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Social enterprises are vulnerable during disasters due to their dual mission of fulfilling social and economic impact. This study explored the factors influencing business recovery from external shocks, focusing on a social enterprise which endured the Marawi Siege and COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing indepth interviews and thematic analysis. The data were meticulously coded and categorized into themes using Braun and Clarke's framework. Adaptive resilience, the ability to adapt and innovate in response to challenges, emerged as the central theme, helping the social enterprise to navigate challenges posed by external shocks. Moreover, government support such as financial aid, sponsored product exhibits and capability-building programs, greatly influenced business recovery, confirming the importance of a supportive regulatory environment. Also, establishing business connections with government entities and non-government organizations provided resources, information and technical support that expedited business recovery. Hence, the study highlighted the evolving nature of business resilience in disasters and the findings presented valuable learning insights for social enterprises and policymakers hoping to enhance disaster preparedness and business recovery strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mamluk siege of Montfort castle provides a rare opportunity to examine one of the most celebrated but also misrepresented technologies of the Middle Ages: mechanical artillery. The castle was inhabited for only about forty-five years before it was taken and then destroyed by the Mamluks, creating a time capsule for archaeologists to peer into life in a mid-thirteenth-century stronghold and carefully examine evidence of the siege that ultimately led to its abandonment. Among the finds are a number of artillery projectiles that date to the final siege of the castle. An investigation of the surrounding topography has revealed that there are only a couple of places from which these stones could have been thrown. This rare combination of clearly datable projectiles and a topographical environment that provides a good indication of range allows for a unique quantitative assessment of the development of trebuchet technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "King Zedekiah's Release of Slaves for the Strategic Harmony of a Besieged Jerusalem (Jer 34)" discusses the release of slaves by King Zedekiah during the siege of Jerusalem in 588/587 BC. Zedekiah urged people to free their Hebrew slaves, but after the siege ended, the slaves were enslaved again. The article examines the motivations behind Zedekiah's edict and discusses possible reasons such as military, economic, and religious aspects. Parallels are also drawn to similar events in Greek city-states during the classical age. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue du Nord is the property of Revue du Nord and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trauma theory is a type of criticism that explains how extremely painful experiences affect the victims’ psyche and perception of the world. Narratives written by trauma victims create a space for memory and meaning of trauma to persist. Tis paper looks into the narratives written by the survivors of the Marawi Siege, a representative trauma in the modern history of the Philippines. A textual analysis of these narratives is carried out to explain how trauma is presented in writing. The findings of the study reveal that the narratives manifested themes of fear and anxiety, sadness, despair, shock and disbelief, and confusion in expressing the individual trauma of the survivors. Also, the social spaces of family, community, and culture are the most affected during the crisis and significantly influence the way the survivors create meaning of the trauma experienced. Furthermore, issues of collective fear, crisis of meaning, threatened cultural identity, and motivation for continuity reveal the impact of collective trauma on the survivors and the entire Marawian community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this communication is to briefly discuss the role of a little-known military commander of Philip II’s army in the context of the Macedonian expansion in Thrace. Demetrius is mentioned as Philip’s admiral during the siege of Byzantium in 340 BC by Dionysius of Byzantium (Anaplus of the Bosporus 65). The lead sling bullets published here, bearing the name Demetrius and originating from the villages of Zhelad, Shumen district, the regions of Pavlikeni and Razgrad-Omurtag, as well as from Selymbria (modern Silivri), strongly confirm his participation in the campaigns of Philip II not only in the Propontis region, but also in the West Black sea coast and in Northeastern Thrace. Thus Demetrius would become the second Macedonian commander, together with the well-known Hipponikos, who are securely attested in a combination of historical, epigraphic and archaeological data. Future discoveries of sling bullets with Demetrius’ name could also serve as a reliable benchmark for identifying other historically unknown Macedonian commanders who took part in Philip II’s military campaigns.

The article examines the date of the Norse siege of Chester, England. Topics discussed include an account of the siege in "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland," the problem with the widely accepted date of the siege which is 907, observations by F. T. Wainwright regarding the siege, and elements within the "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" that suggest a later date for the seige.

