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Inevitably, the terms “materials” and “products” differ from one another. To comprehend their potentiality in terms of mechanical, chemical, physical, and biological properties, the specifications of basic materials are verified in the laboratory. Then, materials are changed or contrived into products. As a definite form of a product, its thickness, shape, its inclination to migrate from one section to another, and so forth are regarded as the main extrinsic features; they are so essential in view of littering. However, the fundamental features of materials should be also pondered. Notably, they are supposed to be preserved while changing into final product procedures. The fact is that plastics are usually organic compounds which are synthetic or semisynthetic. They hold high molecular mass and along chain polymeric molecules is included in them. Holistically, plastics embrace side-linked molecular groups and some organic and inorganic blends added as additives, plasticizers, and fillers, and a main chain organic link. Elements such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and bromine are the building blocks of plastics. Plastics subject to important gains from the viewpoints of weight, durability, and low cost in terms of manufacture comparison with other materials. Since plastics can be molded into various size and shapes, they can be extensively practiced. Plastics have been exceedingly applied in every aspect of life and technology. Polyethylene (PE), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and PE terephthalatete are among the plastics that are mostly put into practice. Plastics are vastly applied in every field such as health care industries, building constructions, transportations, households, and for disposals items, such as wraps, cups, spoons, trays plates, and so forth. Notably, all the mostly used plastics cannot be recycled. As a result, plastics are accumulated in landfills. Then, they are discharged in water. Henceforth, they do not decompose in the environment. Thus, environment and its varied ecosystems are endangered. One of the main global concerns is plastic pollution in the sea. They are found everywhere. In every square kilometer, almost 580,000 plastic pieces can be concentrated. Between 1000 and 3000 tons of plastic floating in the Mediterranean Sea has been reported. This contamination is due to the physical/mechanical degradation of macroplastics in landfills that produce microplastics that are transferred directly to rivers, seas, and oceans via leachate. Also, additives found in plastic formulations are not normally covalently bonded to polymer chains and can therefore leak from plastics and enter the marine environment. Plastics that enter the marine environment can also absorb persistent organic pollutants due to the hydrophobic properties of these compounds, or they can be a vector agent for the spread of harmful organisms living on plastic surfaces. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

For the past two centuries, the range of synthesized organic compounds have increased excessively including raw materials, plastics, fuels, detergents, and other useful substances. However, pollution and other hazards have resulted from the production of these compounds as well as remaining in the environment after usage, which is a serious concern. There are plenty of categories of organic compounds that could be considered as the main issues in the current era, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dechlorane plus, and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Polychlorinated biphenyls could be found in the capacitors, transformers, and electric fluids. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dechlorane plus, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane are known as fire retardant in many industries like fabrics and polymers. In fact, three various sources are known to be responsible as being the most polluting in industries including military wastes, industrial activities, and agriculture chemical materials. On the other hand, petroleum products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, dioxins, most of the chloro-derivatives of acetic acids, phosphate derivatives, carbamates, organometallic compounds, and the most highlighted one, plastics or other degradable resistant polymers. Furthermore, the importance of pesticides and fertilizers in modern agriculture are well-known for everyone. Agrochemical compounds save the crop production from being lost for 70% during production and storage steps. The other sources of the organic pollutant compounds such as fuels in vehicles as well as urban and industrial wastes are more familiar than any demands for definition. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of selected exercises on motor development in elementary school third grade girl students in Ahwaz City, Iran. Methods: The present study was semi–experimental, performed as field and using experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all third grade girl students of elementary schools of Ahvaz city (10,500 subjects). Forty of whom were randomly selected (cluster stage) and then were divided randomly into two experimental (N=20, Mean age=8.9±0.49) and control (N=20, Mean age=8.9±0.48) groups. Experimental group was given training for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasting 45 minutes. To measure motor development, the Test of Gross Motor Development, edition2 (TGMD2; 2002) was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and paired t-test. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between control and experimental groups regarding locomotion skills (8.433, P

