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5502 S.K. (16/05/2006) sonrasında Türk sosyal güvenlik sisteminin en önemli unsuru SGK olmuştur. Süre gelen ve sürdürülebilirliği olumsuz etkileyen birçok problemin çözümü için reformist anlamda cesur adımlar atılmış ve bu kanun aracılığıyla sosyal güvenlik tekli bir yapı halini almıştır. Bu reform son değil bir başlangıçtır. Çünkü devralmış olduğu Bağ-kur, Emekli Sandığı ve SSK beraberinde özellikle finansal açıdan çok büyük yüklerle gelmiştir. Kurumun hedefi, hizmet kalitesini, kapsadığı riskleri, riskleri karşılama oranını arttırarak, kapsamında bulunan tüm yararlanıcılara eşit ve insanı hizmet sunmak, sosyal refahı sağlamak ve aynı zamanda mali sürdürülebilirliğe kavuşmak olacaktır. Bu anlamda emeklilik şartları, primler, sağlık reformları, GSS’ye pek çok alanda adımlar atmıştır. Yıllık raporlar ve 5 yıllık strateji planları düzenleyip yayınlayarak atacağı adımları sistematize etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Gelinen noktada yapılan reformların istenilen seviyelerde olmasa da kötü gidişi yavaşlattığı gözlemlenmektedir. Yapılan bazı reformların yansıması ise önümüzdeki birkaç on yıl içerisinde ancak mümkün olacaktır. Finansal yapı kontrol altına alınıp sürdürülebilir bir hale gelinceye kadar sosyal güvenlik açıkları genel bütçeden kapatılmaya devam edecektir. Genel bütçeden karşılanan önemli miktardaki bu açığın makro ekonomik göstergelere olumsuz etkisi olmaktadır. Bu noktada çalışmamızda kurumun tahsilat sistemini ele alacağız ve zayıf bırakılmış bu sistemin tespit edebildiğimiz problemlerine ve problemlerin sebep olduğunu düşündüğümüz sorunlara yer vermeye çalışacağız. Social Security Institution has been the most important element of Turkish social security 5502 (16/05/2006). Radically bold steps were taken for solving many problems that have negatively affected the sustainability for a long time, as a result of which the mentioned law transformed the system into a united system. This reform is not the end, but a beginning. It is because, it has undertaken financially huge burdens as a result of taking over Bağ-Kur, State Retirement Fund ans SSK. The institution will aim offering equal and human services, by increasing the service quality, risk coverage and risk provision rate. For this purpose, many measures were taken, from retirement terms to monthly contribution amounts, from healthcare reforms to GSS that provides healthcare security for all citizens. It is planned to systemize the future steps by issuing and publishing annual reports anf 5 years' strategy plans. Currently, it is observed that the reforms achieved slowing down the negative trend, though as at the desired level of success. Some of the reforms will effect barely by the end of a few decades. Social security deficits will continie to be covered from the general state budget until the financial structure is rendered sustainable by being taken under control. This high amount of deficit, being covered from the general budget, has negative impact on the macro economic indicators. For addressing this issue, this study also handles the institution's collection system and detect the problems of this neglected system and the issue that were probably causes by those problems.

