaped fibrous thickenings. Massulae of two locules were united to the reticulum and formed bipartite sectile pollinium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite the various approaches currently available to treat CSD, this issue still needs to be resolved. Different methods and techniques to manage caudal septal dislocation with good results and according to each patient. This article reviewed the other surgical modalities for correcting caudal septum dislocation with the effectiveness of currently practiced modalities. Searching strategy: We reviewed relevant literature and used PubMed and Google Scholar. Published articles in English were included in the search. The unique and compound keywords used were caudal septum dislocation. The primary search resulted in many reports from all databases and search engines, followed by the exclusion of irrelevant articles. Findings: Different surgical modalities for correcting caudal septum dislocation have been described to correct caudal septum dislocations. Several techniques and maneuvers for surgical correction of caudal septal displacement are mentioned in the literature; nevertheless, there are different opinions and preferences regarding which approach to use. Conclusion and recommendations: An ideal caudal septoplasty should be minimally invasive and improve nasal obstruction. Surgical correction of a deviated septum can be performed using the traditional open endonasal approach, the endoscopic approach, or the open septorhinoplasty approach. In Saudi Arabia, many patients are seeking caudal septal deviation correction. However, there is a need for more trained surgeons, and it is recommended that all levels of training be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the potential for cFOS expression as a marker of functional development of “resting-state” waking activity in the extended network of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. We examined sleeping and awake mice at (P)ostnatal days 5, 9, 13, and 17 as well as in adulthood. We find that cFOS expression is state-dependent even at 5 days old, with reliable staining occurring only in the awake mice. Even during waking, cFOS expression was rare and weak at P5. The septal nuclei, entorhinal cortex layer (L)2, and anterodorsal thalamus were exceptional in that they had robust cFOS expression at P5 that was similar to or greater than in adulthood. Significant P5 expression was also observed in the dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex L6, postsubiculum L4-6, ventral subiculum, supramammillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. The expression in these regions grew stronger with age, and the expression in new regions was added progressively at P9 and P13 by which point the overall expression pattern in many regions was qualitatively similar to the adult. Six regions—CA1, dorsal subiculum, postsubiculum L2-3, reuniens nucleus, and perirhinal and postrhinal cortices—were very late developing, mostly achieving adult levels only after P17. Our findings support a number of developmental principles. First, early spontaneous activity patterns induced by muscle twitches during sleep do not induce robust cFOS expression in the extended hippocampal network. Second, the development of cFOS expression follows the progressive activation along the trisynaptic circuit, rather than birth date or cellular maturation. Third, we reveal components of the egocentric head-direction and theta-rhythm circuits as the earliest cFOS active circuits in the forebrain. Our results suggest that cFOS staining may provide a reliable and sensitive biomarker for hippocampal formation activity development, particularly in regard to the attainment of a normal waking state and synchronizing rhythms such as theta and gamma.

Introduction The morphological variants of the nasal septum have been implicated in sinus pathology and pose a challenge during endoscopic surgeries. Objective The present study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of nasal septum variants in adult Nigerians. Methods The present study was performed at the Radiology Department of Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, following ethical approval. Brain computed tomography (CT) scan images of 336 adults were evaluated for nasal septum variants. The angle of the deviated nasal septum was measured, and the severity was classified. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The angle of deviation was presented in means and standard deviation. Frequencies of the variants were presented in percentages. The Student t -test was used to compare the angle of deviation, while the chi-squared test was used to compare the frequencies in the different groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of straight and deviated nasal septum was 59.5% and 40.5%, respectively. Deviation was predominant in females (46%) and, more frequently, of moderate severity (75%). The angle of deviation was significantly larger in males (12.55 ± 2.99°) than in females (11.13 ± 2.41°; p = 0.003). Nasal spur had a prevalence of 11.9%, and its coexistence with deviated nasal septum was observed in 5.06%. Septal pneumatization was seen in 10 patients (3%). Conclusion Deviation of the nasal septum occurred more in females and toward the left; however, the angle of deviation was significantly higher in males. Nasal septal spur and pneumatization were the least prevalent variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maier 3-table task comprises three phases conducted each day. During the exploration phase, rats explore the entire apparatus. During the information phase, the rats are placed on one of the three tables where food is found. During the test phase, the animals are placed at the starting point on one of the two remaining tables and must enter the goal table where they previously ate. The acquisition of the Maier 3-table task was slowed down after lesions of the septum, fornix, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, or posterior parietal cortex. Because of its time-consuming nature, the Maier 3-table task has more recently been superseded by appetitive matching-to-place in Y- or T-mazes or the circular water maze, because experimenters skip over the exploration phase. Nevertheless, like the Maier 3-table task, the acquisition of the Y- or T-maze matching-to-place task was retarded after lesions of the medial septum or medial prefrontal cortex, more particularly its prelimbic-infralimbic part. Like the previous task, the water-maze version is sensitive to lesions of the medial septum or retrosplenial cortex. Despite methodological differences between the three procedures, these results indicate common