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Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Für die Behandlung der Hämophilie stehen effektive und sichere Therapieverfahren zur Verfügung, die aber lebenslang eingesetzt werden müssen. Nun wurden zwei gentherapeutische Medikamente zugelassen, die ein blutungsfreies, nebenwirkungsarmes Leben ohne regelmäßige Medikamentengabe mit einer besseren Lebensqualität in Aussicht stellen. In weiteren Studien müssen aber noch Langzeitdaten zur Wirksamkeit, Sicherheit und Immunogenität erhoben werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rye flour is mostly used in whole grain flour mixtures because it is rich in dietary fiber, minerals, proteins, and B-group vitamins. Hence, it is a poor source of sugars. Fermenting wort is aqueous malt extract which contains five sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and maltotriose). Its addition as an ingredient in light rye bread production could affect process control during fermentation. This, and other benefits of wort addition in light rye bread production have not been reported before. The aim of this research was to describe the impact of partial and complete water substitution with the wort on nutritional value, potential chemical contaminants, organoleptic properties, and technological aspects (fermentation and baking time) of light rye bread. Five light rye bread samples were produced at industrial scale using the same production procedure, but with different ratios of water replacement with wort (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Influence of substitution of water with wort to the nutritive value (analysis of fat, saturated fatty acids, protein, ash, water, sugar, salt, energy values, carbohydrates), to the concentration of contaminants (Pb, Cd, As) analyzed according to standard BAS EN ISO/IEC 17025, and organoleptic properties done by conventional sensory profiling of light rye bread are investigated in this study. Samples were fermented using brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sugar content was increased by wort addition from 3.78 and the maximum measured was 9.66 g/100 g. In the tested conditions of fermentation, baking temperature and baking time, the addition of 50% wort has a positive effect on the speed of dough fermentation, color, smell, taste, and consistency of the bread. Samples with added 50% and 75% wort have a positive effect on the nutritive value of the bread. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the replacement of water with wort in light rye bread production is very important for obtaining the desired rye bread quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theorises and empirically assesses how education and active labour market policy (ALMP) relate to each other in shaping individuals' employment chances in Europe. It provides a theoretical base for assessing policy complementarities building on sociological skill‐formation literature, varieties of capitalism and social investment literature. Two hypotheses of complementarity are advanced: reinforcement whereby higher investment in general skills via education boosts ALMP effectiveness; and substitution‐compensation whereby investments in either policy suffice, rendering individual employment chances less dependent on ALMPs at higher (prior) educational investment levels. The advanced theoretical propositions are empirically tested by looking at how individual employment chances are affected by national ALMP efforts conditional on workforce education, distinguishing between individual‐ and national‐level educational attainment. Analyses draw on micro‐level EU‐SILC longitudinal data 2003–2015 from 29 European countries and 285 country‐years applying mixed‐effects dynamic panel regression models. Results highlight the complementarity of education in the functioning of ALMPs and show that the education‐ALMP interplay follows different dynamics when individual or national education are considered, with substitution‐compensation for the former and reinforcement for the latter. Higher individual educational attainment is associated with lower marginal returns from national ALMP efforts, with higher ALMP effectiveness among the lower‐educated. By contrast, higher national educational attainment is associated with increased ALMP effectiveness, with ALMPs tending to be far less effective at low levels of highly educated workforce. Different interaction patterns are observed for youth, indicating increased difficulty in activating this risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how external governance pressure affects the type of debt that firms issue. Consistent with a governance mechanism substitution effect, we find that an exogenous increase (decrease) in governance pressure from the product (takeover) market has a significant negative (positive) impact on the use of bank (public debt) financing over public debt (bank loan) issuance. Tests using changes in the strictness of loan covenants provide corroborative evidence. These findings are consistent with the notion that firms endogenously substitute governance mechanisms and that demand for creditor governance depends on the relative strength of alternative external governance mechanisms. Received May 18, 2016; editorial decision November 11, 2017 by Editor David Denis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UD. Duta Quraesy is lemuru supplier of fish processing units, processed into canned sardines. Fish handling must be seek to maintained lemuru quality which are easily damaged and rotten. The quality of lemuru has an effect on UD. Duta Quraesy’s income. It is necessary to identify factors that can reduce the quality of fish to prevented/minimized it. This research conducted by risk analysis method at UD. Duta Quraesy and fish processing factory in Banyuwangi on February 2022. Risk analysis consists of identifying potential hazards, estimating frequency of occurrence, and estimating severity. Level of risk obtained from the correlation between the frequency of occurrence and severity. Results showed there were 11 handling activities carried out by UD. Duta Quraesy. 