* Fatih Ölmez. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, Araştırma Görevlisi, İstanbul, Türkiye. İş kazası ya da meslek hastalığı sonucu ortaya çıkan zararlar sosyal sigorta kapsamında olduğundan, bu zarar Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu hükümleri çerçevesinde karşılanacaktır. Fakat sosyal sigorta teminat limitleri, meydana gelen kaza sonucundaki zararları tam olarak karşılamaktan uzaktır. Bu durumda zarara uğrayan işçinin, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu'ndan aldığı tazminatı aşan zararları için işverenden tazminat talep etme hakkı devam eder. Ayrıca SGK da şartları gerçekleştiğinde, işçiye ödediği tazminat sebebiyle işverene rücu edebilir. İşçinin uğradığı zarar sonucunda SGK'nın tazmin ettiği kısmın sınırlı olması, kalan kısımdan işverenin sorumlu olması ve SGK'nın işverene rücu etme ihtimali, işverenlere bu sorumluklarını sigorta ettirme ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Böylece işveren sorumluk sigortası ortaya çıkmıştır. Te damages resulting from occupational accidents or diseases are in the scope of social insurance. For this reason, the damages will be compensated within the framework of Social Security and General Health Insurance Code. However; social insurance coverage limits are far from meeting the accident damages that occurred. In this case, the injured worker’s right continues to demand compensation from employer for the damages, which exceed the limits of the compensation provided by the Social Security Agency. Moreover; when the circumstances allow, Social Security Agency can recourse to the employer because of the compensation paid to workers. Te need for making employers insure their responsibilities arose for some reasons. Te first one is that; Social Security Agency provides just a limited part of the compensation of the worker’s damage. Ten, employers become responsible to sustain the rest of the compensation for worker’s damage. Moreover, Social Security Agency can have the right to recourse to the employer’s when the circumstances allow. Tus; employer liability insurance emerged.

This report provides an initial stocktaking of the characteristics, environment and performance of public and private pensions and elderly assistance programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. It identifies key challenges and suggests reform options for consideration. Considerations for future work and principles for pension policies are also suggested. Two major challenges noted in the report are the need to increase coverage of the labor force by pensions and social insurance schemes, and to increase the proportion of poor elderly covered by social assistance. The report suggests that improving coverage will require a number of parametric reforms to existing contributory schemes, strengthening institutions to serve informal sector workers, and piloting new design options. The report also proposes other parametric reforms, including the harmonization or merger of civil service and national pension schemes. Finally, the report recommends principles to consider for reform, including measures to improve coverage, protect the elderly poor, and better align pension design with needs and enabling conditions, including the needs of rural and informal sector workers.

This study provides a framework for comparison and benchmarking of administrative expenditures of public and private social security programs. The paper presents the genesis of the inquiries into the subject, reviewing some of the most relevant literature on administrative expenditures and the costs of mandatory programs produced over the past two decades. The quantitative analysis builds on the extensive body of literature, but our framework evolved considerably from earlier studies. Our dataset includes over 100 observations and a broad set of explanatory variables. The authors developed and compared a number of standardized cost indices discussing their advantages and limitations. The author also discusses major cost components and their shares in total program costs. The analysis explains over 90 percent of variation in administrative expenditures. It confirms some of the hypotheses expressed in the earlier studies and presents new evidence of driving factors for costs. The author developed three different specifications for statistical analysis. The first set looks at the impact of design of a program on total costs. The second group of specifications assesses differences in costs of managing pension liabilities between the public and private mandatory pension schemes. Finally, on the basis of the third model the author generate benchmarks for staffing levels and for the total administrative expenditures. The author compares those to the actual indicators and develops standard performance ratios, providing insights into design variations and performance of the programs. The author concludes with a discussion of data limitations and implications of our findings.

With declining fertility and rising life expectancy, the Vietnamese population is expected to age rapidly, making the development of a modern social security system a pressing priority for Vietnam. The current system faces a number of major challenges, including low coverage rates in both the formal and informal sectors, inequities between different participant groups, lack of financial sustainability, and weak capacity for management and implementation of social insurance programs. Reforms are needed urgently to expand coverage, promote fairness, improve financial sustainability, and modernize the social security administration in order to help ensure income security for Vietnam's aging population in the coming decades. This note aims to contribute to the policy discussions around possible revisions to the social insurance code foreseen for 2013 by reviewing some of these challenges and possible reform options.

Chapter 4 This chapter presents a comparative study of public finance issues in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, the Baltic countries and Turkey. Section 4.1 considers fiscal policy and economic restructuring. Section 4.2 looks at tax reform and Section 4.3 analyses expenditure reform. Privatisation is discussed in Section 4.4, and problems related to social safety nets and social security are discussed in Section 4.5. The last section presents some conclusions.