neurobiological bases of matching-to-place learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to reveal the effectiveness of hysteroscopic septum resection on the reproductive outcomes of infertile patients. We included 46 infertile women who underwent hysteroscopic septum resection of septate uterus (complete: group 1, n = 21; incomplete: group 2, n = 25). Only patients with a septate uterus as the cause of infertility were included in the study. Patients' age, body mass, duration of infertility, type of infertility, duration of surgery, surgical complications, remnant septa, and postoperative reproductive results were recorded. Preoperative abortion was found to be nine (42.9%) in group 1 and 15 (60.0%) in group 2. In the postoperative control HSG, remnant septa was found to be significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (three patients or 14.3% and 0%, respectively). Pregnancy was detected in 13 patients (61.9%) in group 1 and 18 patients (72%) in group 2 at the postsurgical follow-up. Abortion occurred for two patients (9.5%) in group 1 and three patients (12%) in group 2. We obtained positive growth results after hysteroscopic septum resection in both the complete and incomplete cases. However, we found that the duration of surgery was prolonged and the rate of remnant septa increased in cases with a complete septum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies suggest low diagnostic sensitivity of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging based on Lake Louise criteria (LLC) to identify patients with complicated presentations of acute myocarditis (AM). We evaluated classic and updated LLC in patients with AM proven by right ventricular septal endomyocardial biopsy (RVS-EMB). Methods: From an initial population of 499 patients with clinically suspected AM from a multicenter retrospective cohort, we included 74 patients with histologically proven myocarditis on RVS-EMB and available CMR within 30 days since admission. The prevalence of total and septal CMR abnormalities [namely, T2-weighted images (T2W), late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), T2 and T1 mapping, and extracellular volume (ECV)] were assessed in patients with complicated vs. uncomplicated AM. Results: Among 74 patients [mean age 38 ± 15 years, 65% males, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 40 ± 18%] with RVS-EMB-proven AM, 53 (72%) had a complicated presentation. The classic LLC were positive in 56/74 patients (76%), whereas the updated ones were positive in 41/41 of cases (100%). Septal involvement, documented in 48/74 patients (65%) by conventional T2W/LGE and in 39/41 cases (95%) by mapping techniques (p < 0.001), was more common in patients with complicated AM. In the 41 patients undergoing both evaluations, CMR sensitivity for myocarditis was 85% for the classic LLC vs. 100% for the updated LLC (p = 0.006). Conclusion: In patients with myocarditis on RVS-EMB, CMR using updated LLC has high sensitivity in the detection of AM when performed within 30 days. Septal abnormalities are more common in patients with complicated AM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the expressions of TRIF, TRAF3 IFN-j3 and IFN-X1 in septum de-rived from type I intestinal atresia and examine their correlations. Methods Immunohistochemistry was uti-lized for observing and comparing the expressions of important molecules in TRIF pathway in mucosa of normal intestinal wall and type I intestinal atresia diaphragm. A total of 16 tissue samples were collected from Department of Pediatric Medicine, General Hospital of PLA ( n = 1 ), Capital Institute of Pediatrics ( n = 1 ), Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University( n = 6), Harbin Children's Hospital ( it = 5 )and Changchun Children's Hospital ( it = 3 ) . All samples were intraoperatively confirmed as type I intestinal atresia diaphragm tissue ( diaphragm group). Normal intestinal wall tissues collected during intestinal resection and anastomosis in the same child were selected as control group. Totally 16 septa in operated neonates at post-birth 1 — 3 days were collected, including 13 septa( male 5, female 8) derived from jejunum and 3 septa( male 1 jemale 2) from ileum. Nor-mal intestinal wall tissues were collected as control during surgery in the same neonate. All fresh tissues were processed for serial tissue sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin ( HE) & immunohistochemical stains of TRIF, TRAF3, IFN-13 and IFN-l.1 molecules in each group for histological observations. Four visual fields under im-munohistochemical stain were targeted randomly for semi-quantitative calculation of average optical density ( OD) by Image pro plus6. 0 software. Statistical methods of t test and double blinding were employed for analyzing the average optical density of immunohistochemistry. Results Immunohistochemical stain indicated that the expressions of TRIF, TRAF3, IFN-13 and IFN-X1 in septum tissue were significant compared with those in normal neonatal intestinal wall. Semi-quantitative calculation indicated marked elevations in septum tissue in contrast to those in normal neonatal intestinal wall( fraction of diaphragm tissue was 0.6 316 ± 0. 0 268,0. 5 066  ±0.0 378,0. 6 091 ± 0. 0 270,0. 3 841 ± 0. 0 610; normal intestinal wall 0.4 333 ± 0. 0 409,0. 3 758 ± 0.0 365,0.4 108 ±0. 0 263,0.2 108 ±0.0573,p value point ratio O. 0042,0. 0 360,0. 0 057, O. 0 137 ).  Conclusion TLR4/TRIF signaling pathway is involved in formation and development of septum tissue in type I intestinal atresia during fetal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the hippocampus is generally considered a cognitive center for spatial representation, learning, and memory, increasing evidence supports its roles in regulating locomotion. However, the neuronal mechanisms of the hippocampal regulation of locomotion and exploratory behavior remain unclear. In this study, we found that the inhibitory hippocampal synaptic projection to the medial septum (MS) bi-directionally controls the locomotor speed of mice. The activation of the MS-projecting interneurons in the hippocampus or the activation of the hippocampus-originated inhibitory synaptic terminals in the MS decreased locomotion and exploratory behavior. On the other hand, the inhibition of the hippocampus-originated inhibitory synaptic terminals in the MS increased locomotion. Unlike the septal projecting interneurons, the activation of the hippocampal interneurons projecting to the retrosplenial cortex did not change animal locomotion. Therefore, this study reveals a specific long-range inhibitory synaptic output from the hippocampus to the medial septum in the regulation of animal locomotion.