The Marawi siege of 2017 destroyed both the St. Mary's (Catholic) Cathedral and the Dansalan (Islamic) Mosque. We posit that the destruction of such spaces brings about feelings and thoughts of disembodiment among religious followers. This study asks the question: How do religious followers experience personalized disembodiment as sacred spaces are devastated? We elicit visual representations and collective narratives through a focus group discussion with drawing activities among Christians and Muslims in Marawi. Results reveal that Christians and Muslims experience disembodiment by psychologically fusing the material destruction of their sacred spaces with the decimation of their own bodies. Findings of this study present the vital role of sacred spaces in escalating and deescalating armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article suggests a news pamphlet titled "Letters Sent From Venice," published by Henry Bynneman in 1571 or 1572, as a source for Elizabethan poet George Gascoigne's "A Devise of a Maske for the Right Honourable Viscount Mountacute," an English eyewitness account of the Siege of Famagusta and the Battle of Lepanto. It discusses Gascoigne's use of figures found in the pamphlet to present an account of Turkish losses in the battle.

Copyright of Revista de Indias is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sieges, while not as flashy as hybrid warfare or grey-zone conflict, nor as trendy as disruptive technology and its associated concepts, command a central position in the wars of the post-Cold War era. Furthermore, despite being commonly associated with the tactical and operational level of conflict, sieges are often strategic and decisive affairs, as the siege of the US Embassy in Baghdad in December 2019 clearly demonstrated. Sieges bring a degree of decisiveness back to the battlefield, and those of the Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) bring this point to bear. In this article, Amos Fox suggests that policymakers, strategists and practitioners must understand how sieges operate and where they fit within war.◼ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late-fourth century work called On the Destruction of Jerusalem (De Excidio Hierosolymitano), or "Pseudo-Hegesippus", records the history of the Roman-Jewish War (66-73 CE) and particularly the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple by the Romans in 70 CE. As a Christian version of this history based largely upon Flavius Josephus' earlier Jewish War, De Excidio understands himself to be telling the story of the effective death of the Jews in history. One major aspect of this narrative, I argue, is a discourse of Jewish disease, wherein Ps-Hegesippus portrays the Jews as "sick" with the plague of civil insurrection and sedition. But this discourse goes much further as well, cutting to the very core of De Excidio's narrative logic. Here I argue that this discourse of Jewish disease finds its most powerful expression in one particular chapter of the work, Book 5, Chapter 2. I show that De Excidio 5, 2 epitomizes the work's rhetoric of Jewish contagion, which can nevertheless be traced throughout the entirety of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is in two parts. The first part, in Italian, by Giuseppe Schinco, is a study of the typology and technical characteristics of a group of 225 lead slingshots found rather more than twenty years ago by a private metal detectorist on the hill of Botromagno near Gravina in Puglia. The second part, in English, by Alastair Small, is a review of the archaeological evidence for a possible siege of the site within the time frame suggested by the typological study of the slingshots. Since the site, which can be identified with the ancient Silvium, can be shown to have been abandoned around the end of the first quarter of the first century BC within that time frame, we conclude that the siege most probably took place during the slave war of 73–70 BC associated with Spartacus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The many sieges of the Napoleonic Wars remain a relatively neglected area of historical study, especially in the context of the history of customary laws of war, where sieges played a central role. This article explores an important but largely forgotten episode in the infamous British storm and sack of the French-held Spanish towns of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz and San Sebastián during the Peninsular War: mercy to the French garrisons, who, in obstinately defending against storming parties, had forfeited their protective rights under prevailing laws of war. Combining military, legal and cultural history, and drawing upon British soldiers' letters, diaries and memoirs, the article focuses on three interrelated issues: siege capitulation and surrender rituals, attitudes to obstinate defences, and British mercy to the French garrisons. The article highlights sieges as a privileged site for examining laws of war, cultures of war, and moral sensibilities. In doing so, it sheds further light on historical debates about changes and continuities in practices and cultures of war over the long eighteenth century. There has been considerable recent interest in the history of atrocity, massacre and enmity during the French Revolutionary–Napoleonic Wars. Yet the Anglo-French case-studies examined here highlight the persistence of restraint, honour codes, civility and humanity between regular soldiers, even in the seemingly most barbarous of wartime theatres, and despite laws of war that sanctioned violence in these very circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses recent English-language historical accounts of the 1707 siege of the French naval base of Toulon by the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy as a case study of the distortions that can occur when the authors of these accounts have not made full use of works written at the time of the events they treat and, in particular, are ignorant of the historical literature on the subject in languages other than their own (in this case, works in French, German, and Italian). The author believes that these shortcomings in the English-language literature on the military history of the 1688-1748 period, which currently dominates the field, demonstrate how much work remains to be done on every aspect of this crucial period, addressing once again problems that everyone believed had been closed for good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this communication is to briefly discuss the role of a little-known military commander of Philip II's army in the context of the Macedonian expansion in Thrace. Demetrius is mentioned as Philip's admiral during the siege of Byzantium in 340 BC by Dionysius of Byzantium (Anaplus of the Bosporus 65). The lead sling bullets published here, bearing the name Demetrius and originating from the villages of Zhelad, Shumen district, the regions of Pavlikeni and Razgrad-Omurtag, as well as from Selymbria (modern Silivri), strongly confirm his participation in the campaigns of Philip II not only in the Propontis region, but also in the West Black sea coast and in Northeastern Thrace. Thus Demetrius would become the second Macedonian commander, together with the well-known Hipponikos, who are securely attested in a combination of historical, epigraphic and archaeological data. Future discoveries of sling bullets with Demetrius' name could also serve as a reliable benchmark for identifying other historically unknown Macedonian commanders who took part in Philip II's military campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the siege and capture of the Syrian city of Antioch from Muslims on June 28, 1098 by the forces of the First Crusade in their effort to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre. Topics include plight of the crusaders due to shortage of supplies and how the arrival of Latin ships at the port of St Symeon increased food supplies; impact of the rumour of an offensive by Muslim army led by Kerbogha on the morale of crusaders; and the discovery of a relic of the Holy Lance.