40 potential hazards were found with 24 different types during these handling activities. 4 hazards have low and moderate risk, 9 hazards have high risk, and 7 hazards have extreme risk. Fifteen hazards can be controlled by administrative method, 1 hazard by administrative and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) method, 2 hazards by administrative and technical engineering, 3 hazards by administrative and substitution, 1 hazard by substitution, with substitution and technical engineering, also with the use of PPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ictimaiyat is the property of Ictimaiyat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research Question/Issue: We explore how the interrelations of governance mechanisms ("bundles") influence a firm's propensity for corporate acquisitions. Focusing on four key internal and external mechanisms, namely, board of directors monitoring, CEO pay incentives, takeover market discipline, and institutional investor monitoring, we use a sample of 1171 completed M&A deals by 799 U.S. firms during the period 1998-2015 to test the Substitution versus Complementarity Hypotheses. Research Findings/Insights: The findings provide, in the main, support for both the Substitution and the Complementarity Hypotheses, with several incentives alignment, internal and external monitoring mechanisms acting as substitutes and complements of each other toward firm acquisitiveness. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our results challenge the notion that corporate governance mechanisms purely function as independent factors and contribute to the configurational perspective of corporate governance. They offer new evidence that combinations or "bundles" of firm-level governance mechanisms can allow for differing degrees of firm acquisitiveness. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Different governance "bundles" will have different implications for major strategic decisions such as corporate acquisitions. Firms seeking to control or increase acquisition propensity can thus consider "equifinal" governance configurations, whereby alternative combinations of governance mechanisms can lead to comparable, desired outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct an exploratory qualitative comparative case analysis of the S&P 1500 firms with the aim of elaborating theory on how corporate governance mechanisms work together effectively. To do so, we integrate extant theory and research to specify the bundle of mechanisms that operate to mitigate the agency problem among publicly traded corporations and review what previous research has said about how these mechanisms combine. We then use the fuzzy-set approach to qualitative comparitive analysis (QCA) to explore the combinations of governance mechanisms that exist among the S&P 1500 firms that achieve high (and not-high) profitability. Our findings suggest that high profits result when CEO incentive alignment and monitoring mechanisms work together as complements rather than as substitutes. Furthermore, they show that high profits are obtained when both internal and external monitoring mechanisms are present. At the same time, however, monitoring mechanisms evidently combine in complex ways such that there may be simultaneity of substitution and complementarity among and across the various monitoring and control mechanisms. Our findings clearly suggest that the effectiveness of board independence and CEO non-duality--governance mechanisms widely believed to singularly resolve the agency problem--depends on how each combine with the other mechanisms in the governance bundle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this corrigendum is to indicate and rectify the same mistakes made by Schrady (1967), Nahmias and Rivera (1979), and Teunter (2004) in the course of solving their respective models in order that subsequent researchers will not follow the same. To this end, we derive the corresponding correct global-optimal formulae for the substitution-policy model (1, n), with infinite or finite recovery (or called repair) rate, using differential calculus, as well as providing a closed-form expression to identify the optimal positive integral value ofnrecovery set-ups. In addition, we also rectify the formulae and solution procedure for numerically solving the constrained non-linear programme. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We propose a decomposition for time series in components classified by levels of persistence. Employing this decomposition, we provide empirical evidence that consumption growth contains predictable components highly correlated with well-known proxies of consumption variability. These components generate a term-structure of sizable risk premia. At low frequencies we identify a component correlated with long-run productivity growth and commanding a yearly premium of approximately 2%. At high frequencies we identify a component with yearly half-life, which contributes to the equity premium for another 2%. Accounting for persistence heterogeneity, we obtain an estimate of the IES strictly above one and robust across subsamples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the discussion on substitution with putative cases of opacity. Topics include involving equivocation and the sentence being false providing no mid-sentence shift in context; introducing the framework of higher-order logic within the investigation taking place; and providing a precise characterization of Classical Opacitism and developing theories of Classical Opacity based on different ways of responding to the choice point.