The GTEM cell is a new version of the modified transmission line, operated at very high-frequency test equipment for EMI or EMC measurement. The equipment is designed for an electromagnetic compatibility, immunity and radiated emissions test. In this paper, GTEM is designed using ANSYS HFSS 13.0 and fabricated for 1 to 3.9 GHz frequency. This paper focuses mainly on the novel validation test for the manufactured GTEM cell characterization without using costly Vector Network Analyzer. The novel test set up comprises of GTEM cell, transmitter and the receiver is designed and tuned at 2.4 GHz. Using this set up field uniformity is checked for fabricated GTEM ranges within +/− 6dB. This makes a compact and cost-effective novel test validation set up for the designed, developed and manufactured GTEM for 1 to 3.9 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endocochleate coleoid cephalopod Spirula spirula, the only present-day representative of the order Spirulida, secretes a coiled shell consisting of a series of chambers divided by septa and connected by a siphuncle. It is the shell closest to those of Recent and extinct ectochleate cephalopods: nautiloids, ammonoids. Therefore, its study may help to understand which characters remained unchanged or became transformed during the evolution of endocochleates. We have carried out detailed observations on the different structures composing the Spirula shell, with the aim of reconstructing their morphology, distribution, and mutual relationships. Alongside this, we also review the previous profuse terminology. Taking into account the additional information provided by growth lines and crystal orientations, we propose mechanisms for the secretion of the shell structures. All these mechanisms are integrated in a consistent way into a general model of chamber formation. The periostracum is secreted within a distinct periostracal groove. The outer shell layer is secreted externally to the periostracum by the soft tissues lining the shell externally. The inner shell layer is produced by the shell wall mantle, whereas the septa and the siphuncle are made periodically by a differentiated septal/siphuncular mantle. The most adoral septal mantle edge changes from secreting septal to inner shell wall material to produce the mural flap. The adapical ridge is formed by passive precipitates from cameral fluid residues trapped by surface tension, whereas the fibrous prismatic deposits of the connecting ring are biominerals produced remotely within mantle secretions. Homologies with Nautilus and Sepia are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fission yeast cytokinesis is driven by simultaneous septum synthesis, membrane furrowing and actomyosin ring constriction. The septum consists of a primary septum flanked by secondary septa. First, delivery of the glucan synthase Bgs1 and membrane vesicles initiate primary septum synthesis and furrowing. Next, Bgs4 is delivered for secondary septum formation. It is unclear how septum synthesis is coordinated with membrane furrowing. Cdc42 promotes delivery of Bgs1 but not Bgs4. We find that after primary septum initiation, Cdc42 inactivators Rga4 and Rga6 localize to the division site. In rga4Δrga6Δ mutants, Cdc42 activity is enhanced during late cytokinesis and cells take longer to separate. Electron micrographs of the division site in these mutants exhibit malformed septum with irregular membrane structures. These mutants have a larger division plane with enhanced Bgs1 delivery but fail to enhance accumulation of Bgs4 and several exocytic proteins. Additionally, these mutants show endocytic defects at the division site. This suggests that Cdc42 regulates primary septum formation and only certain membrane trafficking events. As cytokinesis progresses Rga4 and Rga6 localize to the division site to decrease Cdc42 activity to allow coupling of Cdc42‐independent membrane trafficking events with septum formation for proper septum morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]