The purpose of the present study was to investigate if children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) would show enhanced motor skill learning with instructions to adopt an external focus of attention (i.e. on the movement effect) rather than an internal focus (i.e. on the movements themselves). The task involved throwing tennis balls with the dominant arm at a circular target that was placed on the floor at a distance of three meters. Twenty children with ADHD, ranging in age from 8 to 11 years, were randomly assigned to either an external or internal focus group. Participants performed 180 practice trials with focus instructions and reminders before each block of 30 trials. Learning was assessed 48 hours after practice. The external focus group demonstrated more effective learning than the internal focus group. This finding has implications for applied settings that involve sports or physical activity with children who have ADHD., Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio ustanoviti da li će djeca s poremećajem hiperaktivnosti i deficitom pažnje (ADHD) pokazati veću učinkovitost prilikom motoričkog učenja primjenom instrukcija vanjskog fokusa pažnje (tj. fokusa na učinak kretnje) u odnosu na učenje primjenom instrukcija unutarnjeg fokusa pažnje (tj. fokusa na sam pokret). Zadatak je uključivao bacanje teniskih loptica dominantnom rukom na kružnu metu koja je na podu bila udaljena 3 metra od ispitanika. Dvadesetoro djece s ADHD-om, u rasponu dobi od 8 do 11 godina, bilo je nasumično raspoređeno u grupu koja je tijekom učenja i vježbanja primjenjivala vanjski, odnosno grupu koja je primjenjivala unutarnji fokus pažnje. Ispitanici su izveli 180 bacanja loptice u cilj s instrukcijama o fokusu i podsjetnicima prije svakog bloka od po 30 bacanja. Učinci učenja mjereni su 48 sati nakon vježbanja. Grupa s vanjskim fokusom pažnje pokazala je učinkovitije učenje u odnosu na grupu s unutarnjim fokusom pažnje. Rezultati imaju primjenu u praktičnim uvjetima koji uključuju sportove i tjelesnu aktivnost djece s ADHD-om.

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the influence of selected exercises on motor development in elementary school third grade girl students in Ahwaz City, Iran. Methods The present study was semi–experimental, performed as field and using experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all third grade girl students of elementary schools of Ahvaz city (10,500 subjects). Forty of whom were randomly selected (cluster stage) and then were divided randomly into two experimental (N=20, Mean age=8.9±0.49) and control (N=20, Mean age=8.9±0.48) groups. Experimental group was given training for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasting 45 minutes. To measure motor development, the Test of Gross Motor Development, edition2 (TGMD-2; 2002) was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and paired t-test. Results The results showed statistically significant differences between control and experimental groups regarding locomotion skills (8.433, P

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of selected exercises on motor development in elementary school third grade girl students in Ahwaz City, Iran.Methods: The present study was semi-experimental, performed as field and using experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all third grade girl students of elementary schools of Ahvaz city (10,500 subjects). Forty of whom were randomly selected (cluster stage) and then were divided randomly into two experimental (N = 20, M age = 8.9 ± 0.49) and control (N = 20, M age = 8.9 ± 0.48) groups. Experimental group was given training for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasting 45 minutes. To measure motor development, the Test of Gross Motor Development, edition2 (TGMD-2; 2002) was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and paired t-test.Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between control and experimental groups regarding locomotion skills (8.433, P Conclusions: The selected exercises can be used as an appropriate plan to improve motor skill development in third grade of elementary school.

In this study, researchers compared the personality characteristics (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness) non-athlete students and student athletes, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz deals. The study population included all students (boys and girls), Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz in the school year to 1389- 90 jobs were studied. The study sample included 200 students from the community (100 athletes and 100 non-athletes) that for their selection of multistage cluster sampling was used. Data collection tool was demographic data and Personality Characteristics (NEO). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion indexes) and Multivariate analysis of variance. The result showed that between athletes and non athlete students in terms of personality characteristics [neuroticism (p = 0.032, F = 4.68), extraversion (p = 0.0001, F = 12.59), openness to experience (p = 0.287, F = 1.14), agreeableness (p = 0.580, F = 0.307) and conscientiousness (p = 0.038, F = 4.36)] significantly was difference. Results showed that participation in sports has a positive effect on the personality characteristics of people. Also athletes are more positive personality characteristics than non-athletes.