Both Canada and the United States are considered liberal welfare states, yet exhibit notable differences in income poverty attributed to social policy. While a more generous welfare system lifts many above income poverty, models of household financial behaviour suggest that more income from the state should displace private savings via a substitution effect. Using nationally representative wealth surveys from Canada and the US from 1998/1999 to 2016 we extend knowledge on the relationship between the welfare state and private wealth accumulation. Specifically, we study household asset poverty defined as financial asset levels that fall below three‐month adjusted income poverty threshold. Asset poverty rates varied over time in the two countries and were higher in the less generous US welfare state. Further, income transfer share was positively related to asset poverty in Canada but not in the US. Counterfactual estimates offered evidence of the substitution effect in Canada, where higher levels of transfers may crowd out private asset accumulation. Results invite further consideration of the concept of asset poverty and its relationship to welfare state characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine capital structures of 2,572 project-financed investments in 124 countries for the period 1997–2006. In contrast to the general prediction of the trade-off theory, we find that project companies use more leverage when project risk is high, but they use less leverage in the presence of risk-reducing features including offtake agreements. Project companies use less leverage and instead rely more on offtake agreements when the control benefits of cash flow from the project are high, suggesting that leverage and contract structures in the project company are important hedging mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We study the simultaneous impact of fiscal policy decisions on macroeconomic activity, wealth distribution, and asset prices. We consider a general equilibrium, overlapping generations model with incomplete markets and heterogeneous agents, where government debt and capital are imperfect substitutes. Increases in public debt lead to significant increases in the riskless rate and to a reduction in the equity premium, while higher capital income tax rates lead to a higher equity premium. The crowding-out effects (on capital and output) are much higher than in models where government debt and capital are perfect substitutes, which thus ignore households' portfolio reallocation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unimensional accounts of revisionism – those that align states along a single continuum from supporting the status quo to seeking a complete overhaul of the international system – miss important variation between a desire to alter the balance of military power and a desire to alter other elements of international order. We propose a two-dimensional property space that generates four ideal types: status-quo actors, who are satisfied with both order and the distribution of power; reformist actors, who are fine with the current distribution of power but seek to change elements of order; positionalist actors, who see no reason to alter the international order but do aim to shift the distribution of power; and revolutionary actors, who want to overturn both international order and the distribution of capabilities. This framework helps make sense of a number of important debates about hegemony and international order, such as the possibility of revisionist hegemonic powers, controversies over the concept of 'soft balancing', and broader dynamics of international goods substitution during power transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resource-based theory postulate is that firms must defend their resources against imitation to sustain competitive advantage. However, by deterring imitation, firms may induce rivals to create substitutes. This study shows that, contrary to received wisdom, firms are not uniformly inclined to deter resource imitation. Rather, this inclination decreases in response to substitution threat. By examining how firms manage the trade-off between inimitability and nonsubstitutability, this study suggests that the scenario wherein firms have omnipotent resources that are both inimitable and nonsubstitutable may be unrealistic and that managing the tension between these two attributes is key to sustainable competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers often resolve trade-offs in a particular order. For example, when making flavor and size decisions, consumers might first decide which flavors to choose and then decide which sizes of those flavors to choose. This research examines the effect of decision order on purchase quantity decisions. The authors build on prior work on decision difficulty and conflict to show that consumers choose more overall, and more variety, when they consider a less replaceable attribute in an earlier, rather than a later, stage in the purchase decision. For example, consumers choose a greater quantity when flavor (or brand) decisions precede, rather than follow, size decisions. The authors find that the degree of attribute replaceability also moderates the effect of decision order on quantity chosen. Furthermore, marketers can influence the amount chosen by altering the organization of the shelf display. Finally, the authors find that when consumers explicitly consider the possibility of deferring their decisions, the effect of decision order declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors use British workplace data for 1980-98 to examine whether increased human resource management (HRM) practices coincided with union decline, consistent with the hypothesis that such practices