Analyzing Austrian accounts from before the fall of Constantinople through the failed siege of Vienna in 1529 as contributions to historical memory, the essay not only registers the images of the Islamic opponents, in particular the Ottoman Turks, but also considers the type of experience behind these accounts. In a number of cases interpretations and appeals to mobilization against the Turks relied on second hand information, received rhetoric about the Turks, and religious questioning of God's hand in the events, yet in some texts this rhetoric goes together with closer experience of Ottoman raids in Austrian lands and in the 1529 siege. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. and Vietnam war. Gradual increases of U.S. troops in the war seems to settle down by attempting to combat within the properties it had attained. While Vietnam restrains its activity to build up supplies and relocate soldiers for the rainy season offensive attacts. The holding back of Vietnamese and pushing hard of U.S. makes statistics in war that elevates their morale side to show some improvements. The rainy season brings hope for Vietnam to step-up and demonstrates strong determination to establish logical military program.

In June 1498, the Florentine government publicly punished and exiled the Piagnona, the lone bell of the church of San Marco, for its role in defending Girolamo Savonarola during the April siege that led to the preacher's execution. Drawing on new evidence, this essay offers the most complete account of this still poorly understood chapter in Renaissance history, examining its complex and conflicting motives. At the same time, the punishment of the Piagnona, and struggle for its return, affords uncommon insight into the culture's deepest structures of thinking about what bells were, and who had the legal authority to adjudicate their fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to present the psychological aspects of defending a city in Late Antiquity, with particular focus on the role of civilians during a siege, according to the military treatises. The analysis covered mostly fragments of Book IV of Vegetius' work, Book X of Strategikon and passages from Syrianus Magister. The results clearly indicate that the authors of treatises knew well the significance of the soldiers' morale and mental strength in a siege, seeing them as key components in ensuring the success of military operations and preventing the surrender of the defended positions. The analyzed writings also emphasize the involvement of civilians, who were supposed to not only seek protection from soldiers, but actually had a clearly defined role in the defence efforts. The authors also understood that civilians, much more vulnerable to external stress factors than soldiers, were untrustworthy and more likely to give in to despair, which was to be prevented by various tricks meant to manipulate their psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on studies of the history of emotions, trust- and community-formation, and on medieval as well as modern religious violence, this study re-evaluates the predominantly military view of medieval sieges. Instead, this article examines sieges as extreme, often purposefully histrionic, and emotionally ambivalent social events, based on the descriptions of sieges in two Baltic missionary chronicles: Helmold of Bosau's 'Chronica Slavorum' (12th c.) and Henry of Livonia's 'Chronicon Livoniae' (13th c.). By focusing on the means of emotional bonding during sieges in the Baltic Rim, this article argues that emotions expressed and accentuated the social, political, and religious predicaments of missioning and crusading. Frequently, emotions in sieges were actively deployed and navigated as means of warfare or as the performative fuel of the theatre of war. Often employed as a motivational force, emotions could also serve as a paradoxical method of socialisation within groups of faith and across religious divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]