act as a substitute for unionization. Two initial analyses show no important differences between union and non-union sectors or between newer workplaces (which are likelier to be non-union) and older ones in the pattern of HRM practices over time; and the study's longitudinal analysis picks up no evidence of faster union decline in workplaces or industries that adopted HRM practices than in those that did not. Not only is the hypothesized substitution effect thus not supported, but the authors even uncover some evidence of a complementarity between unions and HRM practices. The authors conclude that increased use of HRM practices is probably not an important factor underpinning union decline in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four experiments test predictions on endowment and mental accounting effects of a theoretical perspective that stresses the symbolic-relational significance for consumer transactions and that posits the placement of qualitative boundaries on fungibility. Although people accepted proposals to buy objects acquired in market-pricing relationships as routine, the same proposals in communal-sharing, authority-ranking, and equality-matching relationships triggered distress and erratically high dollar valuations. Symbolic ownership history also moderated valuations in a purely market setting, and the effects of symbolic-relational source of income extended even to spending decisions. Examination of the model's ordinal predictions revealed stronger effects for equality-matching than for authority-ranking relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In affiliate advertising, an on-line retailer places a link for its business at a host business's site. The host earns a commission whenever a visitor clicks the link and consummates a transaction with the sponsor. We offer a framework that on-line retailers can use to find appropriate affiliates. Our approach is based on two assumptions. First, we assume that hosts that carry products related to those of the sponsor will be good affiliates. Second, we assume that the relationships between products are reflected in how consumers search for information. Our model uncovers relationships between products on the basis of these two assumptions and thereby identifies potential affiliates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a simple model of home production that demonstrates the connection between the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in market consumption (IES) and the static elasticity of substitution between home and market consumption (SES). Understanding this connection is important because there is a large body of empirical evidence suggesting that the IES is small, but little evidence on the size of the SES. We use our framework to shed light on the properties of a home production model with a low IES. We find that such a model must have three fundamental properties in order to match key aspects of aggregate U.S. data. First, the steady-state growth rate of technology must be the same across sectors. Second, shocks to technology must be sufficiently positively correlated across sectors. Third, capital must be used more intensively in the market sector than in the home sector. A home production model with these three properties can be surprisingly successful at reconciling the RBC paradigm with evidence for a low IES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic theory predicts a decrease in valuation as the availability of substitutes increases. This paper describes a contingent valuation (CV) survey that investigates the effect of substitutes on valuation of private market goods. Using an approach that compares willingness to pay (WTP) values elicited from a CV question that accounts for substitutes with WTP values elicited from a similar question without substitutes, we find that allowing for substitutes can moderate WTP values. For the item valued in this study, a hamburger sandwich, allowing for substitutes was associated with a reduction of from 10% to 16% in stated values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education et Societes is the property of INRP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Matching mechanisms have been proposed to improve public good provision in voluntary contributions. However, such decentralized subsidizing mechanisms may not be Pareto‐improving and may suffer from incomplete information and incredible commitment. This paper examines participation constraints of matching mechanisms with small matching rates in two cases of equilibria. At interior equilibria, there always exist small Pareto‐improving matching schemes regardless of preferences. This universal existence is useful for cooperation among heterogeneous players in the context without global information of preferences or at the international level without central governments. At corner equilibria, matching schemes work in different ways and have distinct welfare effects in certain cases, and the existence of Pareto‐improving matching schemes is not universal but is possible under certain conditions. The paper further characterizes Pareto‐improving matching schemes, and shows that it is easier to reach Pareto‐improving matching outcomes if players value more on public goods and have stronger substitution between private and public goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of organic chemistry in the 1800s quickly lead to the realisation that products previously derived from plants and animals could be derived synthetically from alternative organic sources. Although it slowly became clear that there were limitations to this technology, the goal of producing animal protein synthetically has remained a tantalising prospect for scientists, with new hopes being rekindled throughout the years as new knowledge emerged or technologies developed. The demonstration of synthetic meat (also termed in vitro meat) in 2013 revived this dream and, with the refinement of protein synthesis technologies, 31 start-ups are now working to become the first company to market synthetic animal protein. The potentially transformative nature of this technology make it essential to understand its potential to disrupt conventional agriculture at an early stage. This paper addresses this issue by examining historical substitutions that have lead to the decline or even decimation of agricultural industries, namely: alizarin (madder), indigotin (indigo) and vanillin (vanilla). Following an outlining of the historical cases themselves, it identifies substitution product complexity, ease of synthesis, compatibility with industrial processes, and contamination of the natural product as four key issues that affect the substitution transition. Analysis of the specific synthetic animal protein case suggests that, while there are many additional issues that could affect any transition, three aspects are key: development of transferrable technologies in the medical sector, potential environmental advantages, and a lack of consumer resistance to its "unnatural" nature. Finally, the paper argues that rather than a complete substitution (e.g. alizarin & indigo) a furcated market (e.g. vanillin) with various classes of protein production is likely to emerge – within which industrial livestock production will struggle to compete against cheap synthetic alternatives. • Synthetic animal protein products will be available in the next decade. • Historical substitutions provide lessons for the future protein transition. • Intensive livestock production will ultimately struggle to compete with biosynthetics. • Market furcation is the likely future of the animal protein market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the translog cost function and factor substitution theory, the input and output data from China's industrial sector and the three sub-sectors during the period 1984-2011 are firstly used to calculate substitution elasticity among capital, labor, energy, and intermediate input. And then from the perspective of factor substitution, the driving factors of energy intensity in China's industry are explored. The main findings introduced in this paper are listed as follows: firstly, the production of China's industrial sector is sensitive to changes of energy and labor prices; secondly, except the complementary relationships between energy and labor in the manufacturing industry, and between energy and intermediate input in electricity, gas, and water industry, substitution relationships exist among all other factors; thirdly, the budget constraint of energy consumption is the most effective impetus to the reduction of energy intensity in industrial sector, and factor substitution especially the substitution of capital and labor for energy has an important role in the reduction of energy intensity; fourthly, the rapid expansion of economic scale causes output effect to become the biggest factor of impeding the reduction of energy intensity; fifthly, technical progress has different effects on energy intensities in different industrial sub-sectors, but generally speaking, technical progress does not promote the reduction of energy intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article estimates the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) by using good-level daily data on wholesale prices of imported agricultural products, where the identification is achieved by using daily data on the domestic inflation rate. The results of standard empirical analyses are in line with existing studies that employ lower frequencies of data by showing evidence for incomplete daily ERPT of about %. The key innovation is achieved when nonlinearities in ERPT are considered, where ERPT is doubled to about % when daily nominal exchange rate changes are above %, daily frequencies of price change are above % and storage life of a product is above weeks. Important policy implications follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the elasticity of substitution between capital and skill in manufacturing using immigration-induced variation in skill mix across U.S. counties between 1860 and 1930. We find that capital initially complemented both high- and low-skill labor (determined by literacy) and, unlike today, was more complementary with low-skill labor. Around 1890, capital increased its relative complementarity with high-skill labor. Simulations calibrated to our estimates imply the level of capital-skill complementarity after 1890 allowed the manufacturing sector to absorb the large wave of Eastern and Southern European immigrants with only a modest decline in less-skilled relative wages. This would not have been possible under the older production technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses time-use and household expenditure data to measure the substitutability between time and money within the Beckerian household production framework. The elasticity of substitution is estimated for five commodity groups and across two developing countries: Ecuador and Guatemala. The estimated elasticities are positive, indicating substitutability, and much larger for all other goods compared to food. Our results raise some interesting questions regarding the policy effects of an intervention that does not consider the money/time trade-offs in consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a general theoretical characterization of how firms' technology choice on a technology frontier determines the long-run elasticity of substitution between capital and labour. We show that the shape of the frontier determines factor shares and the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour. If there are adjustment costs to technology choice, the short- and long-run elasticities differ, with the long-run always higher. If the technology frontier is log-linear, the production function becomes Cobb–Douglas in the long run but, consistent with empirical evidence, short-run dynamics are characterized by gross complementarity. The approach is easily implementable and yields a powerful way to introduce CES-type production functions in macroeconomic models. We provide an illustration within an estimated dynamic general equilibrium model and show that the use of our production technology provides a good match for the short- and medium-run behaviour of the U.S. labour share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA barcoding technique has made it possible to authenticate various species used for food and medicinal purposes. In the identification of seafood species, studies are concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia. Elsewhere, including countries in the Middle East and North Africa, studies of this sort are scarce. This study focuses on packaged fresh or minimally processed fish fillet available at eight major supermarket chains in Qatar. A cocktail of eight primers attached with M13 tails established for fish species identification was adopted to facilitate PCR and sequencing. Sequences were compared with those available in the Barcode of Life Databases (BOLD Systems) and BLAST in NCBI databases. Among the 62 unique fish packages with resolved sequences, only three are confirmed to be mislabeled, at a rate of about 5%. Two of the substituted species are high value items while the third species was replaced by another, equally low-cost species. The relatively low rate of mislabeling in the samples is perhaps a result of strict local food safety regulations, which may have led to high consistency between the package labels and their contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fanti (2014, Metroeconomica, 65, 619–645) showed that raising the mandatory retirement age always reduces capital accumulation and may lower per young income and pension benefit, under the assumption that old labor and young labor are perfect substitutes (or equivalently, the elasticity of substitution is infinite). We reexamine his analysis by assuming that the two labors are imperfect substitutes (the elasticity of substitution is finite), and prove that his results no longer hold when the elasticity of substitution is not sufficiently high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate factors affecting female labour supply and to study income effect and substitution effect which have a micro-economic significance for female labour supply in the factor market. To this end, the study used the data obtained from the TURKSTAT Household Labour Force Survey 2016 and performed a chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) analysis. The analysis results showed that working time in main job, working type, educational level, workplace, household income and social security are the most significant factors of the decision-making of single and married women who supply labour in the service sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the task-based empirical framework used in the job polarisation literature to analyse the susceptibility of low-wage employment to technological substitution. We find that increases in the cost of low-wage labour, via minimum wage hikes, lead to relative employment declines at cognitively routine occupations but not manually-routine or non-routine low-wage occupations. This suggests that low-wage routine cognitive tasks are susceptible to technological substitution. While the shortrun employment consequence of this reshuffling on individual workers appears to be economically small, due to concurrent employment growth in other low-wage jobs, workers previously employed in cognitively routine jobs experience relative wage losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoclassical theory explains the global decline of the labor income share by capital-labor substitution due to the affordable relative price of capital. Based on the Morishima elasticities of substitution among capital, labor disaggregated into high-, medium-, and low-skill groups, and imported and domestic intermediate inputs, offshoring appears to disproportionately affect job polarization globally and in developed economies. These findings in favor of the globalization hypothesis are buttressed by multivariate panel regressions. Lastly, offshoring might reinforce technological changes, a double-edged sword that can boost productivity growth but exacerbate wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply-then-price competition is common in settings in which capacity commitments precede pricing decisions. We provide a characterization of when and why equilibria of such games clear the market at the Cournot outcomes. The paper extends the seminal work of Kreps and Scheinkman (1983) to differentiated product settings with an arbitrary number of firms and general demand and spill functions. We identify two new fundamental properties that drive the result: independence from irrelevant supply and spill inertia. These properties are satisfied by common demand and spill models. Our result provides a shortcut approach to analyzing supply-then-price games and highlights the importance of demand specification, compared with spill specification, in determining the outcome of such games. We study a two-stage deterministic differentiated-product oligopoly competition game, called the quantity precommitment game, in which firms compete on quantity in the first stage and then compete on price in the second stage. We compare this game with a single-stage Cournot game, in which firms compete on quantity only and prices are set to clear the market. We show that any equilibrium of the quantity precommitment game is an equilibrium of the Cournot game under certain conditions that allow for commonly used demand functions and general spill models. Our approach yields insight into key properties that enable this relationship to hold. The electronic companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2018.1760. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We postulate that the production losses from absence depend on firms' ability to internally substitute for absent workers, incentivizing firms to keep absence low in jobs with few substitutes. Using Swedish employer–employee data we show that absence is substantially lower in such positions conditional on establishment and occupation fixed effects. The result is driven by employee adjustments of absence to substitutability, and sorting of low (high) absence workers into (out of) positions with few substitutes. These findings highlight that internal substitution insures firms against production disruptions and that absence costs are important aspects of firms' hiring and separation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the research of individual issues of food security in developed countries of the world at the present stage. The authors analyzed the current state of food supply of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is also noted that the export of food products in the country is noticeably inferior to imports. In the nomenclature of imports, there is a significant proportion is taken by livestock products, which reduces the competitiveness of domestic goods. In order to ensure the food security of the country, aspects of the development of animal husbandry have been proposed to build the potential for import substitution of the economy of Kazakhstan. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that there are reserves in the country to replace food imports, and therefore to address the country's food security as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of science derives, in part, from the development and use of new methods and techniques. Here, we discuss one development that may have impact on the understanding of tobacco regulatory science: namely, the application of behavioral economics to the complex tobacco marketplace. The purpose of this paper is to review studies that examine conditions impacting the degree to which electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products substitute for conventional cigarettes in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM). Collectively, the following factors constitute the current experimental understanding of conditions that will affect ENDS use and substitution for conventional cigarettes: increasing the base price of conventional cigarettes, increasing taxation of conventional cigarettes, subsidizing the price of ENDS products, increasing ENDS nicotine strength, and providing narratives that illustrate the potential health benefits of ENDS consumption in lieu of conventional cigarettes. Each of these factors are likely moderated by consumer characteristics, which include prior ENDS use, ENDS use risk perception, and gender. Overall, the ETM provides a unique method to explore and identify the conditions by which various nicotine products may interact with one another that mimics the real world. In addition, the ETM permits the efficacy of a broad range of potential nicotine policies and regulations to be measured prior to governmental implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The offshoring of services has steadily expanded in recent years and acquired growing importance in certain tourism subsectors. The present study analyses for the first time the offshoring indices and the trend seen in tourism services, based on input–output data (Spanish National Accounts) during the 2000–2007 expansive period. A distinction is made between offshoring associated with international fragmentation of production and offshoring due to a shift from domestic to foreign suppliers. The results point to a relocation of intermediate services to foreign countries in certain tourism subsectors (including travel agencies and air and maritime transport), involving both the international fragmentation of production and a substitution of the source of supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a two‐product inventory system with independent Poisson demands, limited joint storage capacity and partial demand substitution. Replenishment is performed simultaneously for both products and the replenishment time may be fixed or exponentially distributed. For both cases we develop a Continuous Time Markov Chain model for the inventory levels and derive expressions for the expected profit per unit time. We establish analytic expressions for the profit function and show that it satisfies decreasing differences properties in the order quantities, which allows for a more efficient algorithm to determine the optimal ordering policy. Using computational experiments, we assess the effect of substitution and replenishment time uncertainty on the order quantities and the profit as a function of the storage capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to present a cogent analysis of intertemporal substitution by analyzeing the nature of intertemporal behavior in consumption. It classfies various intertemporal elasticities of consumption and provides a disaggregate analysis of intertemporal substitution from its constituent commodity demands. Frisch demand functions, that have assumed great emphasis in intertemporal or life cycle analysis of consumption and labor supply, are the central element of the analysis. Three intertemporal elasticities of consumption are identified: intertemporal price elasticities of demand, commodity-specific intertemporal substitution elasticities, and the intertemporal substitution elasticity of consumption.